islam in africa: trends and policy implications panel 2: modes
TRANSCRIPT
ISLAM IN AFRICA: FAITH AND SOCIETY
James Bell Director, International Survey Research
Presentation for Conference on Islam and Africa: Trends and Policy Center for Strategic and International Studies
March 25, 2013
Funded with generous support from The Pew Charitable Trusts and The John Templeton Foundation
Importance of Religion
Southern-Eastern Europe
Central Asia
Southeast Asia
South Asia
Middle East-North Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
44
44
36
15
67
50
49
36
30
18
95
93
93
94
92
81
89
85
85
82
78
75
59
98
97
96
95
95
95
94
94
93
93
92
91
91
87
87
86
KosovoRussia
Bosnia-Herz.Albania
TurkeyTajikistan
KyrgyzstanAzerbaijanUzbekistanKazakhstan
ThailandIndonesiaMalaysia
PakistanAfghanistanBangladesh
MoroccoJordan
Palestinian terr.Iraq
TunisiaEgypt
Lebanon
SenegalGhana
CameroonGuinea Bissau
KenyaTanzania
MaliMozambique
NigeriaUganda
ChadDR Congo
LiberiaDjiboutiEthiopia
Niger
14 9
7 2
19 15
7 1 1 0
50 35
40
53 44
35
27 25
35 28
38 24
15
83 75
61 59
72 57
66 53
76 61 61
69 41
54 55
51
16 13
12 3
25 15
16 9 8
1
22 22 12
8 15
18
38 36
20 26
9 16
20
17 19
32 34
20 35
25 35
11 24 23
15 41
27 24
14
Bosnia-Herz.KosovoRussia
Albania
TurkeyTajikistan
KyrgyzstanKazakhstanUzbekistanAzerbaijan
IndonesiaMalaysiaThailand
AfghanistanPakistan
Bangladesh
JordanEgypt
Palestinian terr.MoroccoTunisia
IraqLebanon
GhanaLiberia
UgandaEthiopia
Guinea BissauMozambique
KenyaNiger
NigeriaDR CongoCameroon
DjiboutiTanzania
ChadMali
Senegal
More than once a week Once a week for jumah prayer
Mosque Attendance
Southern-Eastern Europe
Central Asia
Southeast Asia
South Asia
Middle East-North Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
Prayer
30 14
10 4
39 27
21 16
14 2
75 72 71
88 42
30
83 69
67 63
61 54 53
91 90
86 85 84
82 80 79
76 74
68 66
61 53
44 32
5 4
31 3
3 15
49 1 4
2
3 7
6
3 8
9
2 5
2 2
2 14
7
3 5
4 2
2 4
2 2 11
3 20
10 5
6 4
9
RussiaBosnia-Herz.
KosovoAlbania
TajikistanTurkey
AzerbaijanUzbekistanKyrgyzstanKazakhstan
ThailandMalaysia
Indonesia
AfghanistanPakistan
Bangladesh
IraqPalestinian terr.
MoroccoTunisia
LebanonJordanEgypt
GhanaCameroon
NigeriaSenegal
ChadLiberiaNigerMali
Guinea BissauDjiboutiUgandaKenya
EthiopiaDR CongoTanzania
Mozambique
Pray all five salat Pray several times, but not all five
Southern-Eastern Europe
Central Asia
Southeast Asia
South Asia
Middle East-North Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
Identification with Sufi Orders
19
13
3
2
18
11
7
6
1
0
17
3
1
26
17
8
9
9
3
2
1
1
1
92
55
48
47
45
40
37
37
29
26
25
18
15
12
8
RussiaAlbaniaKosovo
Bosnia-Herz.
TajikistanUzbekistanKyrgyzstan
TurkeyKazakhstanAzerbaijan
MalaysiaIndonesiaThailand^
BangladeshPakistan
Afghanistan
EgyptLebanon
IraqJordan
MoroccoPalestinian…
Tunisia
SenegalChad
CameroonNiger
LiberiaGuinea Bissau
GhanaNigeria
DR CongoUgandaKenya
EthiopiaTanzaniaDjibouti
Mali
Southern-Eastern Europe
Central Asia
Southeast Asia
South Asia
Middle East-North Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa is a Meeting Place of Islam and Christianity
Sources: World Religion Database, demographic and health surveys, censuses
Majority Muslim
Majority Christian
10th parallel
37
47
47
52
53
55
58
63
64
65
65
66
71
74
82
39
42
45
52
52
55
57
57
63
63
64
66
69
70
70
77
60
63
0 20 40 60 80 100
Tanzania
Guinea Bissau
Chad
Liberia
Cameroon
Senegal
Ghana
Mali
Kenya
Mozambique
Ethiopia
Uganda
Nigeria
DR Congo
Djibouti
Median
Tanzania
Rwanda
Chad
Cameroon
DR Congo
Ethiopia
Guinea Bissau
Kenya
Mozambique
Liberia
Uganda
South Africa
Botswana
Ghana
Nigeria
Zambia
Median
37
47
47
52
53
55
58
63
64
65
65
66
71
74
82
39
42
45
52
52
55
57
57
63
63
64
66
69
70
70
77
60
63
0 20 40 60 80 100
Tanzania
Guinea Bissau
Chad
Liberia
Cameroon
Senegal
Ghana
Mali
Kenya
Mozambique
Ethiopia
Uganda
Nigeria
DR Congo
Djibouti
Median
Tanzania
Rwanda
Chad
Cameroon
DR Congo
Ethiopia
Guinea Bissau
Kenya
Mozambique
Liberia
Uganda
South Africa
Botswana
Ghana
Nigeria
Zambia
Median
% of Christians who favor making the Bible the official law of the land
% of Muslims who favor making sharia the official law of the land
Support for Implementing Religious Law
Q94a. And do you favor or oppose the following? Making the Bible the official law of the land in our country .
Q95a. And do you favor or oppose the following? Making sharia, or Islamic law, the official law of the land in our country .
% of Muslims saying use of violence against civilians can be often/sometimes justified
Justification of Violence in Defense of Religion
% of Christians saying use of violence against civilians can be often/sometimes justified
3
16
17
21
25
26
26
29
31
33
36
37
48
49
58
29
2
7
11
12
13
15
16
18
19
21
22
22
25
32
37
55
19
0 20 40 60 80 100
Tanzania
Senegal
Ethiopia
Mali
Cameroon
Nigeria
Mozambique
Uganda
Liberia
Chad
Ghana
Kenya
Guinea Bissau
Djibouti
DR Congo
Median
Tanzania
Ethiopia
Cameroon
Rwanda
DR Congo
Kenya
Zambia
South Africa
Nigeria
Ghana
Chad
Uganda
Mozambique
Liberia
Botswana
Guinea Bissau
Median
3
16
17
21
25
26
26
29
31
33
36
37
48
49
58
29
2
7
11
12
13
15
16
18
19
21
22
22
25
32
37
55
19
0 20 40 60 80 100
Tanzania
Senegal
Ethiopia
Mali
Cameroon
Nigeria
Mozambique
Uganda
Liberia
Chad
Ghana
Kenya
Guinea Bissau
Djibouti
DR Congo
Median
Tanzania
Ethiopia
Cameroon
Rwanda
DR Congo
Kenya
Zambia
South Africa
Nigeria
Ghana
Chad
Uganda
Mozambique
Liberia
Botswana
Guinea Bissau
Median
Q88 Some people think that the tactic of using arms and violence against civilians in defense of their religion is justified. Other people believe that, no matter what the reason, this kind of violence is never justified. How about you? Do you personally feel that the tactic of using arms and violence against civilians in defense of your religion can be often justified, sometimes justified, rarely justified or never justified?
11
13
16
17
18
20
22
23
23
26
27
28
35
38
41
23
12
13
16
20
20
22
23
28
28
30
34
34
37
43
47
48
28
0 20 40 60 80 100
Mali
Senegal
Nigeria
Mozambique
Ethiopia
Uganda
Kenya
Cameroon
Liberia
Djibouti
Tanzania
Ghana
Chad
DR Congo
Guinea Bissau
Median
Rwanda
Botswana
Ghana
Zambia
South Africa
Ethiopia
Nigeria
Mozambique
Cameroon
Uganda
Kenya
DR Congo
Liberia
Tanzania
Chad
Guinea Bissau
Median
11
13
16
17
18
20
22
23
23
26
27
28
35
38
41
23
12
13
16
20
20
22
23
28
28
30
34
34
37
43
47
48
28
0 20 40 60 80 100
Mali
Senegal
Nigeria
Mozambique
Ethiopia
Uganda
Kenya
Cameroon
Liberia
Djibouti
Tanzania
Ghana
Chad
DR Congo
Guinea Bissau
Median
Rwanda
Botswana
Ghana
Zambia
South Africa
Ethiopia
Nigeria
Mozambique
Cameroon
Uganda
Kenya
DR Congo
Liberia
Tanzania
Chad
Guinea Bissau
Median
% of Christians who say that most/many/all Muslims are hostile toward Christians
% of Muslims who say that most/many/all Christians are hostile toward Muslims
Perception of Hostility From Other Groups
In Their Country
Q91. In your opinion, how many Muslims in our country do you think are hostile toward Christians? Would you say most, many, just some, or very few?
Q90. In your opinion, how many Christians in our country do you think are hostile toward Muslims? Would you say most, many, just some, or very few?
Percentage Saying Democracy is Preferable
To Any Other Type of Government
Median results
Among general population in…
60
60
62
69
70
71
71
71
72
73
74
76
77
79
80
82
83
86
87
73
74
73
Mozambique
Congo DR
South Africa
Nigeria
Uganda
Chad
Cameroon
Djibouti
Mali
Zambia
Tanzania
Guinea Bissau
Liberia
Ethiopia
Kenya
Senegal
Botswana
Rwanda
Ghana
Muslims
Christians
Total
Q10. And which of these three statements is closest to your own opinion? 1 Democracy is preferable to any other kind of government. 2 In some circumstances, a nondemocratic government can be preferable. 3 For someone like me, it doesn’t matter what kind of government we have.
55
63
64
64
71
74
74
75
78
79
81
84
88
90
95
75
64
66
67
67
70
71
71
73
76
77
77
82
82
84
85
87
75
0 20 40 60 80 100
Djibouti
Kenya
Chad
DR Congo
Mali
Nigeria
Ethiopia
Liberia
Cameroon
Guinea Bissau
Uganda
Mozambique
Tanzania
Senegal
Ghana
Median
Chad
DR Congo
Nigeria
Kenya
Guinea Bissau
Cameroon
Botswana
South Africa
Ethiopia
Zambia
Liberia
Uganda
Mozambique
Tanzania
Rwanda
Ghana
Median
Q18. And in our country, how free are people from religions different than yours to practice their religion? Do you feel they are very free to practice their religion, somewhat free, not too free, or not at all free to practice their religion? Q19. And is this a good thing or a bad thing?
Believe Others Are “Very Free” To Practice Their Religion and Think This Is a Good Thing
55
63
64
64
71
74
74
75
78
79
81
84
88
90
95
75
64
66
67
67
70
71
71
73
76
77
77
82
82
84
85
87
75
0 20 40 60 80 100
Djibouti
Kenya
Chad
DR Congo
Mali
Nigeria
Ethiopia
Liberia
Cameroon
Guinea Bissau
Uganda
Mozambique
Tanzania
Senegal
Ghana
Median
Chad
DR Congo
Nigeria
Kenya
Guinea Bissau
Cameroon
Botswana
South Africa
Ethiopia
Zambia
Liberia
Uganda
Mozambique
Tanzania
Rwanda
Ghana
Median
Christians Muslims
Interfaith Efforts: Individual Level
Christians who say they have participated in inter-faith meetings with Muslims
Muslims who say they have participated in inter-faith meetings with Christians
Q68a. And do you ever participate in inter-faith religious groups, classes, or meetings with [Muslims] [Christians]?
17
22
22
23
30
30
32
40
42
43
55
55
57
30
12
13
25
26
27
27
33
40
41
46
48
54
27
0 20 40 60 80 100
Nigeria
Senegal
Cameroon
DR Congo
Ethiopia
Chad
Kenya
Guinea Bissau
Ghana
Tanzania
Uganda
Liberia
Mozambique
Median
Cameroon
DR Congo
Nigeria
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Kenya
Ghana
Chad
Guinea Bissau
Uganda
Mozambique
Liberia
Median
17
22
22
23
30
30
32
40
42
43
55
55
57
30
12
13
25
26
27
27
33
40
41
46
48
54
27
0 20 40 60 80 100
Nigeria
Senegal
Cameroon
DR Congo
Ethiopia
Chad
Kenya
Guinea Bissau
Ghana
Tanzania
Uganda
Liberia
Mozambique
Median
Cameroon
DR Congo
Nigeria
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Kenya
Ghana
Chad
Guinea Bissau
Uganda
Mozambique
Liberia
Median
www.pewforum.org
Islamic Modes of Engagement The Case of Niger
Sebastian Elischer, PhD
Leuphana University Lüneburg
German Institute of Global and Area Studies Hamburg
March 25, 2013
Organization of Islamic Associations
• Poorest Islamic country
• Between 1974 and 1991: Islamic Association of Niger (Association Islamique du Niger = AIN)
• Membership composed of Sufi brotherhoods
• Most brotherhoods part of the Tijaniyya order
• Since National Conference 1991: around 50 Islamic associations
Rise of Reformist Islam
• Izala Islam: Expansion since the early 1980s
• Nigerien expression of Wahhabism
• Rejection of secular democratic state
• Appeal to poor but also to wealthy merchants
• Influx of Boko Haram fighters in the South
• Influx of AQIM in the North
Modes of Engagement I
• Spiritual Level: Struggle between Tijaniyya and Izala
• Societal Level: Rise of Islamic Civil Society
• Ten Islamic associations claims to undertake development work
• Particularly visible in the education and health sector
• Examples: Africa Muslims Agency, World Assembly of Muslim Youth, Qatar Aid, Al Basar International Foundation
Al Basar International Foundation Africa Muslims Agency
Modes of Engagement II
• Political Level: No access to formal state institutions
• Visible political protest against secular order: • 1991: Protest against female participation at the National
Conference • 1992: Protest against secular constitution • 1993: Successful protest against a Family Code • 1994: Protest against anti-HIV campaigns • 1999: Protest against ratification of UN Convention on Ending All
Forms of Discrimination against Women • 1999: Protest against International Festival of African Fashion • 2003: Calls to boycott polio immunization campaigns • 2010: Protest against secular constitution
Islam in Africa: Trends and Policy Implications
Panel 2: Modes of Engagement
Religious engagement in service
delivery
Lynn Aylward
Global Health and Africa Assessing Faith Work and Research Priorities
• Study commissioned by the Tony Blair Faith Foundation
• Faith-based organizations carry out 30 to 70% of global health work
• But what do we actually know about:
o who, what, where, and how
o how effective they are
Faith-based Organizations
• Long history, basically sound motivation, and good reputation
• Faith adds fragmentation and not always benign
• But faith-based international development must be understood and leveraged
Comparison of Christian and Islamic FB Health Providers
Christian FB health providers
• Constitute 80% or more of FBOs
• Hierarchical structure lends itself to health work
• Active among non-Christian populations
• Government MOUs
• Many large and small NGOs
Islamic FB health providers
• Second largest group but a distant second: 10%?
• Traditionally less directly involved in health work
• Mostly active in Muslim regions
• Undercounted/overlooked
• Just a few large NGOs
Islam, International Development, and Engaging in Public Life
• An Islamic theory of international development?
• Approach to civil society
• The role of zakat
• Perceived threats
• Nonetheless, many positive examples
Faith and Health Collaborate More Than They Collide
• Nigeria polio anti-vaccination campaign
• HIV and AIDS stigma
• Faith-mediated behavior change communication
• Inter-faith initiatives
Case Studies of Muslim FBOs in Africa
• Mosque Societies of Egypt
• Muslim FBOs working on HIV and AIDs in Nigeria
• Associations of Muslim Women
Conclusions, Future Research, Questions
• Muslim FBOs do important health work and effective I.O.s work with them
• Need a body of solid, basic research on Muslim FBOs
• Given rapid change in health provision and religious activity in Africa, don’t focus on catch-up with Christian FBOs
• Can Muslim FBOs and US policy interests work better together?
