Isobutanol Testing Update

International Boat Builders ExhibitionIBEX 2014 Tampa

10/01/2014J.Wasil

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– History of issues in marine products with ethanol

– Congressionally mandated Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) and the push to E15+

– Proactive leadership in demonstrating a possible replacement for ethanol that may be more compatible with marine products

– Opportunity to influence public policy

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Industry-wide participation and collaboration

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Properties of Butanol - Overview

Gasoline

(EEE)Ethanol 1-

butanol2-

butanol3-

butanolIso-

butanol

Composition (C,H,O) (% mass)

86, 14, 0

52, 13, 35

65, 13.5, 21.5

65, 13.5, 21.5

65, 13.5, 21.5

65, 13.5, 21.5

RON 97 107.4 98.3 106 105 105.1

MON 88.3 88.2 84.4 92 89 89.3

Melting point (ºC) - -112 -79.9 -114.7 25.5 -108

Energy content (MJ/kg) 42.9 25.6 32.9 32.9 32.9 32.8

Density (kg/L) 0.742 0.789 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.81

Energy content relative to gasoline (%)

- 64 84 84 82 83

Solubility in water <0.1 Fully miscible 7.7 7.6

(R+M)/2 = 97.2(R+M)/2 = 97.8

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• Properties of butanol – Less susceptible to phase separation means butanol

could be successfully delivered in existing pipelines– Eliminates need for splash-blending– Least corrosive of alcohols – Higher energy content

Adding water to ethanol and butanol

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• Can be produced from multiple feed stocks• Fermentation process similar to ethanol

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Review of Tests Completed on Isobutanol

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• 2011/2012:

18’ Mako boat with 175 HP Evinrude GDI Outboard

24’ SeaDoo Challenger boat with 215 HP Rotax engine

Volvo-Penta 5.7 Closed-loop catalyst – Almar Boat

1999 OMC Johnson Conventional Carbureted 2-

stroke Intruder Boat

Indmar 6.0L Closed-loop catalyst – Malibu Ski Boat

- Power- Performance- Field In-Use Emissions

Testing

150 HP Yamaha on Century Boat

iB16 – 16% Isobutanol

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High level results of field testing iB16:– E10 and iB16 result in similar emissions (No

emission related failures)– No reported engine runability or fuel system

issues during summer test program– Similar performance and running

characteristics

Portable Emissions Sampling Equipment in Boat

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• 2012/2013 – Engine Durability Testing 16% isobutanol

- Emissions Testing- Full Useful Life Engine Durability- Engine Efficiency- Performance

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• Durability Results:

E10 iB16

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E10 iB16 E10 iB16

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• 2013/2014– Tri-Fuel

• 5% Ethanol• 8% Isobutanol• 87% Gasoline

– The addition of isobutanol helps to lower the RVP of the fuel, keeping the finished fuel at 9 RVP – No waiver required

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Tri-fuel end of season testing completed– Engines accumulated over 100 hours of

field operation last summer– No engine runability issues reported– All engines passed end of season emissions

testing – Additional 100 hrs this year

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• 2013/2014– Particulate Matter Testing

90mm Sample Filters Modes 1-5

Soxhlet extractionPM ScaleRE

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35 Degrees 80 Degrees

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90HP Mercury EFI Four-Stroke Start Time [Seconds]

E10 iB16

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90HP Mercury EFI Four-Stroke Start Time [Seconds]

E10 iB16

Engine Cold-Start:– E10 and iB16– Tests conducted at 80ºF (Baseline) & 35ºF– Engines instrumented and time to start

recorded

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Scuffing Load:– block-on-ring contact configuration– 1,000 RPM with initial contact load of 50 N,

followed by 25 N increase every minute

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Recap:– 2,800+ hrs testing completed operating on

isobutanol– No major issues encountered during testing– All engines passed emissions evaluations

throughout the program– Reduced PM operating on alcohols with

similar results between E10 and iB16– Engine cold starting looks favorable on iB16– Oil dilution testing looks comparable

between E10 and iB16

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Next Steps:– Completion of tri-fuel testing (200 hours)

• Yamaha 90 and Evinrude 135 (Target additional 100 hours of operation)

– Laboratory testing on 5% O2 and beyond to understand critical blend level• Fuels E10, iB16, E15, iB24, E20 and iB32 (3.5, 5

and 7% O2)• (2) 10HP Yamaha, (2) 30HP Evinrude, and (2)

150HP Mercury– Summer 2015 engine durability / field test

program operating on higher quantities of isobutanol (outboards and SD/I engines)

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Published reports:– SAE Small Engine Technology Conference:

• In-Use Performance Testing of Butanol-Extended Fuel in Recreational Marine Engines and Vessels

• Alternative Fuel Butanol: Preliminary Investigation on Performance and Emissions of a Marine Two-Stroke Direct Fuel Injection Engine

– DOE Annual Report 2013/2014: • Emissions and operability of Gasoline, Ethanol,

and Butanol Fuel Blends in recreational Marine Applications

– SAE World Congress 2014: • Impact of Blending Gasoline with Iso-Butanol

Compared To Ethanol on Efficiency, Performance and Emissions of a Recreational Marine 4-Stroke EngineWallner, T., Ickes, A., Wasil, J., Sevik, J. et al., "Impact of Blending Gasoline with Isobutanol Compared to Ethanol on Efficiency, Performance

and Emissions of a Recreational Marine 4-Stroke Engine," SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1230, 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-1230.

Wasil, J., McKnight, J., Kolb, R., Munz, D. et al., "In-Use Performance Testing of Butanol-Extended Fuel in Recreational Marine Engines and Vessels," SAE Technical Paper 2012-32-0011, 2012, doi:10.4271/2012-32-0011.

Wasil, J., Johnson, J., and Singh, R., "Alternative Fuel Butanol: Preliminary Investigation on Performance and Emissions of a Marine Two-Stroke Direct Fuel Injection Engine," SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3(2):1071-1080, 2010, doi:10.4271/2010-32-0054.