islamic civilization.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
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The Rise and Expansion of Islam
570 C.E. – the birth of Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.
610 C.E. – the first revelation.
622 C.E. – the Hijra to Madinah – the beginningof the expansion of Islam.
The unification of Arabian peninsula under Islam.
The expansion of Islam to North Africa,
Andalusia, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Balkans and
later to African continent, Indian sub-continent,
Southeast Asia.
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The later part of the 7th century and the beginning of
the 8th century C.E. - the emergence of Islamic
civilization.
Islamic civilization dominated the world of science
and learning for nearly 600 years.
The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 C.E.) and the rule
of Muslim Spain (755-1492 C.E.) – the “golden age”.
Rise of Islamic Civilization
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Muslims’ Worldviews
What explain the extraordinary transformation of the
Muslims (Arabs) from the state of ignorance
(Jahiliyya Period) to where they became pioneers of
learning and scientific progress?
What happened in the seventh century, the beginning
of that transformation?
The emergence of Islam – the influence of Islamicteachings, which shaped Muslims‟ worldview.
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Muslims‟ Worldviews:
There is true meaning and purpose in life.
The human on earth for an important mission, tofulfill responsibilities as „Khalifah‟ of God. As such,laziness, apathy and fatalism are to be rejected.
To seek the pleasure of Allah and His reward.Scientific discoveries and constructive contributionswhich benefit the ummah and future generations will
be rewarded by Allah.
Muslims’ Worldviews
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Muslims’ Worldviews
To understand about the universe, nature and itsresources and explore them for human use.
In order to fulfill the role of khalifah of Allah onearth.
Islam is a complete and comprehensive way of
life. No distinction between the religious and materialaspects of life.
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Qur’anic Inducements to Study
and Explore
Qur‟an stimulates research, discovery, development
and improvement of the quality of life.
Encourages the understanding of natural laws. E.g:
“It is Allah Who alternates the Night and the Day:
verily in these things is an instructive example for
those who have vision!” (24:44)
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Qur’anic Inducements to Study
and Explore
The very first word of the Qur‟an revealed to
Prophet Muhamnmad s.a.w. was Iqra‟, literally
reads:
“Proclaim! (or Read)in the name of your Lord and
Cherisher Who created.” (96:1)
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Qur’anic Inducements to Study
and Explore
Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. on theattitude toward learning. E.g:
“Seeking knowledge is a mandatory duty on everyMuslim.”
“The priority of a scholar over a worshipper
[without understanding] is like the superiority ofthe moon over other stars.”
“Scholars are the heirs of Prophets.”
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Misconceptions
The common expression “The Dark Ages” should be re-defined as the “European Dark Ages, at leastin the period coinciding with the emergence of
Islamic civilization (7th to 13th century C.E.).
The common notion that Roger Bacon was the„father of experimental method‟ is not accurate.
Born in 1214 C.E. Bacon came nearly sixcenturies after the Qur‟an clearly called for thisapproach in learning.
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Misconceptions
The claim that Muslims merely restored Greekclassics.
H. G. Wells – their [the Greeks] knowledge was
“based on rudimentary speculations” and [they]were “poor in experimental apparatus.”
N. Whitehead - the Greeks were over-theoreticaland that for them, science was an offshoot of
philosophy.Unlike Muslims‟ contributions, the Greek andRoman contributions were not based uponexperimentation.
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Muslims’ Contributions to Western
Civilization
The European Renaissance was influenced byIslamic civilization.
Europeans came to study at Muslim universitiesesp. in Muslim‟s Spain.
Arabic – the language of scientific research andadvancement.
Muslim science reached Europe before the 14thcentury (the beginning of Renaissance) – as earlyas 12th century C.E.
Led to establishment of universities in Europe.
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Muslims’ Contributions to Western
Civilization
Libraries, hospitals, observatories.
Often times, Muslim discoveries were translated
by Europeans who attributed such discoveries tothemselves or incorporated them in their works
without due credit.
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Astronomy
The first to use pendulum to measure time.
The first to build observatories.
Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi (13th century) – a theory ofthe movement of stars.
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Astronomy
Ibn Younus (11th century) invented the sun dial
(predicts sun spots, eclipses and appearance of
comets).
Abul-Wafa Al-Buzajani discovered the 3rd Lunar
inequality (irregularity of the moon‟s highest
latitudes) – later attributed to Danish astronomer
Tycho-Braho.Ibrahim Al-Fazari, Al-Batani (Albategnius), Al-
Bairouni, Ibn Khaldun and Ibn Rushd (Aventuez).
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Chemistry
Jabir (8th century) discovered Nitric Acid anddescribed the operations of distillation,sublimination, filtration, coagulation and
crystalization.Abu Bakar Al-Razi (Rhases) (9th century) – thefirst to describe the properties of Sulphuric Acid.
Abu-Musa Al-Kufi (8th century) – his workstranslated into Latin and French, some as late asthe 17th century.
English terms in chemistry originated from Arabicterms; camphor, alcohol, elexir, syrup.
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Mathematics
Thabit bin Qurrah (13th century) – a theory of
infinite numbers being part of another infinite
series of numbers.
Umar Khayyam (12th century) and Nasir Al-Din
Al-Tusi (13th century) – magnitudes expressed in
numbers.
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Physics
Al-Hasan Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen) (11th century) – the greatest Muslim physicist (optics),wrote “Al-Manazir”.
The science of optics and the inventions ofmicroscopes, telescopes and cameras are indebtedto him.
Muslims‟ invention of compass – for navigation.
Abdul-Rahman Al-Khozaini (9th century)in“Mizan-ul-Hikmah” investigated on hydrostaticsand improvements in the use of water wheels.(e.g.gravities of liquids and solids).
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Medicine
Fakhr-Al-Deen Al-Razi (Rhases) (9th century)wrote an immense medical encyclopedia, the mostimportant medical reference in Europe for 600years - gynaecology, obstetrics and opthalmicsurgery.
Areb Ibn Saad (10th century), wrote systematicallyon pediatrics.
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (11th
century) wrote a fivevolume work, “Canon (or Precepts) of Medicine” – physiology, hygiene, pathology, therapeutics andmateria medica.
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Al-Kindi
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Ibn Rushd
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Al-Farabi
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Al-Khwarizmi
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Medicine
Abul Qasim (late 11th and early 12th century) andIbn Rushd – works on surgery.
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoan) – works on bronchotomy,
dislocations, fractures and treatment of skindiseases.
Ibn Al-Nafees (13th century) – works on psychopathalogy and psychological treatment andcirculatory system.
Mobile and permanent hospitals.
Hospitalization was free and universally available.
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History
Al-Tabari (9th century), Al-Mas‟oodi (10th
century), Ibn Al-Atheer (13th century), Ibn
Khaldun (14th century)
“Al-Muqaddima”.
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Geography
Al-Idrisi (12th century) – the theory of earth isround.
Caliph al-Ma‟moon (9th century) – ordered the
drawing of a large map of the world.
The work of Ibn Rushd (Aventuez) partly led tothe discovery of the Americas by ChristopherColumbus.
Al-Mas‟oodi (10th century) wrote an encyclopediaarranged by geographical order.
Al-Khawarizimi, Abdul Lateef, Al-Yaqooti, Abul-
Hassan Al-Marakishi.
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Reconstruction of the Oikumene (inhabited world) Ancient
Map from Herodotus circa 450 BCE
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Art and Architecture
Diverse due to the fusion of various cultures
which came under Muslim rule. Yet, there is some
elements of unity based on Islamic teachings.
The influence of Muslim caligraphy, Islamic-style
mosaic.
Al-Hambra and the Cordova Mosque in Spain.
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Al-Hambra
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Al-Hambra
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Al-Hambra
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The Badshahi Masjid, literally the 'Royal Mosque', was built in 1674
by Aurangzeb. It is one of Lahore's best known landmarks, and
epitomizes the beauty and grandeur of the Mughal era.
Badshahi Mosque
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Al-Aqsa Mosque
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Islamic Calligraphy
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Agriculture
Al-Awwam (12th century) described 585 plants
and explained the cultivation of several fruits.
Abul-Abbas Al-Nabati studied plants.Improved the methods of irrigation, used organic
fertilizers, improved the breeds of cattle.
Introduced peaches, apricots, cotton, rice, banana,
sugar cane to the West.