island agriculture: perspective...

ISLAND AGRICULTURE:

PERSPECTIVE AND STRATEGIES

S. DAM ROY

Director

ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute,

Port Blair

1

Overview of the Presentation

1. General information of ANI

2. Island Resources and Production pattern

3. Significant Genetic resources/ Germplasm of

ANI

4. CIARI Interventions in Agri and allied fields

5. Strategies for Island Agricultural Development

6. Knowledge/ Policy developed

• Coastline : 1,192 km

• EEZ : 0.6 million

km2

• Continental shelf : 16,000 km2

• No. of islands : 572

ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS

• Location : 920 to 940 E 60 to 140 N

• Area : 8249 sq kms

• Forest cover : 92%

• No. of Islands : 572

• Inhabited islands : 38

• Districts : 3

• Climate : Tropical

• Humidity : 70-90%

Jarawa (200)

Andamanese (46)

Shompens

(250 Approx)

Sentinelese (300 Approx.)

Onges

(94)

PRIMITIVE TRIBES (ORIGINAL INHABITANTS)

Nicobarese (26,000)

0

20

40

60

80

100

J F M A M J J A S O N DMonths

Te

mp

./R

el H

um

idit

y

Max Temp (oC)Min Temp (oC)R Humidity(%)

572 islands;

36 inhabited

having 94% land

8,249 sq km land

area;

50000 ha (6%) under

cultivation

Average annual rainfall-3100 mm

(94 % between May to Nov.)‏

Temperature ranges between18-320C

0

200

400

600

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Months

Ra

infa

ll/E

va

po

rati

on

Rainfall (mm)

Evaporation (mm)

AGRO-CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANI

PRODUCTION AND PROJECTION FOR FUTURE

Item

2011 2017

2021

2030

Population

380000 414950 443900 518403

Cereals (t)

66240 (D-51.4%) 71393 76374 89192

Pulses (t)

4035 (D-284%) 4349 4652 5433

Vegetables(t)

23798 25649 27439 32045

Roots and tubers* (t)

20488 (D-105%) 22082 23623 27588

Milk (t) 23940 (D-44%) 25802 27602 32236

Fruits (t) 14052 (E) 15145 16201 18921

Meat and fish(t) 11883 (E) 12807 13701 16001

CULTIVABLE LAND

ISLAND RESOURCES

BEFORE TSUNAMI AFTER TSUNAMI

50,000ha 43,339ha

POTENTIAL FISHERY RESOURCES 1.48 LAKH T

60,000 T OCEANIC FISHERIES

46,700 T TUNA FISHERIES

Fauna

World

India

A&N Islands

Sponges 8360 519 112

Marine Molluscs 56235 32751 1422

Crustaceans 24375 2970 837

Hard Corals 700 334 334

Flat worms 400 19 19

Polychaetes 8000 585 21

Echinoderms 6226 765 430

Fishes 31723 2546 1485

MARINE FAUNAL DIVERSITY OF ANI

Fishery 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

Demersal 14585 15028 15039 15409 15863

Pelagic 16658 15200 16276 16495 17295

Oceanic 1092 2772 2420 3168 3268

Total 32335 33000 33735 35072 36426

FISHERY STATISTICS

Source: A & N Administration

GROSS UNDER EXPLOITATION: MARINE CAPTURE FISHERIES

“}

Species / Group Potential (in tons)

Yellow fin tuna 24,000

Skipjack tuna 22,000

Big eye tuna 500

Bill fishes (Marlin, Sail fish, Sword fish) 2,800

Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) 200

Pelagic sharks 7,000

Dolphin fish (Coryphaena sp.) 200

Barracuda (Sphyraena sp.) 200

Flying fish (Exocoetidae) 300

Oceanic squids 2,000

Others 800

Total 60,000

POTENTIAL YIELD OF OCEANIC FISHERY RESOURCES

Significant Genetic

Resources/Germplasm

of ANI

13

Collection and Conservation of Indigenous Pulse crops

Landraces and Germpalsm

Particulars Mungbean Urdbean Pigeonpea

Local landraces 81 78 51

Procurement of

germplasm

124 120 42

Advance lines 52 19 -

Mutant lines 08 13 -

Crosses attempt 04 - -

Total 269 231 93

Pulses of Andaman & Nicobar Islands

14

Collection and Conservation of Farmers Varieties

and Landraces of Pulse crops

Crops Scientific name Number of

collections

Cultivated Farmers variety

Mungbean Vigna radiata 45

Urdbean Vigna mungo 33

Cowpea Vigna unguiculata 13

Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan 16

Unutilized / underutilized relatives of pulse crops

Beachpea Vigna marina 03

Chakor Lobia Vigna unguiculata 02

Other wild relatives Vigna spp. 02

Nicobari fowl

Characteristics

• Nicobari fowl – locally called as Takniet among Nicobari tribes.

• Short shank length • Compact body with curve shaped back • Efficient feed convertors under backyard rearing • Higher immunity

Brown

White

Black

Teresa goat

Found in Nicobar group of islands originating at Teressa island

Tribal community rears them for meat.

Age at sexual maturity is about 9 months.

First kidding is 12-13 months

Feeds on coconut leaves, eaves of bread fruits etc.

Colour : black, brown or white patches on forehead, males have beard, long straight legs, girth is more

• Nicobari pig (Sus scrofa Nicobaricus)

is indigenous breed of A&N Islands

• It is a family asset of Nicobari tribes

• Highly suitable for free range system

under coconut feeding.

• High prolificacy

• Good fostering ability

• Less pre weaning mortality.

• Castrated male and adult female

showed higher body weight (100-150

kg).

• Age at first farrowing (months) : 10.91 ±

0.85

• Litter size (No.) : 6.48 ± 0.31

• Farrowing interval (months) :

8.06 ± 0.33

• Mating method : Natural

Nicobari pigs

An adult female Nicobari pig

Documentation of Genetic resources/Germplasms

30

MARINE SPONGES OF ANI Records to India Andaman and Nicobar Islands

1. Acanthella cavernosa Dendy, 1922

2. Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck, 1816)

3. Damiria toxifera van Soest, Zea & Kielman, 1994

4. Plakortis simplex Schulze, 1880

5. Petrosia (Strongylophora) strongylata Thiele, 1903

6. Axinella cannabina (Esper, 1794)

7. Stylissa massa (Carter, 1887)

8. Aplysilla rosea (Barrois, 1876)

9. Callyspongia (Euplacella) australis (Lendenfeld, 1887)

10. Callyspongia (Toxochalina) multiformis (Pulitzer-Finali, 1986)

11. Diacarnus megaspinorhabdosa Kelly-Bourges & Vacelet, 1994

12. Haliclona (Reniera) fascigera (Hentschel, 1912)

13. Haliclona (Gellius) cymaeformis (Esper, 1794)

14. Neopetrosia exigua (Kirkpatrick, 1900)

15. Cliona varians (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)

16. Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868

17. Amphimedon chloros Ilan, Gugel & van Soest, 2004

18. Terpios gelatinosa (Bowerbank, 1866)

19. Callyspongia (Cladochalina) subarmigera (Ridley, 1884)

20. Dysidea avara (Schmidt, 1862)

21. Axinella minor Thomas, 1981

22. Hemiastrella boulini (Thomas, 1973)

23. Siphonodictyon paratypicum (Fromont, 1993)

24. Petrosia (Petrosia) nigricans Lindgren, 1987

25. Xestospongia viridenigra (Vacelet, Vasseur & Levi, 1976)

1. Coelocarteria singaporensis (Carter, 1883)

2. Chalinula nematifera (de Laubenfels, 1954)

3. Mycale (Aegogropila) crassissima (Dendy,

1905)

4. Monanchora unguiculata (Dendy, 1922)

5. Lamellodysidea herbacea (Keller, 1889)

6. Liosina paradoxa Thiele, 1899

7. Stylissa carteri (Dendy, 1889)

8. Oceanapia sagittaria (Sollas, 1902)

9. Pseudoceratina purpurea (Carter, 1880)

10. Hyrtios erectus (Keller, 1889)

11. Crella (Grayella) cyathophora Carter, 1869

12. Clathria (Thalysias) cervicornis (Thiele, 1903)

13. Spheciospongia vagabunda (Ridley, 1884)

14. Chondrilla australiensis Carter, 1873

15. Chondrilla grandistellata Thiele, 1900

16. Myrmekioderma granulatum (Esper, 1794)

17. Neopetrosia carbonaria (Lamarck, 1814)

18. Agelas axifera Hentschel, 1911

Cata

loguin

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nd c

onse

rvati

on o

f

mari

ne s

ponges

of

Andam

an t

hro

ugh

DN

A b

arc

odin

g

New

Rec

ord

s

Iden

tifi

ed s

pon

ges

Cliona varians (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)

Cliona ensifera Sollas, 1878 Clathria (Thalysias) vulpine (Lamark, 1814)

Clathria (Thalysias) cervicornis (Thiele, 1903)

Diacarnus megaspinorhabdosa

Iotrochota baculifera Ridley, 1884 Coelocarteria singaporensis (Carter, 1883)

Aplysilla rosea (Barrois, 1876) Callyspongia (Euplacella) australis (Lendenfeld, 1887)

• The extent of coral reef area in

A&N islands : 1021.5 sq.km

(SAC, 2009)

• Biodiversity of Coral reefs and

their associates

• 34 true mangrove species

belonging to 15 genera, 10 orders

and 12 families have been

documented - 25 fully described.

Cataloguing Coastal Bio-

resources

CIARI’s‏INTERVENTION‏ON‏

AGRICULTURE & ALLIED

SCIENCES

FIELD CROPS

CARI- Annapurna CARI- Chandan

CARI- Surya CARI- Omkar

Coconut

Arecanut

Greater Yam

(CARI-Yamini)

Sweet Potato (CARI-SP1 & CARI-SP2)

Broad Dhaniya (CARI Broad Dhaniya)

Ground orchid (Pretty Green Bay)

Advantage: Around 30

% higher yield than

local check

Advantage:

Longest spike

in the world

(135-150 cm)

HORTICULTURE CROPS

POPULARIZATION OF FLOWER CULTIVATION

Popularization of

Potato Cultivation

H aurantiaca M coccinea H bihai Gerbera

Nicorock

Dual purpose cross between Blackrock X

Black Nicobari.

Advantage: Better survival (70%),

growth (1400 g) and egg production (140

Nos)

Nishibari

Layer Strain; Cross between Black rock X

White nicobari

Advantage : Better body weight (1300g)

and egg production (150 nos) under

backyard condition

Nicorock

Male

Nicorock

female

Nishibari

ANIMAL STRAINS DEVELOPED

Dual purpose cross between

Vanaraja X Brown Nicobari

Advantage: Better disease resistance, growth (1500

g) and egg production (160 Nos).

Boer Cross Bred Cross between Boer X Andaman Local

Advantage : Higher body weight than local goat

Boer Male Boer Female

Degraded Coastal land management through land shaping methods (NAIP)

Harvesting of rainwater , Integration of vegetables + fish

Improvement of degraded land, Diversification of agriculture

Benefits through land shaping interventions

Name of intervention Benefits components

Broad Bed and Furrow

System 240m3/ha water resource

creation by conserving rain

fed water during rainy

seasons

Rice+veg+fish+pineapple

80,000/annum

(24,000)

Paddy cum Fish system 600m3/ha water resource

creation Rice + fish +veg

65,000 /annum

Three tier Farming system 1080m3/ha water resource

creation 75,000/annum

The pH is gradually recovering from 4.9 to 5.6 and 7.4 to 6.9 after intervention

The Ece also is in the acceptable levels 1.2dsm-1

All the proposed interventions enable the integration of agriculture and aquaculture

Around 250 acre of degraded land has been brought under cultivation, benefitted 500

farmers

Some selected properties of bacterial isolates from A&N

Islands

Organisms identified Phosphatase Cellulase Chitinase Protease

µg/ml µg /ml µg /ml µg /ml

Bacillus cereus 40.47 0.84 0.98 102.33

Bacillus pumilus 39.24 0.65 0.0 93.28

Bacillus subtilis 23.68 0.76 0.67 82.66

Lysinibacillus sphaericus 31.8 0.53 0.32 76.31

Bacillus flexus 30.00 0.66 0.0 120.74


Bacillus cereus 42.18 0.84 0.0 62.24

Bacillus cereus 0.0 1.20 0.0 54.15

Bacillus thuringiensis 12.05 0.79 1.92 93.88


Lysinibacillus sphaericus 35.37 0.49 1.54 79.55

Bacillus cereus 19.84 0.69 0.0 91.94

Bacillus megaterium 38.21 0.11 0.0 84.11

Registered 20 novel bacterial isolates

c) Protease Production b) Siderophore Production

d) Protease Production

c) Cellulase Production

Invitro performance of bacterial isolates

Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus

cereus were identified as P

solubilizers having maximum

phosphate solubilization of about

46, 40 and 38 µg/ml respectively

Bacillus cereus produced

maximum quantity of cellulase

(1.2 µg/ml)

B. flexus produced maximum

quantity of protease enzyme

(120.7 µg/ml)

B. thuringiensis, L. sphaericus

and B. subtilis showed highest

chitenase actitivities

Fodder cultivation on hill slopes

Through grasses and fodder trees as sole and

intercrop in arecanut and coconut.

Mini-Dal Mill

For localized processing of Dal at North Andaman

TECHNOLOGY INTERVENTIONS

Satellite–based fishing technology has been proven to be an

optimal application for harvesting the under utilized marine

fishery resources of the Islands.

34% Increase in mean CPUE

51% Reduction in scouting time

200% Increase in Benefit cost ratio

• TRIBAL SUB PLAN AND NEH PLAN

• COMPOSITE BIO-SECURITY AND QUARANTINE FACILITY

• LAB TO LAND AND NATIONAL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMME

• HORTICULTURE DEVELOPMENT: IPR AND GERMPLASM CONSERVATION

• ISLAND FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT

• BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

• LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION POLICY

• HRD IN AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTOR

• FRONT LINE TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY: “KVK”

• WATER POLICY FOR ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS

CIARI’s‏STRATEGIES‏

FOR ISLAND AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

KNOWLEDGE / POLICY

DEVELOPED

About 20% of the area in Car Nicobar has high vulnerability to climate

change

10.89%

51.81%

27.46%

9.83%

High Vulnerability Low Vulnerability

Medium Vulnerability Very High Vulnerability

ORGANIC FARMING POLICY

Organic farming especially

cultivation of spices, coconut,

tropical fruits, high value vegetables

and to some extent fine quality rice

varieties can be promoted in phased

manner in a integrated farming

system mode which show least

reduction in product yield under

organic condition.

Research should continuously focus on emerging issues of organic cultivation,

restoration of degraded or abandoned land and bring in improvement in package of

practices for important crops suitable for Island conditions.

At the same time farmers should be given access to attractive markets through value

added and certified products which will enable the farmers to get premium price for their

produce.

WATER POLICY

A three tier water resource development plan for ANI:

• Development of plastic film lined tanks on the top of the hills,

• recharge structure cum well system in the mid-hills and

• development of open dug wells in the valley areas

Rainwater harvesting should be the basic strategy for increasing area under

irrigation

The fallow period after paddy can be effectively converted to vegetables, pulses

and flower cultivation

For efficient utilization of the created water resource, micro irrigation system

should be invariably used

Due to the elevated SST and subsequent

mass bleaching in 2010, 60-70% of corals

have been destroyed in Andaman

Newly Recruited Corals

VIABLE TECHNOLOGY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE

S. NO NAME OF TECHNOLOGY USES

1 Raised bed technology Protect crops from

immediate water logging

stress and also use

irrigation water

efficiently

2 Noni in salinity challenged lands Suitable for salinity

affected areas

3 Protected cultivation technology

for vegetables

Off season production of

vegetables in the

Islands.

S. No Name of crops Varieties Description

1 Poi CIARI POI SELECTION Water stress situation

2 Broad Dhaniya CIARI BROAD DHANIYA Suitable for shade and tolerant

to water logging conditions

3 Noni CIARI RAKSHAK Suitable for salinity affected

areas

4 Brinjal CIARI BRINJAL 1 Bacterial wilt disease and

drought tolerant with yield of

25-35 t/ha

5 Coconut Non viviparous dwarfs: CIARI- Surya, CIARI- Omkar & CIARI-

Chandan

6 Tuber crops Wide adaptability and multiple use

HORTICULTURE CROPS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE

RICE VARIETIES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE

BIOTIC STRESS RESISTANT

BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT

CIARI DHAN 6

CIARI DHAN 7

ABIOTIC STRESS RESISTANT

SALT TOLERANT

CIARI DHAN 4

CIARI DHAN 5

CSR 36

TRIBAL SUB

PLAN An Initiative to improve livelihood

of Tribal population through

Agriculture and Allied Activities

Tribal Sub Plan

Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair Locations

Capacity building programmes – 64 nos.

• Protected cultivation of high value vegetables

• Nutritious Kitchen garden

• Plantation based multistoried cropping system

• Floriculture

• Tuber crops cultivation

• Rice, Maize and Pulse production

• Home stead based IFS

• Efficient Natural Resource management

• Agriculture implements for drudgery reduction

• Livestock and Rural poultry Farming

• Fish farming

• Post harvest and value addition of fish produce

Bali

Bali Island NEH NicobarIslands

205 404

2660

No . of Beneficiaries Exposure visit

Exposure visit

Demonstration & Assets created

• Production technology of high yeilding Mungbean,

urdbean & cowpea.

• Rain shelter for vegetable cultivation in off season

• Homestead based IFS

• Vegetable enriched garden

• Low cost poultry & goat shed

• Functioning of Hatchery

• Post-harvest and product development of fish produce

Inp

uts

Homestead based IFS-25 Rainshelter - 10

Goat shed - 2 Poultry shed - 3

Post harvest fish PULSE DEMONSTRATION

Vegetable seed kit (no.) 1300

Banana&Pine apple, Guava, mango, lime (no.) 6750

Tuber crops (no.) 4000

Coconut & Arecanut (no.) 3155

Nutmeg, Black pepper, clove (no.) 2400

Tuberose, Jasmine & gerbera (no.) 4400

Rice, Maize & Pulse (kg) 4219

Goat, Pig & Poultry (no.) 5186

Cryocan (no.) 28

Sprayer, Conoweeder (no.) 40

Power tiller 3

Water pumpset (no.) 10

Coconut climber (no.) 85

Paddy thresher (no.) 10

Fishing boat (no.) 2

Life jacket (no.) 104

Ice box (no.) 23

Deep freezer (no.) 23

KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA-CIARI D

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Tec

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VK

Thank You…

island agriculture: perspective...

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