isplc 2005

PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005PCSRG 2005 ISPLC2005 11

ISPLC 2005

Broadband Developments


PLC Generic ModelPLC Generic Model

CPE

PC

Medium Voltage Grid(“Last Mile”)

Low Voltage(“Last 100m”)

High Voltage

In-Premise(“Last Inch”)

Phone(s)

Internet

Fibre Network

XmissionEquipment

pt to multi-pt

pt to pt

* CPE - Customer Premise Equipment

Backhaulnetwork


Current Trends: Computing Current Trends: Computing is ubiquitous and the world is ubiquitous and the world is networked is networked


It took about a century to install the world’s first 700 million phone lines

More than 100 million additional Internet users will come on-line in 2001

1898 1918 1938 1958 1978 1998 2018

Wireline Wireless Cable

Worldwide AccessLines

2B

1B

Average Hold Times

Internet Session20 - 30 minutes

Changing Traffic Patterns

Voice Call3 minutes

Global Internet Users

1994 1998 2001

134M

250M

30M

Everywhere, There’s Exploding Demand for Communications Bandwidth

Jen


Technology Technology AcceleratorsAccelerators

1 2 3 4 5

Per

form

ance

per

Dol

lar

Spe

nt

12 189

Doubling Time(months) Optical Fiber

(bits per second)

Data Storage(bits per square inch)

Silicon computer Chips(number of transistors)


Network Traffic (US)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

To

tal %

Incr

ease

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2005

An Upward Bandwidth Spiral

jen

BandwidthBandwidthIncreasingIncreasingBandwidthBandwidthIncreasingIncreasing

ApplicationsApplicationsGrowingGrowing

ApplicationsApplicationsGrowingGrowing

CostsCostsDroppingDropping

CostsCostsDroppingDropping


Broadband Access MarketBroadband Access MarketBroadband Connections by Nation/Technology

At-home Internet users

Nation Cable Satellite ADSL T1/

Leased Line

Total Broadband

Prediction 2005

Korea 18.6% 0.1% 38.6% 0 57.3%

U.S. 7.6% 0.5% 2.8% 0.2% 11.1% 53.1%

Hong Kong

6.0% 0.9% 1.2% 0 8.13%

Singapore 6.6% n/a 0.5% 0 7.1%

Taiwan 3.5% 0.1% 2.6% 0 6.2%

France 4.0% 0.3% 1.7% 0 6.0% 22.6%

Denmark 3.4% 0.0% 2.4% 0 5.8%

Germany 2.7% 0.1% 2.2% 0 5.0% 27.4%

Spain 1.8% 0.2% 1.1% 0 3.1% 21.9%

U.K. 2.3% 0.3% 0.5% 0 3.1% 19.5%

China 0.2% n/a 0.2% 0 0.4% Source: NetValue Prediction: Strategy Analyrics

Internet Penetration (source: NetValue) Broadband Percentages of Total Penetration


Commercial StatusCommercial Status

SENERSENER

ELFORSK, VATENFALLELFORSK, VATENFALL

NUONNUON

MVV , PPCMVV , PPC

PATTERNPATTERN

ENELENELUNION FENOSAUNION FENOSA

EDFEDF

•US US ActivitiesActivities


D – RWE, EnBW, MVV, onelineA - TIWAG, EVN, Stw. Salzburg, EVOCH - DIAX

Brasilien:CopelCemigInfoPaolo

Norwegen:Stadtwerke BergenSchweden:Sydkraft, BirkaEnergiFinnland – EVU-Verband

Argentinien(ascom)Chile(Endesa)

MalaysiaFibreComMultimedia-Ministerium

SpanienEndessaPortugalEdPItalienEnel

KuwaitITSQatarIsraelMainnet,ITRAN,elLine

ChinaProvinz Sechuan

Indianapolis, Boston

Island:LinaNetReykjavik Energy

KoreaKeyin

Worldwide PLC ActivitiesWorldwide PLC Activities

Südafrika(Siemens)

UK/SSE


Pictures ‘PLC around the World’Pictures ‘PLC around the World’


Opportunities for Power Opportunities for Power Utilities as Utilities as Communications Communications Bandwidth SuppliersBandwidth SuppliersThree broad domains of opportunityThree broad domains of opportunity

As backbone bandwidth wholesalersAs backbone bandwidth wholesalers As distribution network “last mile”suppliersAs distribution network “last mile”suppliers As in-building network suppliersAs in-building network suppliers

More than 100Electric Utilities authorized More than 100Electric Utilities authorized as Telecom Carriersas Telecom Carriers


Broadband Access OptionsBroadband Access Options

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Deployment Year

Ban

dw

idth

ISDN

VF Modem

DSL-Lite

ADSL

Fixed Wireless(stationary beam)

VDSL

14.4

28.833.6

56K

V.90

CableModem

Wireless(steerable beam)

Wireless (Time-SpaceProcessing)

Jen


DSLDSLCable Cable ModemsModems

Fixed Fixed Wireless Wireless (2.4GHz)(2.4GHz) SatelliteSatellite

Cost/mo. Cost/mo. Avg.Avg. $60$60 $45$45 $145$145 $65$65

Installation Installation Avg.Avg. $30$30 $250$250 $1250$1250 $400$400

Est. Est. SubscribersSubscribers 2M2M 3.4M3.4M 140K140K 750K750K

Projected Projected Subs. 2005Subs. 2005 12M12M 14M14M 1.5M1.5M 2.4M2.4M

Broadband Local Distribution Technologies: Today’s Contender’s


Standard Communication Standard Communication characteristicscharacteristics

• Unique frequency specificationUnique frequency specification




• Characteristic impedanceCharacteristic impedance





• Minimum noiseMinimum noise






• Constant bandwidthConstant bandwidth







• Standard architectureStandard architecture


Leaky cables @1Mhz to Leaky cables @1Mhz to 30Mhz30Mhz• At these frequencies not all the signal At these frequencies not all the signal

is transmitted down the cable-it leaks is transmitted down the cable-it leaks powerpower

• So some of the high frequency signal So some of the high frequency signal emanates as electromagnetic radiationemanates as electromagnetic radiation

• Hence power cables can be considered Hence power cables can be considered as linear antennas and as linear antennas and

• Low efficiency Low efficiency


LN

Source Victim

50Ω 50µH

10

20

30

Attenuation, dB/30m

0.1 1 10

Coupling via the Mains Network

Frequency MHz

Distribution network

Mains only


plc1

plc2

Equip1

inputMains cable

External mains interference

Conducted emissionthrough mains

Radiated emission

Mains cable

Mains cable

Radiated emission cable to cable

Radiated emission case to case

Mains cable

Electromagnetic radiated emission and coupling Interference

Conductio throughearth impedance


Physical structure Physical structure of LV networkof LV network

Conditioning Unit (CU)Conditioning Unit (CU)

LV networkLV networkLV networkLV network

Internal Internal mains mains networknetwork

Internal Internal mains mains networknetwork

Data portData portData portData port

CU

CU

SUBSTATIONSUBSTATION

• Underground & overhead distribution• Armoured cable• Conditioning units (CU) may be used

• Underground & overhead distribution• Armoured cable• Conditioning units (CU) may be used

NetworkNetwork

LV networkLV networkLV networkLV network

Data Data networknetworkData Data networknetwork

MV MV networknetworkMV MV networknetwork

Armoured CableArmoured Cable

Source: York EMC Services Ltd


Frequency Bands Frequency Bands

General Frequency BandsGeneral Frequency Bands

• 1.6MHz to 30MHz 1.6MHz to 30MHz

• Division :Access band 1.6MHz-10MHzDivision :Access band 1.6MHz-10MHz

• In-house band 10MHz to 30MHzIn-house band 10MHz to 30MHz

• USA variation and extension for Overhead USA variation and extension for Overhead systemssystems

• Access: 10MHz -80MHzAccess: 10MHz -80MHz

• In-house: 1.6MHz to 10MHzIn-house: 1.6MHz to 10MHz


Spectrum & Spectrum & TechnologiesTechnologies

LOW FREQUENCY LOW FREQUENCY MEDIUM FREQUENCY

MEDIUM FREQUENCY

HIGH FREQUENCY HIGH FREQUENCY

30 kHz 300 kHz300 kHz 3 MHz3 MHz 30 MHz30 MHz

GROUND WAVEGROUND WAVE

SKY WAVESKY WAVE

SPACE WAVESPACE WAVE

ADSL 25 kHz - 1.1 MHzADSL 25 kHz - 1.1 MHz VDSL 1.1 - 30 MHzVDSL 1.1 - 30 MHz

DPL 1.1 - 30 MHzDPL 1.1 - 30 MHz


ScopeScopeIONOSPHEREIONOSPHERE

SKY WAVE3 - 30MHz

SKY WAVE3 - 30MHz

SUBURBANSUBURBAN RURALRURAL

LONDONLONDON

ROMEROME

SPACE WAVE0.1 - 30MHz

SPACE WAVE0.1 - 30MHz

GROUND WAVE0.1 - 3MHz

GROUND WAVE0.1 - 3MHz

NEAR FIELD Average UK groundAverage UK ground

0 km0 km 5 km5 km 200 km200 km 1500 km1500 km


Established Communication Established Communication Services in the 1MHz to Services in the 1MHz to

30MHz30MHz•Broadcasting Channels

•Amateur Radio

•Mobile Communications

•Distress frequencies

•Military communications

•Radio astronomy


Regulatory Landscape Regulatory Landscape for PLTfor PLT

ITU ITU

CISPRCISPR IECIEC

Inter GovernmentalInter Governmentalorganisationsorganisations

European European CommissionCommission

EuropeanEuropeanParliamentParliament

CENELECCENELEC ETSIETSINational StandardsNational Standards

OrganisationsOrganisations

GovernmentGovernmentRegulatorsRegulators

IndustryIndustryAssociationsAssociations

CIGRECIGRE IEEEIEEE


IEEE Standards Board -PLTIEEE Standards Board -PLT

Committee StructureCommittee Structure

• Power Engineering SocietyPower Engineering Society

• Communications SocietyCommunications Society

• Electromagnetic Compatibility SocietyElectromagnetic Compatibility Society

• Antennas and Propagation SocietyAntennas and Propagation Society

• All are welcome All are welcome


Sources of Interference Sources of Interference • Noise caused by impedance Noise caused by impedance

mismatchmismatch

• Impulse noise ingress from Impulse noise ingress from electrical applianceselectrical appliances

• Narrow band ingress from SW Narrow band ingress from SW broadcastbroadcast

• Attenuation of the networkAttenuation of the network

• impedance variations impedance variations

• general interferencegeneral interference

• poor power qualitypoor power quality


The problemThe problem• we measure we measure EE or or HH fields at some distance fields at some distance

from a source, but need to know the field from a source, but need to know the field strength value at some other distancestrength value at some other distance

• it is often assumed that fields vary with it is often assumed that fields vary with distance as 1/distance as 1/r , 1/r2,1/r3,1/r nr , 1/r2,1/r3,1/r n– when is this right?when is this right?

• magnetic field magnetic field HH from infinite straight wire from infinite straight wire carrying steady (DC) current does indeed carrying steady (DC) current does indeed vary as 1/vary as 1/rr– but our wires are finite in length, and aren’t but our wires are finite in length, and aren’t

carrying DCcarrying DC


What about real-size, finite What about real-size, finite dipole?dipole?• for simplicity, most text books derive only for simplicity, most text books derive only

far field for practical antennas, by far field for practical antennas, by integrating just the 1/integrating just the 1/rr terms terms

• Jordan & Balmain (“Electromagnetic Jordan & Balmain (“Electromagnetic Waves & Radiating Systems”) do the Waves & Radiating Systems”) do the fullfull solution (including near-field terms) for solution (including near-field terms) for arbitrary length dipole- assumes usual arbitrary length dipole- assumes usual sinusoidal current distributionsinusoidal current distribution

• special case if dipole is half wavelength special case if dipole is half wavelength (or odd multiple)(or odd multiple)


Main goal: Protection of radio services by

Define radiation limits.

Same limits for all telecom-products (e.g. xDLS, ISDN, PLC,…)

Measurement method for in situ measurements

Hence, requirements for new telecommunication equipment are more stringent than for other equipment (e.g. LAN..)

Regulation for Radio Regulation for Radio Service ProtectionService Protection


Mitigation MethodsMitigation Methods

• In case of interference complaint, several In case of interference complaint, several actions can be done by the operator:actions can be done by the operator:

– Introduce second injection pointIntroduce second injection point– Apply NotchesApply Notches

• Before that – the regulator will evaluate Before that – the regulator will evaluate that:that:

– The complaint by the user is justifiedThe complaint by the user is justified– The user has done all possible to The user has done all possible to

eliminate the complainteliminate the complaint


Spectral Characteristics of Spectral Characteristics of modern Telecommunications modern Telecommunications SignalsSignals• Modern telecommunications technologies are Modern telecommunications technologies are

digital technologies.digital technologies.• OFDM technologies are the majority, but some OFDM technologies are the majority, but some

other multi-carrier technologies and some other multi-carrier technologies and some spread-spectrum single-carrier technologies spread-spectrum single-carrier technologies also exist.also exist.

• These technologies can be designed in such a These technologies can be designed in such a way, thatway, that– the carrier spacing of an OFDM system is the carrier spacing of an OFDM system is

much higher than 10 kHz, and each carrier is much higher than 10 kHz, and each carrier is modulated by randomized modulation (e. g. modulated by randomized modulation (e. g. QAM)QAM)

– the channel bandwidth of multi-carrier the channel bandwidth of multi-carrier technologies is very much higher than 10 kHz technologies is very much higher than 10 kHz


Developments towards the PLT Developments towards the PLT StandardStandard• Coexistence between Broadband PLT and Coexistence between Broadband PLT and

Wireless communications servicesWireless communications services• Broadband may be assessed as a communication Broadband may be assessed as a communication

service causing intentional or unintentional service causing intentional or unintentional radiationradiation

• Intentional radiators use EM waves as a carrier of Intentional radiators use EM waves as a carrier of information typical of wireless information typical of wireless telecommunications services-Licensing requiredtelecommunications services-Licensing required

• An unintentional radiator is primarily a wire-An unintentional radiator is primarily a wire-bound service that generates radiated emission bound service that generates radiated emission as a secondary unwanted by-product –Broadband as a secondary unwanted by-product –Broadband PLT should be treated as a unintentional radiator PLT should be treated as a unintentional radiator wire-line service with radiated emission treated wire-line service with radiated emission treated as a parasitic undesirable as a parasitic undesirable


Broadband PLT And EMC Broadband PLT And EMC LimitsLimits• If Broadband PLT is unintentional radiator If Broadband PLT is unintentional radiator

it is subject to EMC Limitsit is subject to EMC Limits

• Two basic EMC Standards-Two basic EMC Standards-

• IEC CISPR developed by International IEC CISPR developed by International committee’s and generally adopted as committee’s and generally adopted as national lawnational law

• If the laws are not adopted, national If the laws are not adopted, national regulatory bodies provide their own regulatory bodies provide their own legislationlegislation


CISPR 22CISPR 22

• Conducted limits for products:Conducted limits for products:

• Wire-line systems which are:Wire-line systems which are:

• DSL systems DSL systems

• Cable modem systems andCable modem systems and

• Broadband PLT systemsBroadband PLT systems

• The same standard applies to all The same standard applies to all three systems three systems


IEC CISPR 22 and Broadband IEC CISPR 22 and Broadband PLTPLT

• Broadband PLT requirements close to Broadband PLT requirements close to CISPR22CISPR22

• CISPR22 specifies limits for information CISPR22 specifies limits for information technology equipment (ITE) and technology equipment (ITE) and distinguishes between :distinguishes between :

• Mains Ports-power Mains Ports-power supply portssupply ports and and • Communication ports Communication ports • However PLT operates with a single port However PLT operates with a single port

for mains and data communications- for mains and data communications- Multipurpose Port Multipurpose Port


Interference Potential of a Port Interference Potential of a Port According to CISPR22According to CISPR22

• CISPR22 covers DSL and Cable CISPR22 covers DSL and Cable modem servicesmodem services

• CISPR22 charter was modified to CISPR22 charter was modified to include PLT Broadband services and include PLT Broadband services and the multi-purpose portthe multi-purpose port

• This is a product standardThis is a product standard


CISPR22 Interference CISPR22 Interference potential potential assessmentassessment• The interference potential is assessed by connecting the The interference potential is assessed by connecting the

port of the equipment under investigation to an “Artificial port of the equipment under investigation to an “Artificial Network” which represents the real World as closely as Network” which represents the real World as closely as possible possible

• For the telecommunications port a T-shaped impedance For the telecommunications port a T-shaped impedance stabilization network known as a T-ISN represents the stabilization network known as a T-ISN represents the artificial Networkartificial Network

• For the mains port a V-shaped ISN is used to represent the For the mains port a V-shaped ISN is used to represent the Artificial network (V-ISN)Artificial network (V-ISN)

• Measurements based on the T-ISN delivers the Measurements based on the T-ISN delivers the asymmetrical voltage , Uasym which represents the asymmetrical voltage , Uasym which represents the disturbance potential of the communicating signal disturbance potential of the communicating signal


Limits for Mains and Tele-com Limits for Mains and Tele-com PortsPorts

Frequency Frequency MHzMHz

Mains Port (V-Mains Port (V-ISN) QP/dB ISN) QP/dB (uV)(uV)

Telecomm Telecomm Port (T-Port (T-ISN)QP/dB(uV)ISN)QP/dB(uV)

0.15-0.50.15-0.5 66-5666-56 84-7484-74

0.5-50.5-5 5656 7474

5-305-30 6060 7474


Development of M313Development of M313

• CISPR22 is a product (device) standard CISPR22 is a product (device) standard • M313 mandate covers the complete network which M313 mandate covers the complete network which

means the actual power linesmeans the actual power lines• Also this new law will cover only complaints of Also this new law will cover only complaints of

interferenceinterference• This however does mean that modems causing This however does mean that modems causing

interference may be made to be switched off if it is interference may be made to be switched off if it is causing interference to established radio servicescausing interference to established radio services

• The eventual outcome will be a harmonised European The eventual outcome will be a harmonised European standardstandard

• Current proposals from EU countries are wide ranging Current proposals from EU countries are wide ranging - -


-10.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Frequency [MHz]

Equi

vale

nt E

lect

ric F

ield

[dBu

V/m

@ 3

m]

UK MPT1570 (Pk)

EN55022 Class B (QPk)(Derived below 30MHz, Pk above 1GHz)

German NB30 (Pk)

Norwegian Proposal (Pk)

PLC Proposal (QPk)(Derived from FCC limits using 33dB/dec)

Guelleman Limit (QPk)

BBC Proposal (Pk)

- For comparison purposes limits scaled to 3m using 20dB/dec except PLC proposal 33dB/dec - For EN55022 the magnetic field is calculated from the telecom port common mode current limit using: H = I / 2.pi.r where r = 3m- H-field limits converted to E-field using the far field correction of 51.5 dB

Radiated Emission standard proposals in EuropeRadiated Emission Standard


SummarySummary• Limits for radiation are still under Limits for radiation are still under

discussion - EC granted a mandate313 to discussion - EC granted a mandate313 to ETSI/CENELEC/CEN to develop European ETSI/CENELEC/CEN to develop European harmonized standardharmonized standard

• Main considerations:Main considerations:

– Balance with existing radiation Balance with existing radiation caused by other systems e.g. LANs caused by other systems e.g. LANs etc.etc.

– Balance should be made between Balance should be made between the protection of the Spectrum and the protection of the Spectrum and the introduction of new technologies the introduction of new technologies and their national economic benefitsand their national economic benefits


Near Field

Far Field

Waveimpedance

Ω

10K

1K

377

100

Electric Field predominates:low current,high voltage radiator

Magnetic Field predominates

Distance metres1d<λ/2Π

d >λ/2Π

Plane Wave Z=377Ώ

Z=(μ/є)½

Wave Impedance=E/H

Near and Far Field Radiated Impedance Measurements

D=λ/2Π

High current,low voltage,lowimpedance


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2 2.4 4.8 5.3 7.5 8.3 8.4 10 12.4 15 15.4 18 18.4 21.4 24.5 25.5 27.9 30

frequency (MHz)

see l

eg

en

d

LCL (dB)

impedance (ohms)


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2 2.4 4.8 5.3 7.5 8.3 8.4 10 12.4 15 15.4 18 18.4 21.4 24.5 25.5 27.9 30

frequency (MHz)

see

lege

nd LCL (dB)

impedance (ohms)


LCL and Impedance LCL and Impedance Variation in the LCL and ImpedanceVariation in the LCL and Impedance

• Variation in Impedance with LCL may be in Variation in Impedance with LCL may be in phase for the Kitchen phase for the Kitchen

• However the same relationship for the However the same relationship for the garage is not so close garage is not so close

• Measuring at different points in the same Measuring at different points in the same house and same wiring does introduce errors house and same wiring does introduce errors leading to variable LCL and Impedance leading to variable LCL and Impedance


Emissions Normalised to Emissions Normalised to 13m13m

emissions from PLC with 10dBm input

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2.3 2.9 4.95 5.42 6.9 8.9 10.9 13 16.5 18.6 19.3 20 25 29.5

frequency (MHz)

emis

sio

n (

dB

mic

rovo

lt/m

detached house

lamp post

house with skeletal wiring


Committee’s and standards to Committee’s and standards to MonitorMonitor

• EMC Directive 89/336/EECEMC Directive 89/336/EEC

• General EEC IT committeesGeneral EEC IT committees

• Cenelec SC205A especially WG10-high Cenelec SC205A especially WG10-high frequency committeefrequency committee

• TC210 Cenelec EMC committeeTC210 Cenelec EMC committee

• ETSI PLT covers all broadband issuesETSI PLT covers all broadband issues

• FCC15 for USA Broadband PLT FCC15 for USA Broadband PLT developmentsdevelopments


Key Measurement Key Measurement ParametersParameters• Noise floor for urban, semi-urban and ruralNoise floor for urban, semi-urban and rural• Conducted emissionConducted emission• Common mode emission and electric fieldCommon mode emission and electric field• Longitudinal Conversion Loss-LCLLongitudinal Conversion Loss-LCL• Impedance of line Impedance of line • K factorK factor• Regression Regression andand• There inter-relationship in the near and far field There inter-relationship in the near and far field • Relationship with single and three phase systems Relationship with single and three phase systems

for Ring Main and Tree& Branch wiring for Ring Main and Tree& Branch wiring architecture architecture


For Further InformationFor Further Information

• John NewburyJohn Newbury

• Power Communications Research Power Communications Research

• The Open University The Open University

• Manchester , EnglandManchester , England

• Tel 44 161 956 6857Tel 44 161 956 6857

• Email [email protected] [email protected]

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