island evolution morphology. pringleophaga marioni, marion island paractora dreuxi, marion island...
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![Page 1: Island evolution Morphology. Pringleophaga marioni, Marion Island Paractora dreuxi, Marion Island Lepidoptera: Tineidae Diptera: Helcomyzidae](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022102619/56649ce25503460f949ae4f1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
MorphologyGigantism and nanismGigantism and nanismLoss of dispersal abilities
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Pringleophaga marioni, Marion Island
Paractora dreuxi, Marion Island
Lepidoptera: Tineidae
Diptera: Helcomyzidae
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Galapaganus, Galapagos Islands Sequiera et al. 2000
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Naupactus xanthographus
Naupactus verecundus
Naupactus dissimulator
Galapaganus howdenae
Galapaganus galapagoensis
Galapaganus caroli
Galapaganus vandykei
Galapaganus collaris
Galapaganus conwayensis
Galapaganus ashlocki
mainland/island
winged/apterous
7.2 Mya Sequiera et al. 2000
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60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80
Arc
Sin
e-t
ransf
orm
ed %
flig
htl
ess
(main
land a
reas)
ArcSine-transformed % flightless(oceanic islands)
80
Roff 1990
Coleoptera
Orthoptera
Diptera
Hemiptera
Psocoptera
Thysanoptera
Neuroptera
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Sphenisciformes 18/18 1
Struthioniformes 15/15 1
Gruiformes 17/122 17
nr of speciesflightless/total
nr oftransitions
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Porzana monasa (+1828), Kosrae IslandPorzana sandwichiensis (+?1884), Hawaii Islands
Porzana palmeri (+1920, 1948), Laysan IslandPorzana atra, Henderson Island
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Amauornis akoofAmauornis favirostrisPorzana monasaPorzana tabuensisPorzana atra
Porzana sandwichensisAmauornis bicolorAmauornis olivieriPorzana palmeriPorzana pusillaPorzana parvaPorzana fuscaPorzana paykulliiPorzana carolinaPorzana flumineaPorzana porzana Anurolimnas fasciatusPoliolimnas flaviventer
Slikas et al. 2002
125 000 y
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Kagu, Rhynochetos jubatus, New Caledonia
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Rodriguez solitaire, Pezophaps solitaria, RodriguezDodo, Raphus cucullatus, Mauritius
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Kakapo, Strigops habroptilus, New Zealand
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Anas chlorotis, New Zealand
Anas aucklandia, Auckland Islands
Anas nesiotis, Campbell Islands
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Flightless cormorant, Phalacrocorax harrisi, GalapagosCormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
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mandibles
1cm
Apteribis, Hawaii Islands (+)
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Oahu Molokai
Lanai Maui
Hawaii
Kauai
Anas wyviliana
Thambetochen xanion
Chelychelynechen quassus
Ptaiochen pau
Thambetochen chauliodous
Sorensen et al. 1999 moa-nalo (+), Hawaiian Islands
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Ostriches Struthionidae 1 1 1 AfricaRheas Rheidae 2 2 South AmericaCassowaries Casuariidae 4 4 Australia, New GuineaKiwis Apterygidae 3 3 New ZealandEmus Dromaiidae 1 1 AustraliaMoas Dinornithidae 13 13 New Zealand
Dromornithidae 8 8 AustraliaElephant birds Aepyornithidae 9 9 Madagascar
Dodos Raphidae 2 2 2 Mascarene Islands
Rails Rallidae 17 17 122 Various islandsKagus Rhynochetidae 1 1 1 New Caledonia
Parrots Psittacidae 1 1 358 New Zealand
Ibises Plataleidae 3? ? ? Hawaii
Penguins Spheniscidae 18 1 18 Southern hemisphere
Cormorants Phalacrocoracidae 1 1 37 Galapagos Islands
Grebes Podicipedidae 3 3 21 South America
Murres Alcidae 1 1 23 Atlantic Ocean
Ducks Anatidae 4 2 148 Various coastlines
number of flightless speciesnumber of evolutionary transitions
total number of species
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Loss of dispersal abilities
"There is a very curious point in the astounding proportion of Coleoptera that are apterous; & I think I have grasped the reason, viz that powers offlight wd be injurious to insects inhabiting a confined locality & expose them to be blown to the sea"
Darwin, 1855
ecological release(lack of predators)
random driftnot countered
by selection
natural selectionfor energy re-allocation
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1.0
0
0 1 2 3
Log
win
gle
ng
th (
cm)
Log body mass (g)
2.0
4
No flightless species
Contains flightless species
Phasantidae
Gavidae
Bird families
McCall et al. 1998
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Broom stick, Bidens pilosa, Tropics Bog Beggarticks, Bidens conjuncta, Hawaii Islands
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pappus
achene
Lactuca muralis, Vancouver Island Cody & Overton 1996
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2000
1-4 5-7 10+Volu
me p
ap
pu
s /
Volu
me a
chen
es
Age (years)
8-9mainland
1500
1000
500
0
Lactuca muralis, Vancouver Island Cody & Overton 1996
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
MorphologyGigantism and nanismGigantism and nanismLoss of dispersal abilitiesLoss of dispersal abilitiesDevelopment of woodiness
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Cabbage tree, Dendroseris litoralis, Juan Fernandez Islands
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Sow Thistle, Sonchus fruticosus, Madeira
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Narrowleaf plantain, Plantago lanceolata, Eurasia Plantago princeps, Hawaii
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Development of woodiness
Competition hypothesisgrowing taller is advantageous
Longevity hypothesiswoodiness allows extended lifespans,
increases chance of sexual reproductionClimate hypothesis
islands have milder andmoister climates
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
MorphologyGigantism and nanismGigantism and nanismLoss of dispersal abilitiesLoss of dispersal abilitiesDevelopment of woodinessDevelopment of woodinessTendency towards melanism
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tendency towards melanism
thermal advantage
lower predation pressure
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Viper, Vipera berus, Swedish islands in the Baltic Sea
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50
Mela
nis
m f
req
uen
cy (
%)
inland
40
30
10
0
60
70
20
coastal insular
Viper, Vipera berus, Swedish islands in the Baltic Sea Forsman 1995
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An
nu
al su
rviv
al ra
te
0.7
0.9
0.5
1986-8787-8888-8989-9090-91
Year
melanistic males
zigzag males
Viper, Vipera berus, Swedish islands in the Baltic Sea Forsman 1995
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Japanese four-lined ratsnake, Elaphe quadrivirgata, Yakushima Island Tanaka 2007
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devia
tion
fro
mp
refe
rred
ran
ge (
°C)
8
12
0
Jul Sep Oct Nov
Month
melanisticstriped
4
16
Japanese four-lined ratsnake, Elaphe quadrivirgata, Yakushima Island Tanaka 2007