isolation and characterisation of bacillus sp. mycolytic...
TRANSCRIPT
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 175
REFERENCE
Abd-El-Kareem F., Nehal S., El-Mougy., Nadia G., El-Gamal. and Fotouh Y.O.2006.
Use of Chitin and Chitosan Against Tomato Root Rot Disease under Greenhouse
Conditions .Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 2(4): 147-152.
Abdullah T.M., Ali Y.N. and Suleman P. 2008. Biological control of Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum with Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Crop
Protection, 27:1354-1359.
Adesemoye A.O., Obini M., Ugoji E.O. 2008. Comparison of plant growthpromotion
with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis in three vegetables. Braz. J. Mic.,
39: 423-426.
Agrios, G.N. 2005. Plant Pathology. Fifth Edition. Elsevier Academic Press, London,
UK. p922.
Ahamed A. and Vermette P. 2008. Culture-based strategies to enhance cellulase
enzyme production from Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 in bioreactor culture conditions.
Biochemical Engineering Journal, 40(3):399–407.
Ajit N.S., Verma R. and Shanmugam V. 2006. Extracellular chitinases of fluorescent
pseudomonads antifungal to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi causing carnation
wilt.Curr. Microbiol. 52: 310-316.
Akgül D.S. and Mirik M., 2008. Biocontrol of Phytophthora capsici on pepper plants
by Bacillus megaterium strains. Journal of Plant Pathology. 90 (1): 29-34.
Akhir, S.M., Abd-Aziz S., Salleh M.M., Rahman R.A., Illias R.M. and Hassan
M.A.2009. Medium optimisation of chitinase enzyme production from shrimp waste
using Bacillus licheniformis TH-1 by response surface methods. Biotechnology, 8: 120-
125.
Akhtar Mohd Sayeed, Uzma Shakeel, Zaki Anwar Siddiqui. 2010. Biocontrol of
Fusarium wilt by Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and Rhizobium sp. on
lentil. Turk J Biol. 34: 1-7.
Aktuganov G. E., Melent’ev A. I., Yu. Kuz’mina L., Galimzyanova N. F. and
ShirokovA. V. 2003. The Chitinolytic Activity of Bacillus Cohn Bacteria Antagonistic
to Phytopathogenic Fungi. Microbiology, 72(3): 313–317. Translated from
Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 72, No. 3, 2003, pp. 356–360. Original Russian Text Copyright ©
2003 by Aktuganov, Melent’ev, Kuz’mina, Galimzyanova, Shirokov.
Aktuganov G. E.N. F., Galimzyanova, Melent’ev A. I and Yu. Kuz’mina L.2007.
Extracellular Hydrolases of Strain Bacillus sp. 739 and their Involvement in the Lysis
of Micromycete Cell Walls .Microbiology,76 (4): 413–420.
Al-Ahmadi J.K., Yazdi T.M., Najafi F.M., Shahverdi A.R., Faramarzi M. A., Zarrini G.
and Behravan J. 2008. Optimization of medium and cultivation conditions for chitinase
production by the newly isolated: Aeromonas sp. Biotechnology, 7 (2): 266-272.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 176
Altschul S.F., Gish W., Miller W., Myers E.W. and Lipman D.J. 1990. Basic local
alignment search tool. J Mol Biol., 215(3):403-10.
Anand T. Prakasam V. Chandrasekaran A. Samiyappan R. Karthikeyan G.and
Saravanan A. 2007. Compatibility of azoxystrobin (Amistar 25 SC) with biocontrol
agents. Pestology, 31: 21-24.
Anderson, C.I. and Cairney, W.J. 2004. Diversity and ecology of soil fungal
communities: increased understanding through the application of molecular techniques.
Environ Microbiol., 31: 388-406.
Andronopoulou E. and Vorgias C.E. 2004. Multiple components and induction
mechanism of the chitinolytic system of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus
chitinophagus. Applied Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 65:694-702.
Anitha A. and Rabeeth M. 2010. Degradation of fungal cell walls of phytopathogenic
fungi by lytic enzyme of Streptomyces griseus. African Journal of Plant Science., 4
(3):061-066.
Arkhipova T.N., Veselov S.U., Melantiev A.I., Marty N.E.V. and Kudoyerova G.R.
2005. Ability of bacterium Bacillus to produce cytokinins and to influence the growth
and endogenous hormone content of lettuce plants. Plant Soil, 272:201-209.
Arun Chanchaichaovivat, Pintip Ruenwongsa and Bhinyo Panijpan. 2007. Screening
and identification of yeast strains from fruits and vegetables: Potential for biological
control of postharvest chilli anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici). Biological Control,
42: 326–335.
Asghar H.N., Zahir Z.A., Arshad M. and Khaliq A. 2002. Relationship between in vitro
production of auxins by rhizobacteria and their growth promoting activities in Brassica
juncea L. Biol. Fert. Soils, 35:231-237.
Avis T. J. and Be´langer R. R. 2001. Specificity and mode of action of the antifungal
fatty acid cis-9-heptadecenoic acid produced by Pseudozyma flocculosa. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 67:956–960.
Baharum S.N., Salleh A.B, Razak C.N.A., Basri M., Rahman M.B.A. and Rahman
R.N.Z.R.A. 2003. Organic solvent tolerant lipase by Pseudomonas sp. strain S5:
stability of enzyme in organic solvent and physical factors affecting its production. Ann.
Microbiol. 53:75-83.
Bai Y., Feng X., van der Hulst R. and Lindhout P. 2004. A set of simple PCR markers
converted from sequence speciWc RFLP markers on tomato chromosomes 9 to 12. Mol
Breed, 13:281–287.
Bais H. P., Weir T. L., Perry L. G., Gilroy S. and Vivanco J. M. 2006. The role of root
exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. Annu. Rev. Plant
Biol. 57:233-266.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 177
Bais H.P., Fall R. and Vivanco J.M. 2004. Biocontrol of Bacillus subtilis against
infection of Arabidopsis roots by Pseudomonas syringae is facilitated by biofilm
formation and surfactin production. Plant Physiol., 134: 307-319.
Bakker P. A. H. M., Pieterse C. M. J. and Van Loon L. C. 2007. Induced systemic
resistance by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Phytopathology, 97:239-243.
Balasubramanian N, Thamil Priya V, Gomathinayagam S, Shanmugaiah V, Jashnie J,
Lalithakumari D. (2010). Effect of Chitin Adapted and Ultra Violet Induced Mutant of
Trichoderma harzianum Enhancing Biocontrol and Chitinase Activity. Australian
Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 4(10): 4701-4709.
Bapiraju K., Sujatha P., Ellaiah P. and Ramana T. 2004. Mutation induced enhanced
biosynthesis of lipase. African Journal of Biotechnology, 3: 618- 621.
Bartnicki-Garcia S. 1987. The cell wall: a crucial structure in fungal evolution. In:
Evolutionary Biology of the fungi (Rayner, A.D.A., Brasier C.M. and Moore D., Eds),
Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 390-403.
Bashan Y., 1998. Inoculants of plant growth-promoting bacteria for use in agriculture.
Biotechnol. Adv., 16: 729-770.
Batta Y.A. 2004. Postharvest biological control of apple gray mold by Trichoderma
hazianum rifai formulated in an invert emulsion. Crop Prot. 23:19–26.
Bauer A. W., Kirby W. M. M., Sherris J. C. and Turck M. 1966. Antibiotic
susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 45:493-
496.
Beatriz A., Rodas-Junco, Hector F., Magana-Sevilla, Jose M., Tun-Suarez and Arturo
Reyes-Ramirez. 2009. Antifungal activity in vitro of native Bacillus sp. strains against
Macrophomina phaseolina(Tassi) Goid. Research journal of Biological sciences. 4(9):
985-989.
Benhamou N, Joosten M.H.A.J. and De Wit P.J.G.M. 1990. Subcellular localization of
chitinase and of its potential substrate in tomato root tissues infected by Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Plant Physiol, 92:1108-1120.
Benítez T., Rincón M.A., Limón M.C. and Codón, C.A. (2004). Biocontrol mechanisms
of Trichoderma strains. International microbiology, 7: 249-260.
Berg G., Krechel A., Ditz M., Sikora R.A., Ulrich A. and Hallmann J. 2005. FEMS
Microbiology Ecology., 51: 215–229.
Bernard M. and Latgé J.-P. 2001. Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall: composition and
biosynthesis. Med Mycol, 39: (Supplement 1, 9–18).
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 178
Blanco A., Diaz P., Martinez J., Vidal T., Torres A. L. and Pastor, F. I. 1998. Cloning
of a new endoglucanase gene from Bacillus sp. BP-23 and characterisation of the
enzyme. Performance in paper manufacture from cereal straw. Appl Microbiol
Biotechnol., 50: 48-54.
Blanco A., Diaz P., Zueco J., Parascandola P. and Javier Pastor F. I. 1999. A
multidomain xylanase from a Bacillus sp. with a region homologous to
thermostabilizing domains of thermophilic enzymes. Microbiology., 145: 2163-2170.
Bochow H., Dolej S.T., Fischer I., Melkamu A. 1995. Plant health promoting effects by
Bacillus subtilis and its modes of actions. In: Modern Fungicides and Antifungal
Compounds (Lyr., Russel., Sisler, (Eds)). Proceedings of the 11th Int. Symp. Intercept
Ltd. Andover, Hampshire SP10 1YG, UK., pp: 549-554.
Bodenmann J., Heninger U. and Hohl H.R. 1985. Extracellular enzymes of
Phytophthora infestans: endocellulase, β glucosidase and β1,3-glucanase. Can J
Microbiol, 31:75–82.
Boland G.J. and Kuykendall L.D.(eds) 1998. Plant-microbe interactions and biological
control.: Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. pp. 15-36.
Borriss R. 1976. β,-1,3 & β-1,4-Glucanase in sporenbildenden Mikroorganismen. I. fi-
Glucanasebildung wahrend des Verlaufs des Wachstumszyklus von Bacillus subtilis
(Marburg Yale). Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. 16:475-477.
Bosland P.W. and Votava E.J., 2003. Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums. CAB
International, England, p.233.
Bowyer P.1999. Plant disease caused by fungi: phytopathogenicity In:Molecular Fungal
Biology, (RP Oliver, M Schweizer), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Brantlee S.R., Kelly L., Wei S., Benson D.M. 2011. Cellulase Activity as a Mechanism
for Suppression of Phytophthora Root Rot in Mulches. Phytopathology, 101(2): 223-
230.
Brewer M. and Larkin P. 2005. Efficacy of several potential biocontrol organisms
against Rhizoctonia solani on potato. Crop Protection. 24: 939-950.
Brick J.M., Bostock R.M. and Silverstone S.E. 1991. Rapid in situ assay for
inodoleacetic acid production by bacteria immobilized on a nitrocellulose membrane
Applied Environmental Microbiology., 57:535-538.
Broekaert, W. F., Franky, R. G., Terras, Bruno, P. A, Cammue and Jos, An automated
quantitative assay for fungal growth inhibition. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 1990, 69:55–60.
Carvalho C.M.L., Serralheiro M.L.M., Cabral J.M.S and Aire-Barros M.R. 1997.
Application of factorial design to the study of tranesterification reactions using cutinase
in AOT-reversed micelles. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 21:117-13.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 179
Chanchaichaovivat Arun , Pintip Ruenwongsa and Bhinyo Panijpan. 2007. Screening
and identification of yeast strains from fruits and vegetables: Potential for biological
control of postharvest chilli anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici). Biological Control,
42: 326–335.
Chang W.T., Chen Y.C., Jao C.L. 2007. Antifungal activity and enhancement of plant
growth by Bacillus cereus grown on shellfish chitin wastes. Bioresour. Technol. 98:
1224-1230.
Chen C.Y., Wang Y.H.and Huang C.J. 2004. Enhancement of the antifungal activity of
Bacillus subtilis F29-3 by the chitinase encoded by Bacillus circulans chiA gene. Can.
J. Microbiol. 50: 451-454.
Chen M.H., Shen Z.M., Bobin S., Kahn, P.C., and Lipke, P.N. 1995. Structure of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-agglutinin. Evidence for a yeast cell wall protein with multiple
immunoglobulin-like domains with atypical disulfides. J. Biol. Chem., 270:26168-26177.
Chernin L., Ismailov Z., Haran S. and Chet I. 1995. Chitinolytic Enterobacter
agglomerans Antagonistic to Fungal Plant Pathogens. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology. 61(5): 1720–1726.
Chernin L.S. 2001. Bacterial chitinases in biocontrol of plant pathogens, Materialy 6-i
mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii “Novye dostizheniya v issledovanii khitina i khitozana”,
Moskva - Shchelkovo, 22-24.10.2001 (Proc. 6th Intl.Conf. “New Advancements in the
Study of Chitin and Chitosan”), Moscow: Izd-vo “VNIRO”.
Chesters C. G. C. and Bull A. T. 1963. The enzymic degradation of laminarin. The
distribution of laminarinase among microorganisms. Biochem. J. 86:28-31.
Chet I. 1987. Trichoderma applications, mode of action and potential as biocontrol
agent of soilborne plant pathogenic fungi. in Innovative approaches to plant diseases. ed
Chet I. (John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y), pp 137–160.
Chet I., Benhamou N. and Haran S. 1998. Mycoparasitism and lytic enzymes.
In:Harman G.E., Kubieek C.P. editors. Trichoderma and Gliocladium, vol. 2. Taylor,
and Francis. London. pp. 153–72.
Chhatpar H.S. Singh A.K. and Mehta G. 2009. Optimization of medium constituents for
improved chitinase production by Paenibacillus sp. D1 using statistical approach.
Letters in Applied Microbiology, 49: 708–714.
Choudhary D.K. and Johri B.N. 2009. Interactions of Bacillus spp. and plants with
special reference to systemic resistance. Microbiol Res. 164(5): 493-513. Doi:
10.1016/j.micres.2008.08.007. Epub 2008.
Chowdhury S.P., Dietel K., Rändler M., Schmid M., Junge H., et al. 2013. Effects of
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 on Lettuce Growth and Health under Pathogen
Pressure and Its Impact on the Rhizosphere Bacterial Community. PLoS ONE 8(7):
e68818. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068818.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 180
Chunshan Q., Linghua Z., Yunji W., Yoshiyuki O. 2001. Production of phytase in slow
phosphate medium by a novel yeast Candida krusei. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 92: 154-160.
Cody R.M. 1989. Distribution of chitinase and chitobiase in Bacillus. Curr. Microbiol.
19:201-205.
Cook R. J., Kim D. S. and Weller D. M. 1997. Bacillus sp. L324-92 for biological
control of three root diseases of wheat grown with reduced tillage. Phytopathology,
87:551-558.
Cook R.J. 1993. Making greater use of microbial inoculants in agriculture. Annu. Rev.
Phytopathol., 31: 53-80.
Coonrod J.D., Leadley P.J. and Eickhoff T.C. 1971. Antibiotic susceptibility of Bacillus
species. J. Infect. Dis., 123: 102-105.
CSO. 2007. "National Accounts Statistics 2007 and back issues", Central Statistical
Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of
India, New Delhi.
Dahiya N., Tewari R., Tiwari R.P. and Hoondal G.S. 2005. Chitinase from
Enterobacter sp. NRG4: Its purification, characterization and reaction pattern.
Electronic J. Biotechnol. 8: 134-145.
Dal-Soo Kim, David M. Weller and James Cook R.1997. Population Dynamics of
Bacillus sp. L324- 92R12 and Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79RN10 in the Rhizosphere
of heat. Phytopathology, 87(5): 559-564.
de la Cruz J., Pintor-Toro J.A., Ben´ıtez, T. and Llobell A. 1995a. Purification and
characterization of an endo-β-1,6-glucanase from Trichoderma harzianum related to its
mycoparasitism. J. Bacteriol. 177: 1864–1987.
de la Cruz J., Rey M. Lora J. M. A. Hidalgo-Gallego F., Dominguez J., Pintor-Toro A.,
Llobell A. and Benitez T. 1993. Carbon source control on b-glucanases, chitobiase
andchitinase from Trichoderma harzianum. Arch.Microbiol. 159:1–7.
de la Vega L.M., Barboza-Corona J.E., Aguilar-Uscanga M.G. and Ramirez_lepe M.
2006. Purification and characterization of an exochitinase from Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp. aizawai and its action against phytopathogenic fungi. Can J. Microbiol. 52: 651-
657.
Deacon J.W. 1994. Rhizosphere constraints affection biocontrol organisms applied to
seeds. In: Seed treatment: prospects and progress. BCPC Monograph 57. Thomton
Heath: British Crop Protection Council, 315-327.
Deepmoni D., Bhargavi P., Ashish S., Dinesh G., Javed M. and Arun G. 2011.
Enhancement of cellulase activity from a new strain of Bacillus subtilis by medium
optimization and analysis with various cellulosic substrates. Enzyme Research.
Doi:10.4061/2011/151656.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 181
Delaney T.P and Donofrio N.M. 2001. Abnormal callose response phenotype and
hypersusceptibility to Peronospora parasitica in defense-compromised Arabidopsis
nim1–1 and salicylate hydroxylase-expressing plants. Mol. Plant–Microbe Interact.
14:439-450.
Deshpande M.V. 1999. Mycopesticide production by fermentation: potential and
challenges. Crit. Rev.Microbial., 25:229-243.
Devkota H. K., Bijaya L.M., Bikash Baral., Anjana Singh., Kayo D. Yami. 2011.
Invitro screening of antifungal activity of rhizospheric bacteria and possible role of
chitinase in antifungal activity. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 12: 304-311.
de-Vrije T., Antoine N., Buitelaar R.M., Bruckner S., Dissevelt M., Durand A., Gerlagh
M., Jones E.E., Luth P., Oostra J., Ravenberg W.J., Renaud R., Rinzema A., Weber F.J.,
Whipps J.M. 2001. The fungal biocontrol agent Coniothyrium minitans: production by
solid-state fermentation, application and marketing. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 56:
58-68.
Dhaliwal G.S and Ramesh Arora. 1996. Principles of insect pest management. National
Agricultural Technology Information Centre, Ludhiana.
Diby P., Kanamparambil Augusthy S., Pulikottil John J., Yammanuru R.S., Aundy
K.and Muthuswamy A. 2005. Mycolytic enzymes produced by Pseudomonas
flourescencs and Trichoderma spp. against P.capsici, the foot rot pathogen of black
pepper. Annals of Microbiology, 55(2):129-133.
Domingues F.C., Queiroz J.A., Cabral J.M.S., Fonseca L.P. 2000. The influence of
culture conditions on mycelial structure and cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei
Rut C-30. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 26(5-6):394–401.
Driss F, Kallassy_Awad M., Zouari N, Jaoua S. 2005. Molecular characterization of a
novel chitinase from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99: 945-
53.
Dunne C., Crowley J.J., Moënne‐Loccoz Y., Dowling D.N., de Bruijn F.J., O'Gara
F.1997. Biological control of Pythium ultimum by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia W81
is mediated by an extracellular proteolytic activity. Microbiology, 143: 3921–3931.
El Khoury.W. and Makkouk K. 2010. Integrated plant disease management in
developing countries. Journal of Plant Pathology, 92(4): S4.35-S4.42
El-Abyad M.S., El-Sayed M.A., El-Shanoshowry A.R. and El-Sabbagh S.M. 1996.
Antimicrobial activities of Streptomyces pulchen, Streptomyces canescens and
Streptomyces citriofluorescens against fungal and bacterial pathogens of tomato in
vitro. Folia Microbiol, 41:321-8.
El-Katatny M. H., Somitsch W., Robra K.H., El-Katatny M. S. and Gübitz G. M. 2000.
Production of Chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase by Trichoderma harzianum for Control of
the Phytopathogenic Fungus Sclerotium rolfsii. Food Technol. Biotechnol., 38 (3) 173–
180.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 182
Eman Zakaria Gomaa. 2012. Chitinase production by Bacillus thuringiensis and
Bacillus licheniformis: their potential in antifungal biocontrol. The Journal of
Microbiology, 50(1):103-11.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2003. FAO
Production Yearbook 2001. FAO, Rome, 55(170): 333.
FAO, 2004. FAOSTAT: FAO statistical data bases. Rome, Italy (http://faostat.fao.org).
Faramarzi M.A., Fazeli M., Tabatabaei Yazdi M., Adrangi S., Jami Al-Ahmadi K.,
Tasharrofi N. and Aziz Mohseni F. 2009.Optimization of cultural conditions for
production of chitinase by a soil isolate of Massilia timonae. Biotechnology, 8: 93-99.
Fayad K.P., Simao-Beaunoir A.M., Gautheir A., Leclerc C., Mamady H., Beaulieu C.
and Felix C.R. and De Marco J.L. 2007. Purification and characterization of a β-1,3-
glucanase produced by Trichoderma harzianum showing biocontrol potential. Braz.
Arch. Biol Technol. 50: 21-29.
Felse P.A.and Panda T. 1999. Regulation and cloning of microbial chitinase genes.
Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol. 51:141-151.
Fiske M. J., Tobey-Fincher K. L. and Fuchs R. L.1990. Cloning of two genes from
Bacillus circulans WL-12 which encode β -1,3-glucanase activity. J. Gen. Microbiol.
136:2377- 2383.
Flores A., Chet I. and Herrera-Estrella A. 1997. Improved biocontrol activity of
Trichoderma harzianum by over-expression of the proteinase-encoding gene prb1.
Current Genetic, 31:30-37.
Frandberg E. and Schnurer J. 1994. Chitinolytic properties of Bacillus pabuli K1. J.
Appl. Bacteriol. 76: 361-367.
Frandberg E. and Schnurer J. 1998. Antifungal activity of chitinolytic bacteria isolated
from airtight stored cereal grain. Can J Microbiol. 44: 121-127.
Freese E.B. 1961. Transitions and transversions induced by depurinating agents.
Proclaimed National Academy of Science. USA, 47: 540-545.
Freitas J.R., Banerjee M.R. and Germida J.J. 1997. Phosphate solubulizing bacteria
enhance the growth and yield but not phosphorus uptake of canola (Brassica napus L).
Biol. Fert. Soils, 24:358-364.
Gadelhak G.G., Khaled A.E.T. and Fatma K.A.K. 2005.Insect Control Using
Chitinolytic Soil Actinomycetes as Biocontrol Agents. International Journal Of
Agriculture & Biology., 07(4):627–633.
Gaskins M.H., Albrecht S.L. and Hubbel D.H. 1985. Rhizosphere bacteria and their use
to increase productivity:Areview. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 12:
99±116.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 183
Ghanem N.B. 1992. Studies on chitinase production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from
shrimp-shell waste. Ph.D. Thesis, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria
University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Ghorbani R., Wilcockson S. and Leifert, C. 2005. Alternative treatments for late blight
control in organic potato: Antagonistic micro-organisms and compost extracts for
activity against Phytophthora infestans. Potato research, 48 (3-4):181-189.
Gilden R. C., Huffling K. and Sattler B. 2010. Pesticides and health risks. J Obstet
Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 39(1): 103-110.
Godfray C. J., John R. B., Ian R. C., Lawrence H., David L., James F. M., Jules P.,
Sherman R., Sandy M. T. and Camilla T. 2010. Food security: the challenge of feeding
9 billion people. Science, 327: 812–818.
Gohel V, Megha C, Vyas P, Chhatpar H.S. 2004. Strain improvement of chitinolytic
enzyme producing isolate Pantoea dispersa for enhancing its biocontrol potential
against fungal plant pathogens. Ann. Microbiol., 54:503-551.
Gohel V., Chaudhary T., Vyas P. and Chhatpar H.S. 2006. Statistical screenings of
medium components for the pro- duction of chitinase by the marine isolate Pantoea
dispersa. Journal of Biochemical Engineering. 28: 50–56.
GoI. 2007, “Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2006”, Directorate of Economics and
Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
Gooday G. W. 1999. Aggressive and defensive roles for chitinases. EXS 87, 157–
169.pmid:10906958
Gooday G.W. 1995. Cell walls, In the Growing Fungus., Edited by N. A. R. Gow & G.
M. Gadd. London: Chapman & Hall. pp. 43–62.
Graeme Cook K.A. and Faull J.L. 1991. Effect of ultraviolet induced mutants of
T.harzianum with altered antibiotic production of selected pathogens invitro. Can J
Microbiol , 37:659-664.
Gutierrez-Manero F.J., Ramos-Solano B., Probanza A., Mehouachi J., Tadeo F.R. and
Talon M. 2001. The plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Bacillus pumilus and
Bacillus licheniformis produce high amounts of physiological active gibberellins,
Physiol Plantarum. 111: 206-211.
Hadden, J.F., Black, L.L., 1989. Anthracnose of pepper caused by Colletotrichum spp..
In: Green, S.K., Griggs, T.D., Mclean, B.T. (Eds.), Tomato and Pepper Production in
the Tropics. AVRDC. Shauhua, Taiwan, pp. 189–191.
Hagerdal B., Harris H. and Pye E. K. 1979.Association of β-glucosidase with intact cells
of Thermoactinomyces, Biotechnol Bioengi, 21:345-355.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 184
Haggag W.M. 2002. Induction of hyperproducing chitinase Trichoderma mutants
for efficient biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea on tomato and cucumber plants growing in
plastic houses. Arab J. Biotech., 5(2): 151-164.
Haggag W.M. and Mohamed H.A.A. (2007). Biotechnological aspects of
microorganisms used in plant biological control. American-Eurasian Journal of
Sustainable Agriculture, 1: 7-12.
Halland P.D. 1989. Statistical problem solving, In: Experimental design in
biotechnology. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York.
Hamdia Z. A. and Kalaivani Nadarajah. 2012. Evaluating the Efficacy of Trichoderma
and Bacillus Isolates as Biological Control Agents Against Rhizoctonia solani.
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(9): xx-xx.
Haq I.U., Ali S., Saleem A. and Javed M.M. 2009. Mutagenesis of Bacillus
licheniformis through ethyl methanesulfonate for alpha amylase production. Pakistan
Journal of Botany. 41: 1489-1498.
Harwood C.R. and Wipat A. 1996. Sequencing and functional analysis of the genome of
Bacillus subtilis strain 168. FEBS Letters, 389: 84-87.
Hayat R., Ali S., Amara U., Khalid R. and Ahmed I. 2010. Soil beneficial bacteria and
their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Ann Microbiol, 60: 579–598.
He GQ, Tang XJ, Mukhtar AM, Chen QH. 2003. Optimization of cultural conditions
for thermostable beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase production by Bacillus subtilis ZJF-1A5. J
Zhejiang Univ Sci. 4(6):719-26.
Helisto P., Aktuganov G., Galimzianova N., Melentjev A. and Korpela T. 2001. Lytic
enzyme complex of an antagonistic Bacillus sp. x-b: isolation and purification of
components. J. Chromatogr. B. 758: 197-205.
Henis Y. and Chet I. 1975. Microbiological control of plant pathogens. Adv. Appl.
Microbiol. 19: 85-111.
Heydari A., Misaghi I.J. and Balestra G.M. 2007. Pre-emergence herbicides influence
the efficacy of fungicides in controlling cotton seedling damping-off in the field. Int. J.
Agric. Res., 2: 1049-1053.
Hoch J., Sonenshein A. and Losick. A (Eds). (1993). Bacillus subtilis and other Gram-
positive bacteria: biochemistry, physiology and molecular genetics. American Society
for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
Hoffmann M.P. and Frodsham A.C. 1993. Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests.
Cooperative Extension, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. pp. 63.
Holt J.G. 1994. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 1 NR Krieg, Editors
Baltimore, MD.: Williams & Wilkins.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 185
Horikloshi K. and Atsukawa Y. 1973. β -1,3-Glucanase produced by an alkalophilic
Bacillus no. K-12-5. Agric. Biol. Chem. 37:1449-1456.
Howell C. R. 2003. Mechanisms employed by Trichoderma species in the biological
control of plant diseases: The History and evolution of current concepts. Plant Dis.: 87:
4-10.
Howell C.R. and Stripanovic R.D. 1983. Gliovirin an antibiotic from Gliocladium virens
and its role in the biocontrol of Pythium ultimum. Can. J. Microbiology, 29: 321-324.
Huang C.J. and Chen C.Y. 2004. Gene cloning and biochemical characterization of
chitinase CH from Bacillus cereus 28-9. Ann. Microbiol., 54:289-229.
Huang Chien-Jui, Tang-Kai Wang, Shu-Chun Chung and Chao-Ying Chen. 2005.
Identification of an Antifungal Chitinase from a Potential Biocontrol Agent, Bacillus
cereus 28-9. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 38(1): 82-88.
Huang H.C. and Hoes J.A. 1976. Penetration and infection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
by Coniothyrium minitans.Can. J. Bot., 54:406-410.
Huang X., Zhang N., Yong X., Yang X. and Shen Q. 2012. Biocontrol of Rhizoctonia
solani damping-off disease in cucumber with Bacillus pumilus SQR-N43. Microbiol
Res. 20:167(3):135-43. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.06.002. Epub 2011 Jul 19.
Hunter A.H. 1984. Soil Fertility Analytical Services in Bangladesh. BARC/TADS
Consultancy Report. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Project phase II. BARC, Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
Immanuel G., Dhanusha R., Prema P. and Palavesam A. 2006. Effect of different growth
parameters on endoglucanase enzyme activity by bacteria isolated from coir retting
effluents of estuarine environment. International Journal of Environmental Science and
Technology. 3(1):25–34.
Inoue K., Motozaki A., Takeuchi Y., Nishimura M. and Hara-Nishimura I. 1995,
Molecular characterization of proteins in protein-body membrane that disappear most
rapidly during transformation of protein bodies into vacuoles. The Plant Journal,
7: 235–243. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1995.7020235.x
Ipsilantis I. and Sylvia D.M. 2007. Abundance of fungi and bacteria in a nutrient-
impacted Florida wetland. Applied Soil Ecology, 35: 272-280.
Isaac, S., 1992. Fungal Plant Interaction. Chapman and Hall, London. 418 p
Izume M., Nagae S., Kawagishi H., Mitsutomi M. and Ohtakara A. 1992. Action
pattern of Bacillus sp. no. 7-M chitosanase on partially N-acetylated chitosan. Biosci
Biotechnol Biochem. 56: 448-453.
Jabber A., Rashid M.H., Malana M.A., Amanulluah Saleem M., Niaz M. and Yasin
M.Z. 2004. Production, partial purification and proteolysis of Carboxymethylcellulases
from Arachniotus citrinus. International Journal Of Agriculture & Biology., 06(4):
615–619.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 186
Jackson M.L. 1960. Soil chemical analysis constable and company limited. 10 Orange
Street, London. W.C., pp: 183-197.
Jagtap P.P., Shingane U.S. and Kulkarni K.P. 2012. Economics of chilli production in
India. African Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(5): 161-164.
J. Barrows-Broaddus and Kerr T. J. 1981. Inhibition of Fusarium moniliforme var.
subglutinans, the causal agent of pine pitch canker, by the soil bacterium Arthrobacter
sp. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 27(1): 20-27, 10.1139/m81-004.
Janisiewicz W.J., Tworkoski T.J. and Sharer, C. 2000. Characterizing the mechanism of
biological control of postharvest diseases on fruits with a simple method to study
competition for nutrients. Phytopathology, 90(11):1196-2000.
Jatinder K., Chadha B.S. and Saini H.S. 2006. Optimization of medium components for
production of cellulases by Melanocarpus sp. MTCC3922 under solid-state
fermentation. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 22: 15-22.
Jedabi A. and Awatif A. 2009. Biological Control of Fusarium root-rot of Sorghum.
Sorghum. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 5(4): 465-473.
Jeyarajan R., and Nakkeeran S. 2000. Exploitation of microorganisms and viruses as
Exploitation in Sustainable agriculture, (Ed. Upadhyay et al.,) Kluwer Academic/
Plenum Publishers, USA ; pp. 95-116.
Joo, G.J., Y.M. Kim, I.J. Lee, K.S. Song, and I.K. Rhee. 2004. Growth promotion of red
pepper plug seedlings and the production of gibberellins by Bacillus cereus, Bacillus
macroides and Bacillus pumilus. Biotechnol. Lett. 26, 487-491.
Kabir Lamsal, Sang Woo Kim, Yun Seok Kim and Youn Su Lee. 2012. Application of
Rhizobacteria for Plant Growth Promotion Effect and Biocontrol of Anthracnose
Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on Pepper. Mycobiology, 40(4): 244-251.
Kadam S., Patil S.S., Bastawde K.B., Khire J.M. and Gokhale D.V. 2006. Strain
Improvement of Lactobacillus delbrueckii NCIM 2365 for lactic acid production.
Proclaimed journal of Biochemistry. 41: 120-126.
Kamil Z., Rizk M., Saleh M. and Moustafa S. 2007. ‘Isolation and Identification of
Rhizosphere Soil Chitinolytic Bacteria and their Potential in Antifungal Biocontrol’.
Global Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2 (2): 57-66.
Kavi Karunya, S., Reetha, D., Saranraj, P. and John Milton, D. 2011. Optimization and
purification of chitinase produced by Bacillus subtilis and its antifungal activity against
plant pathogens. Int. J. Pharm. Biol.Arch. 2(6): 1680-1685.
Kavitha, Kumaresan , Mathiyazhagan, Subramanian , Senthilvel, Vaithiyanathan ,
Nakkeeran, Sevagaperumal and Chandrasekar, Gopal.2005. 'Development of
bioformulations of antagonistic bacteria for the management of damping off of Chilli.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 187
Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection. 38(1): 19- 30.
Kay S. J. and Stewart A. 1994. The effect of fungicides on fungal antagonists of onion
white rot and selection of dicarboximide-resistant biotypes. Plant Pathology, 43: 863-
871.
Khaled A. and El-Tarabily. (2006). Biological Control of Damping-off Disease of
Cucumber Caused by Pythium aphanidermatum by Antagonistic rhizosphere-
competent Actinomycetes UAEU Funded Research Publications., 20:112-121.
Khattab A.A and Bazaraa W.A. 2005. Screening, mutagenesis and protoplast fusion of
Aspergillus niger for the enhancement of extracellular glucose oxidase production.
Indian Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 32: 289–294.
Kim B.S. and Hwang B.K. (2007). Microbial fungicides in the control of plant diseases.
Journal of Phytopathology, 155: 641-653.
Kim C.H. and Kim D.S. 1993. Extracellular cellulolytic enzymes of Bacillus circulans
are present as two multiple protein complexes, Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 42: 83-94.
Kim J. H., Campbell B. C., Mahoney N., Chan K. L. Molyneux R. J. and May G. S.
2007. Enhancement of fludioxonil fungicidal activity by disrupting cellular glutathione
homeostasis with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 270(2):
284–290.
Klis F.M., Caro L.H., Vossen J.H. et al. 1997. Identification and characterization of a
major building block in the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Soc Trans
25: 856–860.
Kloepper J. W., Ryu C. M. and Zhang S. 2004. Induced systemic resistance and
promotion of plant growth by Bacillus spp. Phytopathology, 94:1259-1266.
Kloepper J.W. 1997.Current Status and Future Trends in Biocontrol Research and
Development in the U.S., In: International Symposiumon Clean Agriculture, Sapporo:
OECD, pp. 49-52.
Ko H.S., Jin R.D., Krishnan H.B., Lee S.B. and Kim K..Y.2009. Biocontrol ability of
Lysobacter antibioticus HS124 against Phytophthora blight is mediated by the
production of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and several lytic enzymes. Curr Microbiol.,
59(6):608-15. doi: 10.1007/s00284-009-9481-0. Epub 2009 Aug 29.
Koga D., Sueshige M., Orikono K., Utsmi T., Tanaka S., Yamada T., Ide A., 1988.
Efficiency of chitinolytic enzymes in the formation of Trichoderma matsutake
protoplasts. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 52: 2091- 93.
Kollár R., Petrákova E., Ashwell G., Robbins P.W. and Cabib E. 1995. Architecture of
the yeast cell wall. The linkage between chitin and ß(1-3)-glucan. Journal of Biological
Chemistry ., 270: 1170-1178.
Korsten L., De Jager E.S., De Villiers E.E., Lourens A., Kotzé J.M. and Wehner F.C.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 188
1995. Evaluation of bacterial epiphytes isolated from avocado leaf and fruit surfaces for
biocontrol of avocado postharvest diseases. Plant Disease, 79: 1149–1156.
Kouker G and Jaeger K.E. 1987. Specific and sensitive plate assay for bacterial lipases.
Applied Environmental Microbiology., 53(1): 211-213.
Kovacs K., Szakacs G., Pusztahelyi T. and Pandey A. 2004. Production of chitinolytic
enzymes with Trichoderma longibrachiatum IMI 92027 in solid substrate fermentation.
Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol, 118:189-204.
Kraft J.M. and Wilkins D.E. 1989. The effects of pathogen numbers and tillage on root
disease severity, root length, and seed yields in green peas. Plant Dis., 73: 884-887.
Kulkarni M., Chaudhari R. and Chaudhari A. 2007. Novel tensio-active microbial
compounds for biocontrol applicatins. In: General Concepts inIntegrated Pest and
Disease Management (eds. A. Ciancio and K.G. Mukerji). Springer: 295-304.
Kurakake M., Yo-u S., Nakagawa K., Sugihara M. & Komaki T. 2000. Properties of
chitosanase from Bacillus cereus S1. CurrMicrobiol. 40: 6-9.
Latha P., Anand T.N., Ragupathi V., Prakasam and R. Samiyappan, 2009.
Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and induction of systemic resistance in tomato
plants by mixtures of PGPR strains and Zimmu leaf extract against Alternaria solani.
Biol. Control., 50: 85-93.
Lazarovits G., Conn K. and Tenuta M. 2000. Control of Verticillium dahliae with soil
amendments: Efficacy and mode of action. in: . In: Tjamos, E.C., Rowe, R.C., Heale,
J.B., Fravel, D.R. (Eds.), Advances in Verticillium Research and Disease Management.
APS press, Minnesota, USA, pp. 274–289.
Leben C. 1983. Association of Pseudomonas syringae pv. Lachrymans and other
bacterial pathogens with roots. Phytopathology, 73: 577-581.
Lee S.K., Yu S.L., Johnson R.E., Prakash L. and Prakash S. 2003. The stalling of
transcription at abasic sites is highly mutagenic. Mol.cell Biol., 23(1):382-388.
Leelasuphakul Wichitra, Pranom Sivanunsakul, Souwalak Phongpaichit. 2006.
Purification, characterization and synergistic activity of β-1,3-glucanase and antibiotic
extract from an antagonistic Bacillus subtilis NSRS 89-24 against rice blast and sheath
blight. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 38: 990–997.
Li J.G., Jiang Z.Q., Xu L.P., Sun F.F. and Guo J.H. 2008. Characterization of chitinase
secreted by Bacillus cereus strain CH2 and evaluation of its efficacy against
Verticillium wilt of eggplant. Biocontrol. 53:931-944.
Lobell D.B., Marshall B. Burke., Claudia Tebaldi., Michael D. Mastrandrea., Walter P.
Falcon. and Rosamond L. Naylor. 2008. Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs
for food security in 2030. Science, 319: 607–610.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 189
Lock H. 1948. Production of hydrocyanic acid by bacteria. Physiol. Plant., 1:142-146.
Lolloo R., Maharaih D., Görgens J. and Gardiner N. 2010. A downstream process for
production of a viable and stable Bacillus cereus aquaculture biological agent. Applied
Microbiology and Biotechnology, 86: 499-508.
Lopes MA, Gomes DS, Bello-Koblitz MG, Pirovani CP, Cascardo J, Goes-Neto A,
Michell F (2008). Use of response surface methodology to examine chitinase regulation
in the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa. Mycol. 112: 399-406.
Lorito M., Harman G.E., Hayes C.K., Broadway R.M., Troncoso A., Woo S.L. and di
Pietro A. 1993. Chitynolytic enzymes produced by Trichoderma harzianum: antifungal
activity of purified endochitinase and chitobiase. Phytopathology, 83:302-307.
Lorito M., Hayes C.K., Di Pietro A., Woo S.L., Harman G.E. 1994. Purification and
characterization and synergistic activity of a glucan 1,3-β-glucosidase and N-acetyl-β-
glucosaminidase from Trichoderma harzianum. Phytopathology, 84:398–405.
Lorito M., Woo S. I., Fernadez G., Colucci G., Harman J., Pintortoro S., Muccifor C.,
Lawrence A., Zoina S., Tuzum and Scala F. 1998. Genes from mycoparasitic fungi as a
source for improving plant resistance to fungal pathogens. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95: 7860.
Losick E. and Kolter R. 2008. Ecology and genomics of Bacillus subtilis. Trends in
Microbiology, 16: 269-275.
Madhavan-Nampoothiri K., Baiju T.V., Sandhya C., Sabu A., Gorge S. and Pandey A.,
2004. Process optimization for antifungal chitinase production by Trichoderma
harzianum. Process Biochem. 39:1583- 1590.
Mandels M., Weber J. and Parizek R. 1971. Enhanced cellulase production by a mutant
of Trichoderma viride. Applied Journal of Microbiology. 21: 152-154.
Manjula K, and Podile AR. 2005. Production of fungal cell wall degrading enzymes by
a biocontrol strain of Bacillus subtilis AF 1. Indian J Exp Biol. 43(10):892-6.
Mann J. W., Jeffries T. W. and Macmillan J. D.1978. Production and ecological
significance of yeast cell wall-degrading enzymes from Oerskovia. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 36:594-605.
Mantyla A., Paloheimo M. and Suominen P. 1998. Industrial mutants and recombinant
strains of Trichoderma reesei. In: Trichoderma and Gliocladium. 2: 291-309.
Mao W., Lewis J.A. Lumsden R.D. and Hebbar K.P. 1998. Biocontrol of selected
soilborne diseases of tomato and pepper plants. Crop Protection, 17: 535-542.
Markovich, N.A. and Kononova, G.L. 2003. Lytic Enzymes of Trichoderma and
theirrole in Plant Defense from Fungal Diseases: A Review, Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol.,
39(4), pp. 389–400. [Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. (Engl. Transl.), 39, no. 4, pp. 341–351].
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 190
Marten P., Smalla K. and Berg G. 2000. Genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of an
antifungal biocontrol strain belonging to Bacillus subtilis. J.Appl. Microbiol., 89: 463-
471.
Mathiyazhagan, S., Kavitha K., Nakkeeran S., Chandrasekar G., Manian K.,
Renukadevi P., Krishnamoorthy A. S. and Fernando W. G. D., 2004. PGPR mediated
management of stem blight of Phyllanthus amarus (Schum and Thonn) caused by
Corynespora cassiicola (Berk and Curt) Wei. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Protect. 33:
183-199.
Mavingui P. and Heulin T. 1994. In vitro chitinase and antifungal activity of a soil
rhizoshere and rhizoplane population of Bacillus polymyxa. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26:
801-803.
Mehdi Fazelia, Noshin Tasharrofia, Sina Adrangia, Hossein Rastegarc, Mohammad
Reza Khoshayandd, Mohammad Ali Faramarzia. 2011. Optimization of Chitinase
Production by Bacillus pumilus Using Plackett-Burman Design and Response Surface
Methodology. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 10 (4): 759-768.
Mehrotra, R.S., Aggarwal, A., 2003. Plant Pathology, Second ed. Tata McGraw-Hill,
New Delhi.
Miller A.S., Rowe R.C. and Riedel R.M. 1986. Fusarium and Verticillium wilts of
tomato, potato, pepper, and eggplant. Extention Factsheet. Hyg-3122-96. The Ohio
State University. Columbus. p 3.
Miller G.L. 1959. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing
sugar. Anal Chem., 31: 426–428,
Miller H. 1992. A short course in bacterial genetics. A laboratory manual and handbook
for E.coli and related bacteria. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
Mingguo Zhou,Yongfeng Liu., Zhiyi Chen, Ng T.B., Jie Zhang., Fuping Song., Fan Lu.
and Youzhou Liu . 2007. Bacisubin, an antifungal protein with ribonuclease and
hemagglutinating activities from Bacillus subtilis strain B-916. P e p t i d e s, 2 8: 5 5 3
– 5 5 9.
Mirik Mustafa, Yeşim Aysan, Özden Çinar. 2008. Biological Control of Bacterial Spot
Disease of Pepper with Bacillus Strains. Turk. J. Agric. For., 32: 381-390.
Mitchell R. and Alexander M. 1962. Lysis of soil fungi by bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol.,
9: 169-177.
Moataza M.S. 2006. Destruction of Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora capsici
causing tomato root-rot by Pseudomonas fluorescences lytic enzymes. Res J Agri Biol
Sci., 2: 274–281.
Monreal J. and Reese E.T. 1969.The chitinase of Serratia marcescens. Canadian
Journal of Microbiology, 15:689-696.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 191
Montealegre R.J., Reyes R., Pérez M.L., Herrera R., Silva P. and Besoain X. 2003.
Selection of bioantagonistic bacteria to be used in biological control of Rhizoctonia
solani in tomato. Electron. J. Biotechnol. 6: 115-127.
Monteiro S., Clemente J., Henriques A.O. Gomes R., Carrondo M. and Cunha A. 2005.
A procedure for high-yield spore production by Bacillus subtilis. Biotechnology
Progress, 21: 1026-1031.
Montogomery D.C. 2000. Design and analysis of experiments. 5th
edition John Wiley
and Sons, Singapore.
Muhyi R. and Bosland P.W. 1992. Evaluation of Capsicum germplasm for sources of
resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. Hort. Science, 30: 341-342.
Mukesh Pasupuleti Artur Schmidtchen and Martin Malmsten. 2011. Antimicrobial
peptides: key components of the innate immune system. Critical Reviews in
Biotechnology, 1–29.
Mutagenesis of beta-1,3-glucanase genes in Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3
resultsin reduced biological control activity toward Bipolaris leaf spot of tall fescue and
Pythium damping-off of sugar beet. Phytopathology, 95: 701-707.
Naar Z. and Keeskes M. 1998. Antagonism of Trichoderma atroviride and Trichoderma
viride strains against Sclerotinia minor as influenced by mancozeb, benomyl and
vinclozolin. Acta Phytopathologica Et Entomologica Hungarica, 33: 123-130.
Nakano M. and Hulett M. (1997). Adaptation of Bacillus subtilis to oxygen limitation.
Microbiologie, 157: 1-7.
Nakkeeran S., Kavitha K., Mathiyazhagan S., Fernando W. G. D., Chandrasekar G. And
Renukadevi, P. 2004. Induced systemic resistance and plant growth promotion by
Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain PA-23 and Bacillus subtilis strain CBE4 against
rhizome rot of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Can. J. Plant Pathol., 26: 417-418.
Nakkeeran S., Kavitha K.G., Chandrasekar P., Renukadevi and Fernando W.G.D. 2006.
Induction of plant defence compounds by Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 and
Bacillus subtilis BSCBE4 in controlling damping-off of hot pepper caused by Pythium
aphanidermatum. Biocon. Sci. Tech., 16: 403-416.
Nakkeran S., Fernando Dilantha W.G and Siddiqui A. Zaki. 2005. Plant Growth
Promoting Rhizobacteria Formulations and its scope in commercialization for the
management of pests and diseases. Z.A Siddiqui (Eds.) In: PGPR: Biocontrol and
Biofertilization. pp. 257-296.
Nandakumar R., Babu S., Viswanathan R., Raguchander T. and Samiyappan, R. 2001.
Induction of systemic resistance in rice against sheath blight disease by Pseudomonas
fluorescens. Soil Biol. Biochem. 33: 603–612.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 192
Narasimha G., Sridevi A., Viswanath B., Chandra S.M. and Reddy R.B. 2006. Nutrient
effects on production of cellulolytic enzymes by Aspergillus niger. African Journal of
Biotechnology. 5(5): 472-476.
Natarajan and Murthy. 2010. Optimization of chitinase production from Serratia
marcescens - A classical approach. Biological Segment: 1(1) BS/1510.
Neha Dev and A.Y. Dawande. 2010. Biocontrol of soil borne plant pathogen
Rhiozoctonia solani using Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens Asiatic J.
Biotech. Res., 01: 39-44.
Nielsen P. and Sørensen J. 1996. Multi-Target and Medium-Independent Fungal
Antagonism by Hydrolytic Enzymes in Paenibacillus polymyxa and Bacillus pumilus
Strains from Barley Rhizoshere, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 22(3): 183–192.
Niranjane A.P., Madhou P. and Stevenson T.W. 2007. The effect of carbohydrate
carbon sources on the production of cellulase by Phlebia gigantea. Enzyme and
Microbial Technology. 40(1): 1464-1468.
Nirmal Kumar H., Jalal Uddin S., Faslul Kabir A.H.M., Deeder Sultana and Zahurul I.
2003. Response of chilli to Integrated Fertilizer management in North-eastern Brown
Hill soils of Bangladesh. Online Journal of Biological Science, 3(9): 797-801.
Omar I., O’Neill T. M., and Rossall S. 2006. Biological control of fusarium crown and
root rot of tomato with antagonistic bacteria and integrated control when combined with
the fungicide carbendazim. Plant Pathology.55: 92–99.
Ongena M. and Jacques P. 2008. Bacillus lipopeptides: versatile weapons for plant
disease biocontrol. Trends in Microbiology, 16(3): 115-125.
Ordentlich, A., Elad, Y., Chet, I. 1988. The role of chitinase of Serratia marcescens in
the biocontrol of Sclerotium rolfsii. Phytopathology, 78:84-88.
Osumi M., Sato M., Ishijima S.A., Konomi M., Takagi T, and Yaguchi H. 1998.
Dynamics of cell wall formation in fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Fungal
Genet Biol, 24:178–206.
Page A.L. Miller R.H. and Keeney D.R. 1989. Methods of soil analysis. Soil Science
Society of America Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp.403-430.
Pakdeevaraporn P., Wasee S., Taylor P.W.J. and Mongkolporn O. 2005. Inheritance of
resistance to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici in Capsicum. Plant
Breeding, 124(2):206-208.
Pakdeevaraporn, P., Wasee, S., Taylor, P.W.J., Mongkolporn, O., 2005. Inheritance of
resistance to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici in Capsicum. Plant Breed.
124: 206–208.
Pal, K. K. and McSpadden Gardener B. 2006. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens.
The Plant Health Instructor DOI: 10.1094/PHI-A-2006-1117-02.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 193
Palumbo J. D., Yuen G. Y., Jochum C. C., Tatum K., and Kobayashi D. Y. 2005.
Mutagenesis of beta-1,3-glucanase genes in Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3 results
in reduced biological control activity toward Bipolaris leaf spot of tall fescue and
Pythium damping-off of sugar beet. Phytopathology, 95: 701-707.
Pandey A., Nigam P., Soccol C.R., Soccol V.T. Singh D. and Mohan R. 2000.
Advances in microbial amylases. Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 31: 135–152.
Pandey Anita and Lok Man Palni S. 2007.The rhizosphere effect in trees of the Indian
Central Himalaya with special reference to altitude. Applied Ecology And
Environmental Research, 5(1): 93-102.
Papavizas G. C. and Lewis J.A. 1981. Introduction and augmentation of microbial
antagonists for the control of soil borne plant pathogens, in G.C. Papavizas (Ed.),
Biological Control in Crop Production, (New York Allanheld, Osmum 1981) pp. 305-
322.
Papavizas G.C. 1985. Trichoderma and Gliocladium: biology, ecology and potential of
biocontrol. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 23: 13-54.
Papavizas, G.C., J.A. Lewis and T.H. Abd-EI Moity, 1982. Evaluation of new Biotypes
of Trichoderma harzianum for tolerance of Benomyl and enhanced biocontrol
capabilities. Phytopathology., 72(1): 127-132.
Parry J.M., Turnbull P.C.B., Gibson J.R. 1983.A Colour Atlas of Bacillus species.
Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd., London.
Patel B., Gohel V. and Rao B. 2007. Statistical optimization of medium components for
chitinase production by Paenibacillus sabina strain JD2. Annals of Microbiology. 57:
589–597.
Patidar P., Agrawal D., Banerjee T.and Patil S. 2005. Chitinase production by Beauveria
feline RD101: Optimization parameter under solid substrate fermentation conditions.
World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol ., 21: 93-95.
Patten Cheryl L. and Bernard Glick R. 2002. Role of Pseudomonas putida Indoleacetic
Acid in Development of the Host Plant Root System. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(8):
3795-3801.
Paul A. and Varma J.K. 1993. Hydrolytic enzymes production in micrococcus roseus
growing on different cellulosic substrates. Letters in applied Microbiology. 16:167-169.
Peberdy J., Kuhn P.J.A.P.J. Trinici M.J., Juung M.M.,Goosey and Cooping I.G.1990.
Fungal cell wall-a review, Biochemistry of cell walls and membranes in fungi.
Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. pp.5-24.
Pickersgill, B., 1997. Genetic resources and breeding of Capsicum spp. Euphytica,
96(1):129-133. [doi:10.1023/A:100 2913228101]
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 194
Pikovskaya R.I. 1948. Mobilization of phosphorus in soil connection with the vital
activity of some microbial species. Microbiologiya, 17 :362–370.
Pitson S.M.; Seviour, R.J. and Mcdougall, B.M.(1993), Noncellulolytic fungal
β-glucanases: their physiology and regulation. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 15: 178-192.
Pleban S., Chernin L. and Chet I. 1997. Chitinolytic activity of an endophytic strain of
Bacillus cereus. Lett Appl Microbiol., 25: 284-288.
Podile A.R. and Prakash A.P. 1996. Lysis and Biological Control of Aspergillus niger
by Bacillus subtilis AF1, Can. J. Microbiol., 42(6): 533–538.
Podile A.R., Laxmi V.D.V. 1998. Seed bacterization with Bacillus subtilis AF1
increases phenylalanine ammnonia lyase and reduces the incidence of fusarial wilt in
pigeonpea. J. Phytopathol. 146: 255-259.
Popolo L. 2001. The yeast cell-wall salvage pathway. Med. Mycol., 39 (Suppl 1): 111–
121.
Prasad P. Loni and Shyam S. Bajekal. 2011. Alkaline Chitinase from Bacillus firmus
SBPL-05 Isolated from Alkaline-Saline Environment of Lonar Lake. Indian J of
Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 1 (3): 161-165.
Prasad R.D. and Rangeshwaran R. 2000. Shelf life and bioefficacy of Trichoderma
harzianum formulated in various carrier materials. Plant Dis. Res., 15(1): 38-42.
Praveen Kumar D., Anupama P., Rajesh Kumar Singh, Thenmozhi, A. Nagasathya A.,
Thajuddin N. and Paneerselvam A. 2012. Int. Res. J. of Microbiol. 3(2): 060-065.
Preecha C., Sadowsky M.J. and Prathuangwong S. 2010. Lipopeptide surfactin
produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KPS46 is required for biocontrol efficacy
against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44: 84-99.
Pusey P.L., Hotchkiss M.W., Dulmase H.T., Baumgardner R.A., Zehr E.I., Reilly C.L.
and Wilson C.L. 1988. Pilot tests for commercial production and application of Bacillus
subtilis B-3 for postharvest control of peach brown rot. Plant Disease, 72: 622–626.
Qurban A. P., Radziah O., Zaharah A. R., Sariah M. and Mohd R. I.(2012) Isolation and
characterization of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from aerobic rice. African J. of
Biotech. 11; 2711-2719.
Raghukumar C. 2008. Marine fungal biotechnology: an ecological perspective. Fungal
Diversity, 31: 19-35.
Rahman Ahsanur M., Mostafizur Rahman, Md. Kamruzzaman, Most. Ferdousi Begum,
M. Firoz Alam. 2012. Use of culture filtrates of Trichoderma strains as a biological
control agent against Colletotrichum capsici causing anthracnose fruit rot disease of
chilli. J. Bio. & Env. Sci., 2(1): 9-18.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 195
Roberts W.K. and Selitrennikoff C.P. 1988. Plant and bacteria chitinases differ in
antifungal activity. Journal of General microbiology., 134:169-176.
Robson L. M., and Chambliss G. H. 1984. Characterization of the cellulolytic activity of
a bacillus isolate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47(5):1039.
Rodgers P.B. 1989. Potential of biological control organisms as a source of antifungal
compounds for agrochemical and pharmaceutical product development. Pest Sci. 27:
155-164.
Rosas-Garcia N. 2009. Biopesticide production from Bacillus thuringiensis : an
environmentally friendly alternative. Recent Patent in Biotechnology, 3: 28-36.
Rosslenbroich H. J. and Stuebler D. 2000. Botrytis cinerea—history of chemical control
and novel fungicides for its management. Crop Protection, 19: 557–561.
Ramamoorthy V., Raguchander T.and Samiyappan R. 2002. Enhancing resistance of
tomato and hot pepper to Pythium diseases by seed treatment with fluorescent
pseudomonads. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 108: 429-441.
Ray A.K., Bairagi A., Ghosh K.S. and Sen S.K. 2007. Optimization of fermentation
conditions for cellulase production by Bacillus subtilis CY5 and Bacillus circulans TP3
isolated from fish gut. Acta Ichthyologica ET Piscatoria, 37(1): 47-53.
Ren Y.Y. and West C.A. 1992. Elicitation of diterpene biosynthesis during the
Rhizobium meliloti–alfalfa symbiotic interaction is in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by chitin.
Plant Physiology, 99(3): 1169–1178.
Reva O. N., Dixelius C., Meijer J. and Priest F. G. 2004. Taxonomic characterization
and plant colonizing abilities of some bacteria related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and
Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 48(2): 249–259.
Reva O.N.V., Vyunitskaya A., Reznik S.R. Kozachko I.A. and V.V. Smirnov, 1995.
Antibiotic Susceptibility as a taxonomic characteristic of the genus Bacillus.
International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 409-411.
Reyes-Ramírez, Escudero-Abarca B.I. Aguilar-Uscanga G.P. Hayward-Jones M. and
Eleazar Barbozacorona J. 2004. Antifungal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Chitinase
and Its Potential for the Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Fungi in Soybean Seeds,
Journal Of Food Science, 69(5): M131-136.
Rezuanul Islam M., Yong Tae Jeong, Yong Se Lee. and Chi Hyun Song. 2012. Isolation
and Identification of Antifungal Compounds from Bacillus subtilis C9.Inhibiting the
Growth of Plant Pathogenic Fungi. Mycobiology. 40(1): 59–66.
Rini C.R. and Sulochana K.K. 2006. Management of seedling rot of chilli (Capsicum
annuum L.) using Trichoderma spp. and fluorescent pseudomonads (Pseudomonas
fluorescens). Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 44 (1-2): 79-82.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 196
Rubinder K., Chadha B.S., Singh S. and Saini H.S. 2000. Amylase hyper producing
haploid recombinant strains of Thermomyces lanuginosus obtained by intraspecific
protoplast fusion. Can J Microbiol, 46: 669–673.
Russell P.E. 1995. Fungicide resistance: occurrence and management, J. Agric. Sci.,
124: 317-323.
Ryu Choong-Min, Mohamed A. Farag, Chia-Hui Hu, Munagala S. Reddy, Han-Xun
Wei, Paul W. Pare´, and Joseph W. Kloepper, 2003. Bacterial volatiles promote growth
in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100: 4927–4932.
Sabry A. 1992. Microbial degradation of shrimp-shell waste. J Basic Microbiol. 32:
107-111.
Saito J., Kita A., Higuchi Y., Nagata Y., Ando A. and Miki K. 1999. Crystal structure of
chitosanase from Bacillus circulans MH-K1 at 1±6-A/ resolution and its substrate
recognition mechanism. J Biol Chem. 274: 30818-30825.
Sakai K., Narihara M., Kasama Y., Wakayama M. and Moriguchi M. 1994. Purification
and characterization of thermostable beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase of Bacillus
stearothermophilus CH-4 isolated from chitin-containing compost. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 60(8): 2911-2915.
Salaheddin Khabbaz , Veeramuthu Valluvaparidasan2, Duraisamy Ladhalakshmi and
Rethinasamy Velazhahan. 2010. Management of Bacterial Blight of Cotton Using a
Mixture of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. Plant Protect Sci., 46(2): 41-
50.
Saleem Basha and Kandasamy Ulaganathan.2002. ‘Antagonism of Bacillus species
(strain BC121) towards Curvularia lunata’.Current Science. 82:12, 1457-1463.
Saman Abeysinghe. 2007. Biological control of Fusarium solani f. sp.phaseoli the
causal agent of root rot of bean using Bacillus subtilis CA32 and Trichoderma
harzianum RU01. Ruhuna Journal Of Science, 2:82-88.
Sampson M. N. and Gooday G. W. 1998. Involvement of chitinases of Bacillus
thuringiensis during pathogenesis in insects. Microbiolog. 144: 2189-2194.
Sanchez-Torres J., Perez P. and Santamarıa R. I. 1996. A cellulase gene from a new
alkalophilic Bacillus sp. (strain N186-1). Its cloning, nucleotide sequence and
expression in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 46: 149-155.
Sasikumar B. and Sarma Y.R. 2000. Role of spices in national economy. Ind Spices,
37:19 – 20.
Schickler H. and Chet I. 1997. Heterologous chitinase gene expression to improve plant
defence against phytopathogenic fungi. J. Ind. Mirobiol.Biotechnol. 19:196-201.
Schulein M. 2000. Protein engineering of cellulases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta.,
1543: 239–52.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 197
Schwyn B. and Neilands J.B. 1987.Universal chemical assay for the detection and
determination of siderophores. Analytical Biochemistry., 160(1): 47–56.
Sendhilvel V. Marimuthu T. and Raguchander T. 2004. Compatibility of azoxystrobin
25 SC with biocontrol agents. Pestology, 28: 61-64.
Shadia M. and Abdel-Aziz. 2013. Extracellular Metabolites Produced by a Novel Strain,
Bacillus alvei NRC-14: 5. Multiple Plant-Growth Promoting Properties. J. Basic. Appl.
Sci. Res., 3(1): 670-682.
Shaikh S.A., Deshpande M.V.1993. Chitinolytic enzymes; their contribution to basic
and applied research. World.J.Microbiol. Biotechnol. 9: 468-475.
Shanmugaiah V., Mathivanan N., Balasubramanian N. and Manoharan P.T. 2008.
Optimization of cultural conditions for production of chitinase by Bacillus laterosporous
MML2270 isolated from rice rhizosphere soil. African Journal of Biotechnology. 7 (15):
2562-2568.
Shanthamma M.S., Joseph R. and Rao T.N.R. 1972. Quantitative Assessment of the
Mutagenic Effect of Ethyl Methanesulfonate in Micrococcus glutamicus. Folia
Microbiologi. 17: 81-87.
Sharaf E.F. 2005. A potent chitinolytic activity of Alternaria alternate isolated from
Egyptian black sand. Pol J Microbiol, 54: 145-51.
Sherf, A.F. and MacNab A.A. 1986. Vegetable disease and their control. Wiley, New
York.
Shoda M. 2000. Bacterial control of plant diseases. J Biosci Bioeng, 89: 515–521.
Sid Ahmed A., Ezziyyani M. Perez-Sanchez C. Egea C.and Candela M.E. 2003. Effect
of chitin on biological control activity of Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma harzianum
against root rot disease in pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 109:
633-637.
Siddiqui K.S., Saqib A.A.N., Rashid M.H. and Rajoka M.I. (2000). Carboxyl group
modification significantly altered the Kinetic properties of purified
Carboxymethylcellulase from Aspergillus niger. Enzyme and Microbial Technology.,
27: 467–74.
Sietsma J..H and Wessels J.G.H. 1979. Evidence for covalent linkages between chitin
and ß-glucan in a fungal wall. Journal of General Microbiology., 114: 99-108.
Silo Suh L.A., Lethbridge B.L., Raffel S.J., He H., Clardy J. and Handelsman J. 1994.
Biological activities of two fungistatic antibiotics produced by Bacillus cereus UW85.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2023-2030.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 198
Simmons C. R. 1994. The physiology and molecular biology of plant 1,3-β-d-glucanases
and 1,3; 1,4-β-d-glucanases. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 13:325–387.
Singh A.K. 2010. Optimization of culture conditions for thermostable chitinase
production by Paenibacillus sp. D1. African Journal of Microbiology Research,
4:(21)2291-2298.
Singh M.M.S. 2003. Shelf life of different formulations of mutant and parent strain of
Trichoderma harzianum at variable temperatures. Plant Dis. Res., 18(2):144-146.
Singh R.S. 2003. Diseases of Vegetable Crops. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi, India.
Spalding D.H. and King J.R. 1981. Inhibition of Alternaria rot of tomatoes and bell
peppers by post harvest treatment with CGA 64251 or Imazalil. Proc. Florida State Hort.
Soc., 93: 303-307.
Sivan A. and Chet I. 1989. Degradation of fungal cell walls by lytic enzymes from
Trichoderma harzianum. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:675–682.
Skaggs R., Decker M. and VanLeeuwen D. 2000. A survey of southern New Mexico
chilli producers: Production practices and problems. NM Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull.,
782.
Smilanick J.J. and Denis-Arrue R. 1992. Control of green mould lemons with
Pseudomonas species. Plant Disease, 76: 481-485.
Smith, R., Hartz, T., Aguiar, J., Molinar, R., 1998. Chile Pepper Production in
California. UC ANR Publication 7244, USA.
Solanki M.K., Robert A.S., Singh R.K., Kumar S., Pandey A.K., Srivastava A.K., Arora
D.K. 2012. Characterization of mycolytic enzymes of Bacillus strains and their bio-
protection role against Rhizoctonia solani in tomato. Curr Microbiol. 65(3): 330-6. doi:
10.1007/s00284-012-0160-1. Epub 2012 Jun 10.
Soledad Vázquez-Garcidueñas, Carlos A. Leal-Morales, and Alfredo Herrera-Estrella.
1998. Analysis of the β-1,3-Glucanolytic System of the Biocontrol Agent Trichoderma
harzianum. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64(4): 1442–1446.
Someya N., Numata S., Nakajima M., Hasebe A., Hibi T. and Akutsu K. 2003.
Biological control of rice blast by the epiphytic bacterium Erwinia ananas transformed
with a chitinolytic enzyme gene from an antagonistic bacterium, Serratia marcescens
strain B2. J. Gen Plant Pathol . 69: 276-282.
Song F.L., Forsberg C.W. and Gibbins L.N. 1985 Cellulolytic activity of Clostridium
acetobutylium. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 50: 220–228.
Souichiro K., Shin H., Zong J. C., Masaharu I., Akira Y. and Yasuo I. 2004. Clostridium
straminisolvens sp. nov., a moderately thermo- philic, aerotolerant and cellulolytic
bacterium isolated from a cellulose-degrading bacterial community. Int J Sys Evol
Microbiol, 54:2043-2047.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 199
Spreinat A. and Antranikian G. 1990. Purifcation and properties of a thermostable
pullulanase from Clostridium thermosulfurogenes EM1 which hydrolyses both β -1,6 and
β -1,4 glycosidic linkages. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 33:511-518.
Srinivas M.R.S Chand N., Lonsane B.K. 1994. Use of Plackett-Burman design for rapid
screening of several nitrogen sources, growth/product promoters, minerals and enzyme
inducers for the production of alpha-galactosidease by Aspergillus niger MRSS 234 in
solid-state fermentation system. Bioprocess Eng. 10:139-144.
Stahmann K.P., Schmiz K.L. and Sahm H. 1993. Purification and characterization of
four extracellular 1,3- β -glucanases of Botrytis cinerea. J Gen Microbiol,
139(11):2833–40.
Sundaramoorthy S, Balabaskar P (2012) Consortial Effect of Endophytic and Plant
Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for the Management of Early Blight of Tomato Incited
by Alternaria Solani. J Plant Pathol Microb 3:145. doi:10.4172/2157-7471.1000145.
Suryanto Dwi, Siti Patonah, Erman Munir. 2010. Control of Fusarium wilt of chili with
chitinolytic bacteria. Journal of Biosciences. 17 (1): 5-8.
Suslow T. 1997. PhD thesis. Postharvest chlorination: Basic properties and key points
for effective disinfection. University of California, USA.
Tang-Bing Cui , Hai-Yun Chai and Li-Xiang Jiang. 2012. Isolation and Partial
characterization of an Antifungal Protein Produced by Bacillus licheniformis BS-3.
Molecules, 17:7336-7347; doi:10.3390/molecules17067336.
Teather R.M. and Wood P.J. 1982. Use of Congo red polysaccharide interactions in
enumeration and characterization of cellulolytic bacteria from the bovine rumen.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology., 43(4): 777-780.
Tendulkar S.R., Saikumari Y.K., Patel V., Raghotama S., Munshi T.K., Balaram P. and
Chattoo B.B. 2007. Isolation, purification and characterization of an antifungal
molecule produced by Bacillus licheniformis BC98, and its effect on phytopathogen
Magnaporthe grisea. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103: 2331–2339.
Thakaew Rattanaporn and Hataichanoke Niamsup. 2013. Inhibitory Activity of Bacillus
subtilis BCC 6327 Metabolites against Growth of Aflatoxigenic Fungi Isolated from
Bird Chili Powder. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and
Bioinformatics, 3: 29-32.
Than Po Po., Haryudian Prihastuti., Sitthisack Phoulivong., Paul W.J. Taylor and Kevin
D. Hyde. 2008. Chilli anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species. J Ahejiang
Univ Sci B. 9(10): 764-778.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 200
Than, P.P. Prihastuti, H., Phoulivong, S. Taylor, P.W.J. and Hyde, K.D. (2008a). Chilli
anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species. Journal of Zhejiang University
Science, B9: 764-778.
Than, P.P., Shivas, R.G., Jeewon, R., Pongsupasamit, S., Marney, T.S., Taylor, P.W.J.
and Hyde, K.D.(2008b). Epitypification and phylogeny of Colletotrichum acutatum J.H.
Simmonds. Fungal Diversity, 28: 97-108.
Thind T.S. and Jhooty J.S. 1985. Relative prevalence of fungal diseases of chilli fruits in
Punjab. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant pathology. 15: 305-307.
Tong N. and Bosland P.W. 1999. Capsicum tovarii, a new member of the Capsicum
complex. Euphytica, 109(2):71-72. [doi:10.1023/A:1003421217077].
Trachuk L. A., Shemiakina T. M., Chestukhina G. G. and Stepanov V. M. 1996.
Bacillus cereus chitinases : isolation and characteristics. Biokhimiya., 61: 357-368 (in
Russian).
Ulhoa C.J. and Peberdy J.F. 1991. Regulation of chitinase synthesis in Trichoderma
harzianum. J. Gen. Microbiol, 137: 2163-2169.
UNPFA. 2011. State of the world population 2011, United Nations Population Fund.
Utkhede R. S. and Koch C.A. 2002. Chemical and biological treatments for control of
gummy stem blight of greenhouse cucmber. European journal of Plant Pathology,
108:443-448.
Vaidya R.J, Shah I.M, Vyas P.R, Chhatpar H.S. 2001. Production of chitinase and its
optimization from a novel isolate Alcaligenes xylosoxydans: potential antifungal
biocontrol. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17: 62-69.
Vaidya R.J., Macmil S.L.A., Vyas P.R. and Chhatpar H.S. 2003. The novel method for
isolating chitinolytic bacteria and its application in screening for hyperchitinase
producing mutant of Alcaligenesxylosoxydans. Lett Appl Microbiol, 36: 129–134.
Vermeulen C.A. and Wessels J.G.H. 1986. Chitin biosynthesis by a fungal membrane
preparation. Evidence for a transient noncrystalline state of chitin. European Journal of
Biochemistry., 158:411-415.
Verticillium Research and Disease Mangement. E. C. Tjamos, R. C. Rowe, J. B.
Victor A.V. and Graham B. 1999. Strain Improvement by Nonrecombinant Methods. In
Demain and Devis (eds) Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. ASM
Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 103-113.
Vidhyasekaran P. and Muthamilan M. 1999. Evaluation of powder formulation of
Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf1 for control of rice sheath blight. Biocontrol Science and
Technology, 9(1): 67 – 74.
Vihinen M. and Mantsala P. 1989. Microbial amylolytic enzymes. Crit Rev Biochem
Mol Biol., 24: 329-418.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 201
Villajuan-Abgona R., Kagayama K.M. and Hyakumachi, 1996. Biocontrol of
Rhizoctonia damping-off of cucumber by non pathogenic binucleate Rhizoctonia. Eur. J.
Plant Pathol., 102: 227-235.
Viqar Sultana., Jehan Ara., Gulnaz Parveen., Syed Ehteshamul-Haque and Viqar Uddin
Ahmad. 2006. Role of crustacean chitin, fungicides and fungal antagonist on the
efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in protecting chilli from root rot. Pak. J. Bot.,
38(4): 1323-1331.
Virgilio Mojica-Marín, Hugo A., Luna-Olvera, Carlos Fco., Sandoval-Coronado, Benito
Pereyra-Alférez, Lilia H. Morales-Ramos, Carlos E. Hernández-Luna and Omar G. and
Alvarado-Gomez. 2008. Antagonistic activity of selected strains of Bacillus
thuringiensis against Rhizoctonia solani of chili pepper. Afr.J.Biotechnol. 7:1271-1276.
Viruthagiri T. and Muthuvelayudham R., 2006. Fermentative production and kinetics of
cellulase protein on Trichoderma reesei using sugarcane bagasse and rice straw. African
Journal of Biotechnology. 5(20): 1873-1881.
Viswanathan R., Ramesh Sundar A. and Premkumari S. M. 2003. Mycolytic enzymes of
extracellular enzymes of antagonistic microbes to Colletotrichum falcatum, red rot
pathogen of sugarcane. World journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 19: 953-959.
Vivekananthan R., Ravi M., Ramanathan A. and Samiyappan R. 2004. Lytic enzymes
induced by Pseudomonas flouorescens and other biocontrol organisms mediate defence
against the anthracnose pathogen in mango. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotech.
20: 235-244.
Vyas P. and Deshpande M.V. 1989. Chitinase production by Myrothecium verrucaria
and its significane for fungal mycelia degradation. Journal of General and Applied
Microbiology, 35: 343–350.
Wakayama S., Ishikawa F. and Oishi K. 1984. Mycocerein, a novel antifungal peptide
antibiotic produced by Bacillus cereus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 26: 939-940.
Waldeck J., Daum G., Bisping B. and Meinhardt F. 2006. Isolation and molecular
characterization of chitinase deficient Bacillus licheniformis strains capable of
deproteinization of shrimp shell waste to obtain highly viscous chitin. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 72(12): 7879-7885.
Walkley A. and Black I.A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for
determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid
titration method. Soil Sci. 37: 29-38.
Walton J. D. Deconstructing the cell wall. Plant Physiol. 1994: 104:1113–1118.
Wang S.L., Hsiao W.J. and Chang W.T. 2002. Purification and characterization of an
antimicrobial chitinase extracellular produced by Monascus purpureus CCRC31499 in a
shrimp and crab shell powder medium. J Agr Food Chem., 50: 2249-55.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 202
Wang S.L., Lin T.Y., Yen Y.H., Liao H.F. and Chen Y.J. 2006. Bioconversion of
shellfish chitin wastes for the production of Bacillus subtilis W-118 chitinase.
Carbohydr Res. 341: 2507-2515.
Wang S.L., Yieh T.C and Shih I.L. 1999. Production of antifungal compounds by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa K-187 using shrimp and crab shell powder as a carbon source.
Enzyme Microb Technol.; 25: 142–8.
Watanabe T., Oyanagi W., Suzuki K., Ohnishi K. & Tanaka H. 1992. Structure of the
gene encoding chitinase D of Bacillus circulans WL-12 and possible homology of the
enzyme to other prokaryotic chitinases and class III plant chitinases. J Bacteriol., 174:
408-414.
Weller D.M. 1988. Biological control of soilborne plant pathogens in the rhizosphere
with bacteria. Phytopathology, 26: 379-407.
Wen CM, Tseng CS, Cheng CY, Li YK (2002). Purification, characterization and
cloning of a chitinases from Bacillus sp. NCTU2. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 35: 213-
219.
Whipps J.M. 1997a. Developments in the biological control of soil-borne plant
pathogens. Advances in botanical Research, 26: 1-134.
Whipps J.M. 1997b. Interactions between fungi and plant pathogens in soil and the
rhizosphere. In: Gange AC, Brown vk, eds. Multitrophic interactions in terrestrial
systems. Oxford: Blackwell science, 47-63.
Whipps J.M. 2004. Prospects and limitations for mycorrhizas in biocontrol of root
pathogens. Can. J. Bot., 82: 1198-1227.
Whipps J.M. and Davies K.G. 2000. Success in biological control of plant pathogens
and nematodes by microorganisms. In: Gurr G, Wratten SD, eds. Measures of success
in biological control. Dordrecht: The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 231-
269.
Whipps J.M. and Lumsden R.D. 2001. Commercial use of fungi as plant disease
biological control agents: status and prospects. In: Butt T, Jackson C, Magan N, eds.
Fungal biocontrol agents- progress, problems and potential. Wallingford: CAB
International.
Whipps J.M.1997. Developments in the biological control of soil borne plant pathogens.
Advan Botanic Res., 26:1-134.
Williams G.E. and Asher M.J.C. 1996. Selection of rhizobacteria for the control of
Pythium ultimum and Aphanomyces cochlioides on sugar-beet-seedlings. Crop
Protection. 15: 479-486.
Wilson C.L., Wisniewski M.E., Droby S. and Chalutz E., 1993. A selection strategy for
microbial antagonists to control postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. Sci.
Hortic. 53: 183–189.
Isolation and characterisation of Bacillus sp. mycolytic enzymes for plant defense............
Ashwini N. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bangalore. Page 203
Wirth S.J and Wolf G.A (1990). Dye-labelled substrates for the assay and detection of
chitinase and lysozyme activity. J. Microbiol. Meth. 12:197-205.
Wisniewski M.E. and Wilson C.L. 1992. Biological control of postharvest diseases of
fruits and vegetables: recent advances. Horticulture Science, 27: 94–98.
Wiwat C., Siwayaprahm P. and Bhumiratana A. 1999. Purification and characterization
of chitinase from Bacillus circulans No. 4.1. Curr Microbiol. 39: 134-140.
Woo C.J. and Park H.D. 2003. An extracellular Bacillus sp. chitinase for the production
of chitotriose as a major chitinolytic product. Biotechnol Lett. 25: 409-412.
Xue Q.Y., Chen Y., Li S.M., Chen L.F., Ding G.C., Guo D.W., and Guo, J.H. 2009.
Evaluation of the strains of Acinetobacter and Enterobacter as potential biocontrol
Yánez-Mendizábal V., Viñas I, Usall J., et al. (2012). Formulation development of the
biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis strain CPA-8 by spray-drying. J. Appl. Microbiol. 112
(5): 954-65.
Yun Chen, Fang Yan,Yunrong Chai,Hongxia Liu,Roberto Kolter, Richard Losickand
Jian-hua Guo,. 2012. Biocontrol of tomato wilt disease by Bacillus subtilis isolates from
natural environments depends on conserved genes mediating biofilm formation.
Environmental Microbiology, doi:10.1111/j.1462-20.2012.02860.x
Zhang J., Cai J., Wu K., Jin S., Pan R. and Fan M. 2004. Production and properties of
chitinase from Beauveria bassiana Bb174 in solid state fermentation. Ying Yong Sheng
Tai Xue Bao. 15: 863-866.
Zhang T.Z., Shi Q. L., Hu B.L., Cheng G. and Wang F. 2007. Antifungal compounds
from Bacillus subtilis B-FS06 inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus flavus,” World
Journal Microbiology Biotechnology, 24:783-788.
Ziedan E., Moataza M. and Eman S. 2005. Biological control of Grapevine rootrot by
antagonistic microorganisms. African Journal Mycology and Biotechnology, 13: 19.