ISO/TC37/SC4/TDG6ISO/TC37/SC4/TDG6Language Resource Language Resource

OntologiesOntologies2008-09-27, Pisa2008-09-27, Pisa

HASIDA KoitiHASIDA Koiti

hasida.k@aist.go.jphasida.k@aist.go.jp

CfSR, AIST, JapanCfSR, AIST, Japan

OntologizationOntologizationreformulation in terms of ontologyreformulation in terms of ontology

provide standard way to convert provide standard way to convert annotations to labeled directed graphsannotations to labeled directed graphs

DCR, LAF, LMF, FS, MAF, SemAF, SynAF, DCR, LAF, LMF, FS, MAF, SemAF, SynAF, MLIF, etc.MLIF, etc.

Cf. LMF and MAF have UML-based Cf. LMF and MAF have UML-based schemas.schemas.

not XML but RDF as base description not XML but RDF as base description and modeling tooland modeling toolstandard semantic interpretation for RDFstandard semantic interpretation for RDFhighlight semantics rather than syntaxhighlight semantics rather than syntax

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Purposes of OntologizationPurposes of Ontologizationinteroperabilityinteroperability

among ISO/TC37 standardsamong ISO/TC37 standardswith ontologies from elsewherewith ontologies from elsewherewith any data containing linguistic contentwith any data containing linguistic content

RDF data are easier to integrate than XML data.RDF data are easier to integrate than XML data.

e.g. external annotation of texts in SMIL data e.g. external annotation of texts in SMIL data without including linguistic description in SMIL without including linguistic description in SMIL specificationspecification

fuller formalization of IS specificationsfuller formalization of IS specificationssemantic extension of DCRsemantic extension of DCR

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Semantic Extension of DCR Semantic Extension of DCR

sorts of DCssorts of DCsunary predicate → classunary predicate → classbinary relation → propertybinary relation → propertysymmetric binary relation, etc.symmetric binary relation, etc.

types of the domain (1types of the domain (1stst arg.) and arg.) and the range (2the range (2ndnd arg.) of binary arg.) of binary relations (properties)relations (properties)

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XML MessXML Mess

Semantic interpretation of XML is Semantic interpretation of XML is not standardized but defined ad hoc.not standardized but defined ad hoc.

Many inconsistent `standards’ on Many inconsistent `standards’ on overlapping issues.overlapping issues.

Huge standards containing many Huge standards containing many different semantic interpretation different semantic interpretation manners.manners.e.g., MPEG-7 > 2000 pagese.g., MPEG-7 > 2000 pages

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RDFRDFResource Description FrameworkResource Description Framework

labeled directed graphlabeled directed graphW3C recommendation W3C recommendation

http://www.w3.org/RDF/Schemas are provided by RDFS, Schemas are provided by RDFS,

OWL, etc.OWL, etc.textual representationtextual representation

XML, N3, etc.XML, N3, etc.

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http://meetings.example.com/cal#m1http://meetings.example.com/cal#m1http://meetings.example.com/cal#m1http://meetings.example.com/cal#m1

RDF GraphRDF Graph

http://www.example.org/people#fredhttp://www.example.org/people#fredhttp://www.example.org/people#fredhttp://www.example.org/people#fred

http://meetings.example.com/m1/hphttp://meetings.example.com/m1/hphttp://meetings.example.com/m1/hphttp://meetings.example.com/m1/hp

m:homePagem:homePagem:homePagem:homePage

m:attendingm:attendingm:attendingm:attending

m:givenNamem:givenNamem:givenNamem:givenName FredFredFredFred

m:hasEmailm:hasEmailm:hasEmailm:hasEmailmailto:fred@example.commailto:fred@example.commailto:fred@example.commailto:fred@example.com

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Conversion of XML to RDFConversion of XML to RDF

AnyURI- and IDREF(S)-type AnyURI- and IDREF(S)-type attributeattribute

→ → object property (link)object property (link)other attribute → datatype other attribute → datatype

propertypropertyembedded elementembedded element

→ → object/datatype propertyobject/datatype property

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24610: Feature Structure24610: Feature Structuretyped feature structure as in HPSG, etc.typed feature structure as in HPSG, etc.ISO 24610-1: Feature Structure ISO 24610-1: Feature Structure

RepresentationRepresentationISO 24610-2: Feature System ISO 24610-2: Feature System

DeclarationDeclarationlabeled directed graphlabeled directed graphAVM (attribute-value matrix)AVM (attribute-value matrix)textual encoding by XMLtextual encoding by XML

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FS Graph = RDF GraphFS Graph = RDF Graph

determinerdeterminerdeterminerdeterminerPOSPOSPOSPOS

SPECIFIERSPECIFIERSPECIFIERSPECIFIER

ORTHORTHORTHORTH lalalala

HEAHEADD

HEAHEADD

AGRAGRAGRAGR

AGAGRR

AGAGRR

nounnounnounnounPOSPOSPOSPOS

ORTHORTHORTHORTH pommepommepommepomme

singularsingularsingularsingularNUMBERNUMBERNUMBERNUMBER

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FS in AVMFS in AVM

SPECIFIER

HEAD

POS determinerORTH `la’AGR [1][NUMBER singular]

POS nounORTH `pomme’AGR [1]

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Ontologies Subsume Feature Ontologies Subsume Feature SystemsSystems

Features are partial functions, Features are partial functions, whereas RDF properties are relations whereas RDF properties are relations in general (possibly partial functions).in general (possibly partial functions).

Usual feature systems have no Usual feature systems have no taxonomy of features, whereas usual taxonomy of features, whereas usual ontologies have taxonomies of ontologies have taxonomies of properties (e.g., due to properties (e.g., due to rdfs:subPropertyOf).rdfs:subPropertyOf).

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wordwordwordword

<fsDecl type="word" baseTypes="sign"> <fsDescr>The fundamental type for individual words</fsDescr> <fDecl name="orth"> <fDescr>The orthographic representation for this word</fDescr> <vRange><string/></vRange> </fDecl></fsDecl>

<fsDecl type="word" baseTypes="sign"> <fsDescr>The fundamental type for individual words</fsDescr> <fDecl name="orth"> <fDescr>The orthographic representation for this word</fDescr> <vRange><string/></vRange> </fDecl></fsDecl>

orthorthorthorth

Feature-System Feature-System DeclarationDeclaration

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signsignsignsign

rdfs:domainrdfs:domainrdfs:domainrdfs:domainstringstringstringstringrdfs:rangerdfs:rangerdfs:rangerdfs:range

rdfs:subClassOfrdfs:subClassOfrdfs:subClassOfrdfs:subClassOf

The fundamental type for individual wordsThe fundamental type for individual words

rdfs:commentrdfs:commentrdfs:commentrdfs:comment

The orthographic representation for this wordThe orthographic representation for this word

rdfs:commentrdfs:commentrdfs:commentrdfs:commentowl:FunctionalPropertyowl:FunctionalPropertyowl:FunctionalPropertyowl:FunctionalProperty

rdf:typerdf:typerdf:typerdf:type

Constraint (Conditional)Constraint (Conditional)

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XXXX

invinvinvinv

truetruetruetrue

finfinfinfin

auxauxauxaux

vformvformvformvform

<cond> <fs> <f name="inv"> <binary value="true"/> </f> </fs> <then/> <fs> <f name="aux"> <binary value="true"/> </f> <f name="vform"> <symbol value="fin"/> </f> </fs></cond>

<cond> <fs> <f name="inv"> <binary value="true"/> </f> </fs> <then/> <fs> <f name="aux"> <binary value="true"/> </f> <f name="vform"> <symbol value="fin"/> </f> </fs></cond>

XXXX truetruetruetrue

condcondcondcond

SWRL representation:inv(?X,true)-> aux(?X,true) & vform(?X,fin)

FS Ontologization FS Ontologization (Summary)(Summary)

RDF ⊃ FSRDF ⊃ FSUse ontologies for feature-system Use ontologies for feature-system

declarations.declarations.SWRL to encode constraintsSWRL to encode constraintsDefaults are outside of ontology.Defaults are outside of ontology.

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24612: Linguistic 24612: Linguistic Annotation FrameworkAnnotation Framework

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GrAF in RDFGrAF in RDF

NUMBERNUMBERNUMBERNUMBER

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rdfs:typerdfs:typerdfs:typerdfs:type NPNPNPNP

TheTheTheThe

clockclockclockclock

SINGSINGSINGSING

rdfs:typerdfs:typerdfs:typerdfs:type TOKENTOKENTOKENTOKEN

POSPOSPOSPOS

BASEBASEBASEBASETHETHETHETHE

DETDETDETDET

rdfs:typerdfs:typerdfs:typerdfs:type

POSPOSPOSPOS NNNNNNNN

BASEBASEBASEBASECLOCKCLOCKCLOCKCLOCK

possibly stand-off annotation

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Turn

Agent

Utterance

Dialogue

addressee

overhearer

sender 1..*

1..*

0..*

1..1

1..*

DialogueAct

0..*1..* func.dep.

SemAF-DActsSemAF-DActs

TODOs (projects in TDG6?)TODOs (projects in TDG6?)include ontologies in documentsinclude ontologies in documents

FSDFSDjust check UML (as far as no property just check UML (as far as no property

hierarchy is necessary)hierarchy is necessary)LMF, MAFLMF, MAF

finish ontologization (possibly in UML) finish ontologization (possibly in UML) SynAFSynAF

ontologize from scratch, forgetting ontologize from scratch, forgetting XMLXMLDCR, SemAF-Time, SemAF-DActs, MLIF, DCR, SemAF-Time, SemAF-DActs, MLIF,

etc.etc. 19

IssuesIssuesWho should ontologize individual WIs?Who should ontologize individual WIs?

ontologize future WIs from the beginningontologize future WIs from the beginningTDG6 should exemplify how.TDG6 should exemplify how.whether and how to make ontologization whether and how to make ontologization

mandatory?mandatory?Where to include ontologies of ongoing Where to include ontologies of ongoing

WIs?WIs?depending on their stages (WD, CD, ...)depending on their stages (WD, CD, ...)

How to keep ontologizing DCs?How to keep ontologizing DCs?replace DC metamodel by ontology?replace DC metamodel by ontology?modify ISOCat?modify ISOCat?

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