iscram summer school lecture prof. ralph morelli
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Lecture by Prof. Ralph Morelli from Trinity College, Hartford CT, on Free and Open Mobile Technologies for Crisis ResponseTRANSCRIPT
Free and Open
Mobile Technologies
for
Crisis Response
Ralph Morelli
Trinity College, Hartford, CT
http://www.hfoss.org
Slide: 5 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
The H-FOSS Summer Institute
Slide: 6 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Motivation
• David Patterson (ACM) Nov. 2005, (post Katrina):
Let’s help our neighbors!
• David Patterson (ACM) Mar. 2006:
Join the open-source movement!
• Our Question:
Will students building software for the
community help revitalize computing
education?
Slide: 7 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
NSF/CPATH Grant
• CPATH: Revitalizing Undergraduate Computing
Education.
• Trinity, Connecticut College, Wesleyan.
• Getting students involved in building open
source software to help society through:
– Video conference courses.
– Summer internship program 2008/9.
– National and regional workshops for faculty.
– HFOSS Chapter program.
– HFOSS Certificate program.
Slide: 8 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Portable/Sustainable Partnership
Computing
Departments
• Teach computing
• Build FOSS
• Gain skills and
opportunities
IT Corporations• Host interns
• Fund and advertise
• Volunteer expertise
• Recruit students
Humanitarian
Community
• Acquire software.
• Host interns
• Teach volunteerism
The Humanitarian
FOSS
Project
Slide: 9 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Sahana Volunteer Mgmt Module
Slide: 10 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Medical Record System
• OpenMRS: Electronic medical record system for
developing countries.
• Deployments: Rwanda, Kenya, South Africa, …
• Initiated by Paul Farmer of Partners in Health and the
Regenstrief Institute.
• Supported by WHO, CDC, Clinton Foundation,…
• Our contributions
– Touchscreen module and toolkit (Summer 07)
– Image Manipulation Module (Summer 08)
– Remarks (post-it notes) module (Summer 09)
Slide: 11 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT/ Android
Portable Open Search and Identification Tool
Outline
! Part I: Free and open source software! FOSS history and principles.! Why is FOSS important for humanitarian response.
! Part II: Mobile technologies for Crisis Response! Mobile phones, SMS, smartphones.! Examples of professional and citizen uses
! Part III: Case studies! RapidSMS! POSIT/Android (hands-on demo)
! Part IV: Programming the Android phone? (after
class)! Hello World Exercise
Slide: 13 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Free and Open Source Software
!"#$%&’()*+#,- .,#,-*#/%0)*&#+10*#+* 21(+*’#,-.,# (3#"#0(4*#.#5+%/+.6#"#6 1’,#’-.+*#(,#7 (,- #%,-* +#5*%50*#7-%#0(4*#(,8#"#$.&&%,#(&#/%%)#$%&’$(*&$*#’ (/&#.#&%&)(’$0%’1+*#./+**6*&,#%+#.#’%3,7.+*#0($*&’*#./+**6*&,8
888"96#0%%4(&/#3%+#5*%50*#3%+#7-%6#4&%7(&/#,- *:# .+* #-*05(&/#- 16. &(,:#(’#.’#(6 5%+,.&,#.’#6%&*: ;8##<#=($-.+ ) #>,.006.&?#@ABC
Slide: 14 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
FOSS is freedom to …
• … run the program.
• … study how the program works.
• … share copies with your neighbor.
• … improve the program to benefit the community.
"Free software" is a matter of liberty, not price. Tounderstand the concept, you should think of "free" as in "free speech," not as in "free beer."
(Richard Stallman, The Free Software Definition)
www.fsf.org
Slide: 15 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Linux ...
• … is the kernel of GNU/Linux.
• … started as a hobby project in 1991.
• … a community of 1000s of developers.
• … 370 Mb of code under GNU/GPL license.
• … distributed by projects (Debian) and companies (Fedora
RedHat)
Hello everybody out there using minix - I'mdoing a (free) operating system (just ahobby, won't be big and professional likegnu) ...
(Linus Torvald, Usenet post, 1991)
Slide: 16 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
FOSS development is ...
• … based on the community (bazaar) model.
• … open and transparent.
• … a meritocracy based on peer review.
• … closely tied to the user community.
• … release early and often philosophy.
Every good work of software starts byscratching a developer's personal itch.
(Eric Steven Raymond, The Cathedraland the Bazaar)
Slide: 17 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
FOSS products are protected...
• … by free and open licenses.
• … First: GPL (GNU General Public License)
• … 60+ licenses on Open Source Institute.
• … 80+ licenses listed by FSF.
• … creative commons license.
www.opensource.org
The strategic marketing paradigm of open source isa massively parallel drunkard's walk filtered by aDarwinistic process.
(Bruce Perens, The Emerging Economic Paradigmof Open Source, 2006)
Slide: 18 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
FOSS Licenses
Permissive – software can become proprietary.
Strongly protective – software cannot become proprietary.
Weakly protective – software component cannot become
proprietary but can be part of a proprietary system.
Source: David Wheeler, The F/LOSS Slide, 2007.
Slide: 19 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Many Large Successful Projects
GNU/Linux Mozilla Firefox
Apache
MySQL
Companies
Supporting
FOSS
Slide: 20 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Market Share - Million Busiest Sites
Source: http://news.netcraft.com (March, 2009)
Slide: 21 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Humanitarian FOSS
• Free and open source software for the general public good.
• Software that promotes human welfare and human rights.
• Recognized by Free Software Foundation (“help thy neighbor”)
• Advantages of FOSS:
• No discrimination on access.
• Transparency of the code and the project.
• Shared use and development.
• Adaptability and local control.
H-FOSS Example: DataDyne EpiSurveyor Project
Video: DataDyne Wireless EpiSurveyor
http://www.youtube.com/v/rI3ED6-jU0Q (1:30)
! UN + Vodaphone collaboration.! Form-based, data gathering FOSS for mobile phones.! Originally PDA-based; now web-based (beta).
Prior to the use of EpiSurveyor, handheld data collection was gathered using
commercial software that required expensive consultant programmers every time a
new form was needed, or an old form needed to be modified. Now, with support
from the United Nations Foundation and Vodafone Group Foundation, and in
partnership with the UN World Health Organization and national governments,
EpiSurveyor is putting effective health data-
gathering tools in the hands of country health
officials.-- Joel Selanikio, MD, co-founder of DataDyne.org, July 2007
Example: H-FOSS as a Development Tool
! Report from the a UN official:
Designed to facilitate the supervision of health data in public clinics using handheld
computers, the initiative broke ground when country officials modified the open source
EpiSurveyor data-gathering software to meet other public health needs as they arose.
In Kenya health officials modified EpiSurveyor to investigate and contain a polio
outbreak, and in Zambia health officials modified the software to conduct a post-
measles-immunization campaign coverage survey to identify which children had not
been vaccinated. Because the EpiSurveyor application is open
source, its application was owned and controlled entirely
by WHO and country health officials without depending on
outside consultants.
Why H-FOSS Matters for Developing Countries
! Richard Stallman, United Nations, World Summit
on the Information Society Conference, Tunisia,
November 2005! See 7:15 –9:30 minutes
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/051118-WSIS.2005-
Richard.Stallman.ogg
Mobile Technologies
A pager for emergency services.
Satellite
telephony
1940: Motorola SCR536
St. Louis, MO:
June 17, 1946
Mexico City Earthquake 1985
Sabrina, 1954
Mobile Phones and Smartphones
=+
Wireless Technology: Cellular Service
! 1946: Hexagonal cells proposed at Bell
labs.! No technology or frequencies.
! 1960s: Cellular electronics developed.
! 1970: Cell handoff algorithm.
Wireless Technology: AMPS
Wireless Technology: Mobile Phone Coverage
Wireless Technology: Mobile Telephony in the South
Hemisphere
! “Leap frog technology” –
more mobile than land lines.
! By 2012, 1 billion more.
! SMS is everywhere.
! Web is spreading to phones.
Wireless Technology: Short Message Service (SMS)
! Defined as a GSM standard in
1985
! First messages in 1992.
! 160 7-bit characters / message.
! Supported by other mobile
technologies as well as
satellites, landlines.
! World's most widely used data
application.
! 2005: 1 trillion messages
(2/p/d)
! 2006: $35 billion industry
! $0.11/msg for practically 0 cost
Mobile FOSS Examples
Example: Mobile phones in disaster management
Mobileactive08: Mobiles & Disaster Relief
http://www.youtube.com/v/UADazvwM4-8
! MobileActive.org – Global network of people using mobile
phones for social impact.
! Goal: Increase the effectiveness of NGOs in communication,
organizing, service, and information.
! Interactive database on world wide mobile date – usage,
rates, adoption: http://mobileactive.org/mobiledata
Crisis Mapping Then: GDACS
Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System provides
near real-time alerts about disasters.
Crisis Mapping Then: ReliefWeb
• Documents and Maps on humanitarian emergencies and
disasters.
• UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
• 3 million hits / day following Asian Tsunami
• 300,000 maps and documents
Crowdsourcing Now:
! Ushahidi (Swahili for testimony): Started mapping reports
of violence following the 2008 Kenya election.
! Premise: Gathering and mapping crisis information from
citizens can provide real time insights.
! Citizen journalism.
! Ushahidi Engine: Allows citizens to gather and map reports
by mobile phone, email and the web.
! Free and open source.
! Pluggable, extensible web architecture.
! Volunteer effort: Kenya, South Africa, Uganda,
Malawi,Ghana, the Netherlands, U.S.
! Partners: FrontlineSMS, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative,
Peace
Example: Ushahidi
Erik's TED talk on Ushahidi
(Crowdsourced Filtering to avoid Info Overload)
http://blog.ushahidi.com/index.php/2009/05/01/eriks-ted-talk-on-ushahidi/
Software: Frontline SMS
! FOSS that turns a laptop into
an SMS communication hub.
! Works with GSM phones and
existing plans.
! Attach a phone and SIM card
and pay per message.
Source: http://www.frontlinesms.com/
Software: Slingshot SMS
! Lightweight SMS gateway.
! Runs on laptop or USB stick.
! Mac, Windows, Linux.
! Interfaces with applications.
Source: http://developmentseed.org/
Slide: 40 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Case Study: RapidResponse in Malawi
• Health platform based on
RapidSMS
• The Earth Institute and
UNICEF Innovation Group for
the Millenium Villages Project.
• Use SMS to facilitate and
coordinate field-based health
providers.
• UNICEF Malawi and UNICEF
Innovations, Using Mobile
Phones to Improve Child
Nutrition Surveillance in
Malawi, June 2009.
• Cellphone coverage: Small (4.6%)
but growing rapidly (51%
growth,2006-7) (Source: Kinkade
and Verclas. Wireless Technology
for Social Change: Trends in Mobile
Use by NGOs. Washington, DC:
United Nations Foundation, 2008.)
Slide: 41 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
RapidResponse: Information Flow
Slide: 42 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
RapidResponse: Paper to SMS
Slide: 43 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
RapidResponse: Data Entry &
Aggregation
Slide: 44 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
RapidResponse: Analysis
Slide: 45 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
RapidResponse: Findings
• Reduced delays in data transmission.
• Improved data quality.
• Reduced manpower needs for data entry and
analysis.
• Reduced patient dropout rates.
• Improved reporting rates.
Slide: 46 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
RapidResponse: Challenges
• RapidSMS technical issues
• User interface and reporting upgrades.
• Better mechanism for data representation.
• System for sending free form messages.
• Networks and electricity.
• Cost of sending messages (toll-free??)
• Delays and coverage.
• Need for uninterrupted power supply (UPS).
• Need for national internet access.
• Social/political issues.
• Government buy-in, training, education.
Slide: 47 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Random Walk Gossip (RWG)
Vector in message keeps track of informed nodes:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 11 1 1 1 1 1
REQF
ACK
ACKACK
A B C D
OKTF
REQF
Randomly
choose
a
neighbor.
Slide: 48 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Research Questions
• How can this work for emergency management?
– Pilot: Somalia emergency response monitoring (July
09).
– Using RapidSMS to submit emergency monitoring
checklist data.
• Can smartphones be used to improve the
amount and type of information transmitted?
Slide: 49 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Case Study and Demo: POSIT/ Android
Slide: 50 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
What is Android?
• Linux-based mobile operating system.
• Java-based SDK
• Free & open source (Apache 2.0)
• Allows proprietary extensions
• Complaint: SDK not completely FOSS
• Complaint: Specialized Java
• Supported by the Open Handset Alliance
• Released in November 2007
• HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1), Oct 2008
• Today: 3 HTC models, Samsung 17500,
Qigi i6 (China)
• Forthcoming: 18 new models by 12/09.
Slide: 51 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Open Handset Alliance
Slide: 52 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Android Features
Slide: 53 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Mobile & Smartphone Market Share
Gartner: In 2Q-09 worldwide sales of mobile phones declined by
6% over 2Q-08 but sales of smartphones increased by 27%.
Slide: 54 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Android Market
Android Market (10/2008): March 2009: 2300 Apps, 2/3 free.
July 2009: 5000 Apps.
iPhone Market (6/2007): Sep 2008, 100m downloads, 3000
Apps, 1/5 free
AdMob, June 2009June 2009
Android Architecture
Slide: 56 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Rapid Android – RapidSMS for the
Android
• A port for RapidSMS for
the Android platform.
• Unicef and Dimagi.
• Proof-of-concept search
and rescue
implementation.
• Distribution and follow-
up of bed nets to combat
malaria.
Slide: 57 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Moca – Portable medical diagnostics
platform
• Remote medical
diagnostics platform.
• Interfaces with OpenMRS.
• MIT project.
• Connects remote health-
care workers with
hospitals and medical
professionals.
Slide: 58 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT – Portable Open Search and
Identification Tool
Customizable data gathering and
communication tool.
Proof-of-concept search and
rescue implementation.
Data: GPS, clock, text, audio,
video, images, bar codes.
Communication channels: WiFi,
802.11, GSM telephony, ad-hoc
networking.
On-phone storage: SQLite Db.
Slide: 59 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT – Communication System Architecture
• GPS
enabled
phones
running
POSIT
• GPRS, SMS over GSM
• WiFi over 802.11 b/g
• AdHoc / RWG over 802.11
• AdHoc - RWG over 802.11
Slide: 60 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT – Communication channels
Data-rich finds can be
transmitted between phones
and Server.
Telephony: 2G or 3G
depending on provider and
infrastructure.
WiFi: Depending on situation
and infrastructure.
Ad-hoc: Experimental ad-hoc
network can transmit limited
data among phones and
server.
Slide: 61 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT – System Architecture
Slide: 62 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT – Walkthrough
• Download POSIT by reading a QR code using the
phone's bar code reader.
Slide: 63 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT – Walkthrough
• Register the phone with a “mission” by scanning
a QR code.
Slide: 64 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT – Walkthrough
• Customizable forms interface can be used to
input data about the find.
Slide: 65 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT – Walkthrough
• Finds can be displayed as a list or on a map.
Slide: 66 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT – Walkthrough
• The server provides a command and control interface
where finds can be listed, mapped, analyzed.
Slide: 67 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT – Coverage Tracking
• The phones report their search paths to the sever to
help guide search coverage.
Slide: 68 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT – Walkthrough
• Phones can communicate in ad-hoc, manycast
mode when infrastructure is missing.
Slide: 69 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Ad-hoc networking
Disaster areas: cell towers, infrastructure destroyed
Phones talk to each other directly
Slide: 70 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Random Walk Gossip (RWG)
A B
C
D
E
F
• A low-power, partition-tolerant, manycast
protocol for disaster area networks.
• Collaborative project with Real-time Systems
Laboratory, Linköping University, Sweden
– PI: Simin Nadjm-Tehrani
– Students: Mikael Asplund, Gustav Niqvist
Slide: 71 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
Random Walk Gossip (RWG)
• Reach at least N nodes.
• Be energy-efficient.
• Be partition tolerant.
• Require little or no knowledge of system.
• Have reasonable latency.
• Active phase: messages spread using random
walk, ensuring progress but avoiding flooding.
• Inactive phase: messages wait in nodes for
uninformed neighbors to appear.
Slide: 72 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT Demo Script
Part I: Basic functionality
• Download POSIT App (w/ RWG)
• http://posit.hfoss.org/?=
• Start POSIT
• Register with Server (@Trinity College)
• Server: http://posit.hfoss.org/demo/web/settings
• Username: [email protected], Password: iscramdemo
• Register with 'Unexploded Ordinance' Project
• Use POSIT to identify Finds
• Photo, Text, GPS, Timestamp
• Synchronize w/ Server
• Point: All phones have a common set of finds
• Display finds on the Map
Slide: 73 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT Demo Script
Part II: Ad-hoc networking mode
• Start RWG Activity Ad-hoc Mode
• Record new find
• Should send to other phones w/o Server
• Turn off the server
Slide: 74 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
POSIT Strengths and Limitations
• Limitations
– Not (yet) many Android platforms.
– Doesn't use SMS.
– Lacks a use case client.
• Strengths
– Free and open source.
– Accessible to Android-supported devices.
– Customizable and extensible.
• Research questions/projects.
– Develop and field test for a specific application.
• EG: Sahana, OpenMRS
– Rich data vs. SMS.
Slide: 75 ISCRAM—Summer Seminar Tilburg University, August 24, 2009
What are the research questions??
What are the development issues?