Isolation vs Imperialism

• Is it the government’s responsibility to help the

people?

• Do people want to be ruled or free?

• Does a country have a right to grow by taking

territory (land)?

Isolation vs Imperialism

• What is Isolation?

• What is Imperialism?

• Should U.S. get involved in world affairs?

• Who thinks they might be staying in Pleasantville

all their lives?

Why move?

EQ – Why did the U.S. conduct a policy of

imperialism in the Pacific region?

EQ – How did the U.S. achieve their goals in the

Pacific?

Isolation vs Imperialism

• Isolationism

• Expansionism

• Imperialism

1870 - 1914

• Having little to do with political affairs of

foreign nations

Washington’s Farewell Address warns “to steer

clear of permanent alliances.”

BUT – Washington also called America a “Rising

Empire”

• Policy of extending national

boundaries – movement westward

• One country takes control of land and

people of another country or region –

control the economic and political

affairs of weaker

Why Imperialism - Causes

• Causes or

reasons for

Imperialism

(1) Need for new sources of RAW

MATERIALS

(2) Need NEW MARKETS to sell products

(3) Europeans felt it was their Duty to

SPREAD CULTURE

(4) COMPETITION between rival nations

Imperialism - Effects

• “Scramble for Africa”

• U.S. Navy

• Seward’s Folly

ALASKA -1867

• By 1912 – 90% of Africa is colonized by Britain, France, Germany and others EUROPEAN Imperialism

• Navy expands and modernizes to protect trading (merchant) ships

Steel to build boats

spending a lot of $

“Great White Fleet”

• Need bases around world for refueling

(1) Expands U.S. into Pacific

(2) Bought from Russia

(3) Folly = wasteland of ICE and COLD –frozen

(4) Useful Raw Materials – gold, oil, lumber

Alaska

• New York Herald reported

“any impoverished European

monarchs who wanted to sell

worthless territory should

apply to W.H. Seward, State

Department, Washington DC”

• Alaska is the U.S.'s largest state,

over twice the size of Texas.

• The 3.5 million acres of the Alaska

State Park System constitutes the

largest park system in the United

States. • The Tongass National Forest is

the largest national forest in the

United States

• 1959 49th state

What do YOU Remember? What is the term used to describe a nation who has little to do with

the affairs of other nations?

What is the term used when one nation takes control over the land

and people of another region?

How many causes can you name?

Who was the individual who bought Alaska AND what country did

he purchase this land from?

Discovery Video Imperialism

Japan

• Japan

• Commodore Perry goes to Japan

1853

Treaty of Kanagawa

• A closed / isolationist country (except for Dutch and Chinese traders)

• U.S. wanted trade

• U.S. wanted replenishing / supplies port

• Anchored with armed ships (first act of imperialism?)

(1) Peace and friendship w/ United States

(2) Opening 2 ports to American ships

(3) Help and protection for any American shipwrecked

(4) Permission for American ships to purchase supplies in Japanese ports

China

• Sphere of Influence

Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan

What country is missing out?

• Nations with special trading privileges

Carving up China

Open Door Policy

• Open Door

Policy - 1899

John Hay–Secy of State

• Sent letter to all nations with “spheres”

to persuade them to ALL share rights

equally

• Nations agree in “theory” but NO

signed agreement

• Under the Open Door Policy any

nation could now trade in sphere of

others

• United States now can trade with

China

Fists of Righteous Harmony • Boxer Rebellion

1900 • Oppose foreign influence in their

country

• Secret society – Fists of Righteous

Harmony

• Expel ALL “foreign devils” from China

• Boxer’s attack foreigners throughout

China

• International forces crush this rebellion

after several months

• Hay Re-Issues Open Door Policy – all

nations to respect China’s

independence

Hawaii

• Hawaii

Geography

Government

• Archipelago – chain of islands

• Rich soil, warm climate, crops year round

• Sugar Plantations

• Monarchy – Queen Liliuokalani

American planters have great influence

and power

Queen tries to maintain Hawaii’s

independence

American planters w/forces get Queen to

give up throne

• 1900 Hawaii is U.S. territory

• 1959 Hawaii is 50th state

Alfred Mahan

U.S. Navy

Supporter of Imperialism

Naval Power will be most important

Bases needed throughout the world

“The countries with the biggest navies

would inherit the earth”

Great White Fleet

Spanish American War

• Causes of War

• General Weyler

Nicknamed the “BUTCHER”

• U.S. Concerns

• 1st Cuban’s rebel in 1868 against Spain– crushed

• 2nd Cuban’s rebel in 1895

rebels burn sugar cane fields & sugar mills

blow up trains

• New Governor sent to CRUSH rebels

uses harsh measures

500,000 in detention camps

100,000 die in horrid conditions (starvation)

(1) ONLY 90 miles from Florida & U.S.

(2) Investments in sugar & rice plantations, tobacco, railroads - $100million in trade

(3) Sympathizers to treatment of Cubans – Americans view rebels as patriotic fighting for freedom

Spanish American War

• Yellow

Journalism Pulitzer=World

Hearst=Journal

• Grover Cleveland &

William McKinley

• “Blood on the Roadsides, Blood in the

Fields, Blood on the Doorsteps”

Wild, sensational news reporting

Rebels portrayed as patriotic

Spanish portrayed as cruel

“You supply the pictures, I’ll supply the war”

Try to avoid war – war fever in U.S.

Spanish American War

• Immediate Cause

Why was Maine in Cuba?

• Blowing up of the U.S.S. Maine – Feb 1898

• Protect American citizens & property

• Ship was at anchor in Havana harbor

• Huge explosion at night

• Ship splits in two

• 260 of the 350 sailors killed

• Real cause of explosion never found – blamed on enemy –Spain!

• Newspaper sensationalize story

• War declared April 25, 1898

• “Remember the Maine”

Spanish American War

Philippines

• War Fought on

Two Fronts –

“Splendid Little

War”

• Cuba and Philippines

• Manila Bay – surprise attack April 30, 1898

• Under cover of darkness – attack at dawn

Commodore George Dewey

destroys Spanish fleet

Spanish American War

Cuba

• Teddy and the

“Rough Riders”

• TR gives up job as Secy. of Navy

• Volunteer Cavalry

friends from cattle ranching days and

college buddies

• Win Battle of San Juan Hill

African American soldiers assist

• Spanish fleet destroyed at Santiago Harbor

U.S. captures Puerto Rico

• Spain surrenders

http://www.history.com/videos/roosevelt-fights-in-spanish-american-

war#roosevelt-fights-in-spanish-american-war

• You will do well on the

castle learning makeup

quiz

• You will study and prepare

for the bah-humbug

Imperialism test

• You will take out your

notes and prepare to

discuss the end to the

Spanish-American War

• I have posted the power

point notes to site

• I will be available for help

during activity period

today and Monday before

test

• I have put a map on the

test and gave you one to

practice on the site

Spanish American War

“Splendid Little War”

• War lasts 4 months

• Approximately 379 die in battle

• Approximately 5,000 die from yellow fever, malaria, typhoid. . .

As a Result Cuba Gets Freedom

U.S. gets Puerto Rico

U.S. gets Guam

U.S. pays $20 million to Spain gets Philippines

Spanish American War

• Peace Treaty

Before Senate

Approves – DEBATE

Political==========

Economic========

Social===========

Those who OBJECT:

• Violated American principles

• U.S. has no right to take over another

country

• Makes U.S. look like a colonial power

Hypocritical – 1776 fought against colonial

rule

• Expansionism could lead to more war

Those in FAVOR:

(1) Bases for ships (Caribbean & Pacific)

(2) New business opportunities / resources

(3) Spread American ideas and culture

How To Rule?!?

Promises - Promises • CUBA

• Platt Amendment (Zinn page 311 read to class)

• American soldiers remain

• Cuba not ready for independence (according to U.S. Congress)

• Business leaders fear investments threatened if Cuba independent

Cuban people can write own Constitution – BUT

“Protectorate” independence limited by control or more powerful country

• Limited Cuba’s right to make treaties or borrow $

• U.S. could get involved – protect American interests

• Naval Base – Guantanamo Bay

How To Rule • Puerto Rico

• Philippine’s

Filipinos betrayed (Zinn – page 313 read to class

about McKinley)

Aguinaldo

• Puerto Ricans limited say in affairs

• Americans set up schools, health care, build roads

• Made citizens

U.S. annexed land – a new war

• Filipinos now fight U.S. for independence

60,000 American Troops

4,000 American soldiers die

20,000 Filipino soldiers die

200,000 civilians died from shelling, famine, disease

• 1901-1902 U.S. sets up government (looks like Filipinos just traded one foreign power for another)

• 1946 - Independence

Philippine-American War

What tactics did the U.S. Army adopt to fight the Filipino rebels?

(1) Build roads, schools, vaccinate civilians, improve sanitation

How do you think Philippine civilians will react to this act?

(2) Burned villages and crops (deprive rebels of shelter and food)

create a starving civilian population AND torture to extract

information

“Water Cure” (torture) – “interrogators shoved a bamboo shoot

down a victim’s throat to keep his mouth open while they

poured water into his throat and nose until his stomach swelled

and he could not breathe, and then pushed on his stomach to

expel the water. . .”

Review Questions

• What did American

factories need & want

• What is the policy of

having little to do with

foreign nations called?

• Naval officer sent to

Japan in 1850’s

• Who negotiated the

purchase of Alaska

• Uprising against

foreigners in China 1900

• Agreement that opened 2

ports for trade in Japan

• Overseas markets and resources

• Isolationism

• Perry

• Seward (Seward’s Folly)

• Boxer Rebellion

• Treaty of Kanagawa

Protecting New Interests

• Panama

Canal

*video

• Benefit commerce and military

• Save about 8,000 miles

• Reduce cost of shipping

• Naval ships move back and forth quickly

Panama Canal

• TR

• Building Canal

• Offers Colombia $ (turned down)

• Determined “Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick and you will go far”

• Supports Panama revolt of Colombia (w/presence of naval ship-power)

• Started by French – unsuccessful (technology, disease and money)

• Dr. William Gorges

FIRST - wipe out mosquito – yellow fever and malaria disappear

• George Goethals – engineer in charge

• Technological marvel – still to this day

• System of locks raise and lower ships

• 1914

http://www.history.com/shows/the-presidents/videos/roosevelts-big-

stick-foreign-policy#roosevelts-big-stick-foreign-policy

Latin America – Foreign Policy

Roosevelt Corollary

Dollar Diplomacy

• Expand Monroe Doctrine

• U.S. can intervene in countries to the south of

U.S. to preserve law & order in Latin

America

• U.S. has police power

• Latin Americans RESENT this interference in

their business!

• President’s Taft – build strong economic ties

to Latin America

– Encourages U.S. businesses to invest

U.S. will use military force to protect investments

Latin America – Foreign Policy

Moral Diplomacy • President Wilson –

spread democracy

promote peace

condemn imperialism

Wilson uses military on several

occasions to restore peace &

order, guard American lives and

property

Mexico – U.S.

• Mexican

Revolution • Poor Mexican revolt against their Govt.

• Pancho Villa leads rebels against U.S.

backed Mexican leader Carranza

• Pancho Villa rebels shoot and kill American

citizens in Mexico

• Pancho Villa raid New Mexico town, killing

more Americans

• Wilson sends General Pershing and troops

into Mexico looking for Pancho

• U.S. troops return home – Pancho Villa a

local hero

• Mexican resent U.S.

• U.S. role in world affairs has significantly

changed over the years