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Copyright © 2017 by Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences ISBN: 978-979-8163-25-8 Lake Ecosystem Health and Its Resilience: Diversity and Risks of Extinction PROCEEDINGS of the 16th World Lake Conference Editors: Miratul Maghfiroh, Aan Dianto, Taofik Jasalesmana, Irma Melati, Octavianto Samir, Riky Kurniawan Published by: Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences

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List of reviewers: Gadis Sri Haryani Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Masahisa Nakamura ILEC - Japan Mashhor Mansoor Faculty Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)

I Nyoman Suryadiputra Wetlands International Indonesia (WII) Hidayat Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Cynthia Henny Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Syahroma Husni Nasution Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Lukman Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati Diponegoro University, Indonesia Hidayat Pawitan Bogor Agriculture University, Indonesia Nofdianto Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Lennie Santos-Borja Laguna Lake Development Authority, Philippines

Yustiawati Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Tjandra Chrismadha Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia M. Fakhrudin Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Jens Kallmeyer GFZ Potsdam, Germany Sulastri Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Djamhuriyah S. Said Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Ajit Pattnaik International Steering Committee - Ramsar Center, Japan Luki Subehi Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Gunawan Pratama Yoga Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Anurak Sriariyawat Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Kosuke Mizuno CSEAS – Kyoto University, Japan Livia R. Tanjung Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Sekar Larashati Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Hadiid Agita Rustini Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Wan Maznah Wan Omar Faculty Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)

Arianto Budi Santoso Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Iwan Ridwansyah Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Apip Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia; Asia Pacific Center for Ecohydrology (APCE)

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Scientific Program Committee A. Indonesian Scientific Advisory Board Chair Person: Prof. Gadis Sri Haryani [Indonesia] Co-chair: Dr. Ignatius D.A. Sutapa [Indonesia] Members: Prof. Hery Harjono [Indonesia] Prof. Robert Delinom [ndonesia] Prof. Hidayat Pawitan [Indonesia] Prof. Takehiko Fukushima [Japan] Prof. Yasuyuki Kono [Japan] Prof. Sin-ichi Nakano [Japan] Prof. Sucharit Koontanakulvong [Thailand] Prof. Wan Maznah[Malaysia] Prof. Kwansue Jung [South Korea] Dr. Tri Widiyanto [Indonesia] Dr. Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati [Indonesia]

Dr. Theo Ebbers [Germany] Mr. Nyoman Suryadiputra [Indonesia] B. ILEC Scientific Committee Chair Person: Prof. Walter Rast [USA] Ex-Chair Person: Prof. Masahisa Nakamura [Japan] Members: Prof. Sandra Azevedo [Brazil] Prof. Salif Diop [Senegal] Dr. Zhengyu Hu [China] Prof. Daniel Olago [Kenya] Dr. Ajit Kumar Pattnaik [India] Ms. Adelina Santos-Borja [Philippines] Prof. Yoshihisa Shimizu [Japan] Dr. Juan Skinner [Guatemala] Prof. Tsugihiro Watanabe [Japan]

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Local Organizing Committee Chair person: Mr. Hermono Sigit

Dr. Fauzan Ali Mr. Imam Santoso Vice chair: Dr. Luki Subehi Mr Bob A. Lombogia Mr. Djadid Secretary general: Ms. Ivana Yuniarti Ms. Yasue Hagihara

Members: Dr. Sekar Larashati Dr. Gunawan Pratama Yoga Ms. Fachmijany Sulawesty Mr. Syamsuhari Ms. Hadiid Agita Rustini Ms. Yovita Lambang Isti Ms. Inge Retnowati Mr. Ali Cahyadi Ms. Miratul Maghfiroh Ms. Meti Yulianti Mr. Octavianto Samir Mr. Taofik Jasalesmana Mr. Aan Dianto Ms. Irma Melati Mr. Riky Kurniawan

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Foreword

Water, along with air, has always been the basic part of human’s life. Among the water bodies, lakes are of severe impacted ecosystems despite its importance to the surroundings. Lakes confer numerous functional roles that may include defense over flood, recharge and storage of groundwater, biodiversity hot spot and the social economic services. Unfortunately, the alarming signals of lakes being under stress are underway. Contamination and pollution, sedimentation, wetland habitat degradation, alien species invasion, and other anthropogenic activities may have been the major stressors often associated with lake’s deterioration. Since the issues on lake’s deterioration have been globally emerged, a collected commitment should be engaged to supporting lake sustainability. The World Lake Conference comes forward as an international forum serving to bridge communication among multi-sectoral parties towards sustainable management in lakes and basins. The 16th World Lake Conference, held from Nov 7th to 11th 2016 in Bali, Indonesia, invited distinguished keynote speakers around the globe; Prof. Takehiko Fukushima from University of Tsukuba, Prof. David Hamilton from GLEON, Prof. Walter Rast from ILEC Japan, Prof. Soontak Lee from IHP UNESCO, Dr. Fauzan Ali (Director of Research Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences) and Mr. Alue Dohong from Peatland Restoration Agency (Indonesia). It was also delightful that we had Governor Mikazuki from Shiga Prefectural Government (Japan) and Governor Hashimoto from Ibaraki Prefectural Government (Japan) to deliver their speeches. The conference had also been completed nicely by the release of Bali Declaration. Another significant output of the conference is the publication of proceedings. The total papers reviewed and compiled in these proceedings are 83 which were broken up into several thematic sections. The sections comprise (1) climate change and water crisis (2) lake environment under stress and their restoration challenges (3) lake and lake basin management and policies (4) multiple water use purposes (5) water education, ecotourism, culture (6) database and knowledgebase systems, informatics and monitoring technologies (7) biodiversity and conservation (8) ecotechnology and ecohydrology (9) manmade lakes (10) limnology and limnological science fundamentals. Lastly, we acknowledge the creditable efforts and dedications that editors, reviewers and the proceeding team have been put forward. July 2017 Prof. Gadis Sri Haryani Chairperson of Scientific Advisory Board

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Table of contents

Topic 1. Climate change and water crisis .................................................................... 1

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON NATURAL RESOURCES AND COMMUNITIES: A GEOSPATIAL

APPROACH FOR MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................. 1 R.N. Samal, A. Ojha, P.K. Mohan, J. Rout .................................................................................................. 1

Topic 2. Lake environment under stress and their restoration challenges................12

THE INCREASE OF FLOATING NET CAGES, AQUACULTURE AREA AND WATER QUALITY IN

MANINJAU LAKE, WEST SUMATERA-INDONESIA ................................................................. 12 Hafrijal Syandri, Junaidi, Ainul Mardiah, and Azrita .................................................................................... 12

BIO-ACCUMULATION OF MERCURY IN LAKE TALIWANG, WEST NUSA TENGGARA: IMPACT

OF TRADITIONAL GOLD MINING ........................................................................................... 19 Suwarno Hadisusanto, Dwinda Mariska Putri, Dini Dwi Amanda ................................................................. 19

INCREASING HUMAN-ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES ON CITARUM BASIN IN THE PAST

DECADES ............................................................................................................................. 23 Eka Fibriantika, Hidayat Pawitan, Robert Delinom ..................................................................................... 23

HEAVY METALS CONTENT OF SEDIMENT AND MOLLUSC IN LAKE MANINJAU, WEST

SUMATERA ........................................................................................................................... 31 Sigid Hariyadi, Muhamad Suhaemi Syawal, Yusli Wardiatno ...................................................................... 31

CHALLENGES IN THE RESTORATION OF LAKE MANINJAU: BRIDGING ACTORS’ INTERESTS

FOR SUSTAINABILITY ........................................................................................................... 38 Putu Oktavia, Uly Faoziyah ..................................................................................................................... 38

TRANSFORMATION OF ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES DUE TO THE LAKES RECOVERY

PROGRAMS .......................................................................................................................... 47 Olga Derevenskaya, Nafisa Mingazova .................................................................................................... 47

CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE DURING PERIODS OF

ACTIVE GROWTH .................................................................................................................. 53 Ikuyo Makino, Yuji Yahagi, Takahiro Nakayama and Atsushi Kobayashi ...................................................... 53

TROPHIC AND POLLUTION STATUS OF JAWAHAR SAGAR IN SOUTHERN RAJASTHAN, INDIA

BASED ON WATER QUALITY AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNA....................................... 59 N. Sarang, L. L. Sharma and H. K. Vardia ................................................................................................ 59

Topic 3. Lake and lake basin management and policies ............................................70

STRATEGY FOR CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF URBAN LAKES IN MUMBAI ......... 70 Pramod Salaskar; E.V. Muley .................................................................................................................. 70

POTENTIAL TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION IN

RIVER BASIN SCALE WATER MANAGEMENT ........................................................................ 77 Tiina Nõges, Peeter Nõges ..................................................................................................................... 77

PEOPLE’S ACTIVITIES IN LAKE DANAO, PACIJAN ISLAND, CEBU, PHILIPPINES ................... 84 Serapion N. Tanduyan, Genes M. Pasaje, Ricardo B. Gonzaga, Wilfredo G. Anoos, Homer Gaciano, Norberto

B. Andrade, Eva P. Muaña, Gabriel T. Muaña, Leif Erickson Tampus, Jonar Gonzales, Berenice T. Andriano,

Lorenzo B. Andriano and Aderito Gonzales II ............................................................................................ 84

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EFFORTS TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY IN LAKE KASUMIGAURA BY IBARAKI

PREFECTURAL GOVERNMENT ............................................................................................. 97 Kunika Soma, Tatsumi Kitamura, Takeshi Ouchi, Takuo Nemezawa, Hiroyuki Kashimura, Yoshinao Nakazawa

and Mieko Kuwana ................................................................................................................................. 97

THE GOVERNANCE OF LAKE RAWAPENING: AN INTERORGANIZATIONAL NETWORK

ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 101 Evi Irawan ............................................................................................................................................ 101

CAGE CULTURE AND LAKE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN LAKE DANAO, SAN FRANCISCO,

CENTRAL PHILIPPINES ....................................................................................................... 109 Serapion N. Tanduyan, Berenice T. Andriano and Ricardo B. Gonzaga ...................................................... 109

IDENTIFICATION OF LAKE SENTARUM'S POTENTIAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, SOCIAL AND

INSTITUTIONAL PROFILES TO SUPPORT ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT (A REVIEW PAPER)

........................................................................................................................................... 117 Ivana Yuniarti........................................................................................................................................ 117

CONFIGURATION OF LAKE TOBA MANAGEMENT BASED ON PRESIDENTIAL REGULATION

NO. 81/2014 ......................................................................................................................... 123 Lukman ................................................................................................................................................ 123

PROMOTING INTEGRATED LAKE BASIN MANAGEMENT IN LAKE NAKURU WATERSHED,

KENYA ................................................................................................................................ 130 Jackson Akama Raini, Richard Kipsang Rop, Timothy Murithi Kiogora ....................................................... 130

STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATORY ROLE IN MALAYSIAN ILBM INITIATIVES RESEARCH

PERSPECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 136 Zati Sharip, Saim Suratman ................................................................................................................... 136

Topic 4. Multiple water use purposes ......................................................................143

MOBILE DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT (TYPE IG5M30) FOR DISASTER EMERGENCY

RESPONSE ......................................................................................................................... 143 Ignasius D.A. Sutapa, Eka Prihatinningtyas, Eva Nafisyah and Hasan Fauzi ............................................... 143

Topic 5. Water education, ecotourism, culture .......................................................150

PRACTICE OF WATER ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN KASUMIGAURA WATERSHED BY

TSUCHIURA CITY ................................................................................................................ 150 Hiroki Nagamine, Takashi Fujiwara, Kazuhiro Mizuta ................................................................................ 150

POTENTIAL IDENTIFICATION OF FLORA AND FAUNA LAKE BUYAN AS BASIS FOR TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY BASED ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS ........................................ 160 I Wayan Restu, Gde Raka Angga Kartika, Made Ayu Pratiwi ..................................................................... 160

Topic 6. Database and knowledgebase systems, informatics and monitoring technologies ............................................................................................................167

SWAT APPLICATION TO ASSESS DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION EFFECTS ON WATER QUALITY

IN AN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED .................................................................................. 167 Seiko Yoshikawa, Kazunori Kohyama, Yuta Shimizu, Saeko Yada, Kei Asada, Sunao Itahashi, Yasuhiro

Nakajima, Sadao Eguchi ........................................................................................................................ 167

ESTIMATING LAKE EXTENT AND WATER VOLUME OF FLOODPLAIN LAKES OF KALIMANTAN

USING RADAR IMAGES ....................................................................................................... 178 H. Hidayat, D.H. Hoekman, A.J. Teuling, G.S. Haryani, A.J.F. Hoitink ........................................................ 178

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SELF ORGANIZING MAP (SOM) AS CLUSTER MODELLING TOOL OF ALGAL BLOOMS RISK IN

MANINJAU LAKE ................................................................................................................ 184 Yuli Sudriani and Astried Sunaryani ........................................................................................................ 184

A LAND COVER MAP ACCURACY METRIC FOR HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES ......................... 191 Brian Alan Johnson, Isao Endo, Akio Onishi, Milben Bragais, Damasa B. Magcale-Macandog, Emily Skeehan

........................................................................................................................................................... 191

INVESTIGATION ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAND COVER AND WATER QUALITY

CHANGES IN LAGUNA DE BAY, THE PHILIPPINES, OVER THE 2007-2015 PERIODS ............ 196 Isao Endo, Brian Johnson, Emily Skeehan ............................................................................................... 196

ASSESSMENT OF HYDROLOGIC ALTERATION WITHIN ECOSYSTEM IN A SAHALIAN

SHALLOW LAKE: LAKE GUIERS, SENEGAL ........................................................................ 200 Sambou Djiby, Diekkrüger Bernd, Gaye Adama, Gaye Amadou Thierno .................................................... 200

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECTRAL OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND OPTICALLY ACTIVE

SUBSTANCES (SUSPENDED MATTER) IN LAKE MANINJAU ................................................ 217 Fifia Zulti, Taofik Jasalesmana, and Tri Suryono ...................................................................................... 217

LAND USE CHANGE ANALYSIS AT SENTARUM CATCHMENT AREA, WEST KALIMANTAN-

INDONESIA ......................................................................................................................... 222 Iwan Ridwansyah, Kenlo Nasahara and Chikako Nishiyama, Luki Subehi ................................................... 222

A CASE STUDY ON SIMPLE FLOODS OBSERVATION AND MAPPING SYSTEM BY IMAGE

INFORMATION .................................................................................................................... 232 Kiyoto Kurokawa ................................................................................................................................... 232

DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL PREDICTION MODEL TO IMPROVE LAKE WATER QUALITY

MANAGEMENT IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA ................................................................... 240 Bashirah Fazli, Aziz Shafie, Azuhan Mohamed, Nasehir Khan E.M. Yahaya, Suriyani Awang, Azman Mat Jusoh,

Normaliza Noordin and Pauziah Hanum Abdul Ghani ............................................................................... 240

Topic 7. Biodiversity and conservation ...................................................................248

HABITATS CHARACTERIZATION FOR IHAN (Neolissochilus sp.) CONSERVATION PLANNING

AROUND LAKE TOBA, NORTH SUMATERA, INDONESIA ..................................................... 248 Sekar Larashati, Iwan Ridwansyah ......................................................................................................... 248

AVIFAUNAL AND RIPARIAN VEGETATION COMPOSITION IN AND AROUND THE MUSEUM

LAKE IN GOVERNMENT ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN THIRUVANANTHAPURAM, KERALA INDIA 258 Anila. P. Ajayan, Ajit Kumar K G, Anoop Rajamony, Prasannan Krishnankutty, Ravinesh Raveendran .......... 258

FISH DIVERSITY OF THE SINGKARAK LAKE, INDONESIA: PRESENT STATUS AND

CONSERVATION NEEDS ..................................................................................................... 270 Ainul Mardiah, Azrita and Hafrijal Syandri ................................................................................................ 270

THE FISH COMMUNITIES OF ABKHAZIAN LAKES ................................................................ 276 Nail Nazarov, R. Mingaliev, Y. Badretdinova, N. Mingazova, R. Dbar, R. Zamaletdinov ................................ 276

EFFECT OF SEASONAL CHANGES ON SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS

IN TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) IN LAKE BATUR ........................................................... 279 Endang Wulandari Suryaningtyas, Devi Ulinuha ....................................................................................... 279

FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY USING GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS IN Glossogobius giuris

(HAMILTON, 1822) FROM LAGUNA LAKE, PHILIPPINES ....................................................... 284 Lorenz J. Fajardo, Ma. Vivian C. Camacho and Pablo P. Ocampo ............................................................. 284

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EARLY DETECTION OF ICHTHYOFAUNA ALIEN SPECIES AT GAJAH MUNGKUR RESERVOIR,

WONOGIRI, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA ............................................................................ 293 Rikho Jerikho ........................................................................................................................................ 293

FECUNDITY OF THREE SPOT GOURAMI (Trichopodus trichopterus PALLAS) IN LAKE LANAO,

LANAO DEL SUR ................................................................................................................. 296 Maida A. Atomar and Nazma D. Eza ....................................................................................................... 296

GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS OF Puntius tumba TAKEN FROM SELECTED RIVERS OF LANAO

DEL SUR, PHILIPPINES ....................................................................................................... 305 Aynie S. Mohammad, Husna A. Dimapalao ............................................................................................. 305

EFFECTS OF QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF WATER ON MACROINVERTEBRATES IN

TEMPORARY STREAM AT HARIPHUNCHAI EDUCATION CENTRE, THAILAND ..................... 314 Kitti Moolla and Decha Thapanya ............................................................................................................ 314

THE COMPOSITION OF A BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY IN HANJALUTUNG

OXBOW-LAKE: AN ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 320 Imroatushshoolikhah, Jojok Sudarso, Yustiawati, Laelasari ....................................................................... 320

PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY AT LITTORAL ZONES OF LAKE MATANO IN RELATIONSHIP

TO WATER QUALITY ........................................................................................................... 328 Fachmijany Sulawesty ........................................................................................................................... 328

EVALUATION OF GENETIC RELATIONSHIP AMONG SELECT SIX FISH SPECIES USING THE

PARTIAL FRAGMENT OF MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE SUBUNIT-1GENE (CO1)

........................................................................................................................................... 337 Arif Wibowo and Tuah Nanda Merlia ....................................................................................................... 337

BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION OF ENDEMIC FISH SPECIES IN SOME LAKES OF

SULAWESI .......................................................................................................................... 341 Syahroma Husni Nasution ...................................................................................................................... 341

OCCURRENCE OF WATER-BORNE BACTERIAL PATHOGEN, Aeromonas sp., IN LAKE

MATANO, INDONESIA ......................................................................................................... 347 Miratul Maghfiroh, Eva Nafisyah, Nina Hermayani Sadi ............................................................................. 347

Topic 8. Ecotechnology and ecohydrology ..............................................................352

LAKE RESTORATION IN INDONESIA: A RISK BASED ECOHYDROLOGY APPROACH........... 352 Gadis Sri Haryani .................................................................................................................................. 352

ECO-FRIENDLY LARGE-SCALE TESTS TO REDUCE PHOSPHORUS IN RIVER WATER BY

ELUTING IRON ION SYSTEM ............................................................................................... 360 Naozo Fukuda, Toshiya Akasaki, Mikio Sugimoto, Kenkichi Maruyama, Tomohiro Ichikawa, Shigeru Endo,

Takeharu Konami .................................................................................................................................. 360

RESTORING INDONESIAN LAKE BUFFER ZONES USING NATIVE PLANT SPECIES ............. 366 Susi Abdiyani and Evi Irawan ................................................................................................................. 366

ECOHYDROLOGY MANAGEMENT OF LAKE AND WETLAND IN PUTRAJAYA URBAN

ECOSYSTEM ....................................................................................................................... 375 Normaliza Noordin, Akashah Majizat, Zati Sharip, Ahmad Zubir Sapian ...................................................... 375

INTEGRATED MULTI TROPHIC AQUACULTURE AS SAFE ENVIRONMENT FOR FISH

PRODUCTION IN SMALL RESERVOIRS ............................................................................... 388 Djamhuriyah S. Said, Tjandra Chrismadha, Triyanto ................................................................................. 388

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A NEW METHOD TO ESTIMATE CONCENTRATIONS OF PHOSPHOROUS, NITROGEN AND COD

IN EUTROPHIC RIVERS ....................................................................................................... 395 Tsuyoshi Kinouchi, Yan Zeng ................................................................................................................. 395

MONOFILLAMENT GILLNET AS A CONTROL OF MIDAS CICHLID (Amphilophus citrinellus) AT

IR. H. DJUANDA RESERVOIR, WEST JAVA-INDONESIA ....................................................... 402 Andri Warsa , Endi Setiadi Kartamihardja, Joni Haryadi, Dimas Angga Hedianto ......................................... 402

PHYTOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION TO CONTROL LAKE WATER QUALITY: A PRELIMINARY

TRIAL TO USE FLOATING PLANTS FOR CONTROLLING WATER QUALITY IN A SMALL LAKE

OF SITU CIBUNTU, CIBINONG, INDONESIA .......................................................................... 411 Tjandra Chrismadha, Tri Suryono, Yayah Mardiati, Endang Mulyana ......................................................... 411

Topic 9. Manmade lakes ..........................................................................................420

EVALUATION OF FLOOD MITIGATION AND WATER PURIFICATION EFFECT IN URBAN LAKE,

JABODETABEK................................................................................................................... 420 Koshi Yoshida, Ami Aminah Meutia, Satoru Itagawa, Hiroko Matsuda ........................................................ 420

EFFECTS OF CHECK DAM ON MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN HUAI TON KOK

WATERSHED, CHIANG MAI PROVINCE, THAILAND ............................................................. 428 Varaphan Marueng, Weerasak Roongruangwongse, Decha Thapanya, Chitchol Phalaraksh........................ 428

NITROGEN LOAD INFLOW TO LARGE SCALE RESERVOIRS IN THE CITARUM RIVER BASIN,

INDONESIA ......................................................................................................................... 434 Yuki Jikeya, Koshi Yoshida, Shigeya Maeda, Hisao Kuroda ...................................................................... 434

Topic 10. Limnology and limnological science fundamentals ..................................442

TROPHIC STATE CHARACTERISATION FOR MALAYSIAN LAKES ........................................ 442 Zati Sharip, Fatimah M. Yusoff, Wan Ruslan Ismail .................................................................................. 442

CURRENT STATUS OF LAKE ARAL – CHALLENGES AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES .......... 448 N. Aladin, T. Chida, J.-F. Cretaux, Z. Ermakhanov, B. Jollibekov, B. Karimov, Y. Kawabata, D. Keyser, J.

Kubota, P. Micklin, N. Mingazova, I. Plotnikov, M. Toman ......................................................................... 448

IDENTIFYING SOURCES OF NITRATE IN AN IRRIGATED RICE PADDY WATERSHED, TSUKUBA

JAPAN ................................................................................................................................ 458 Saeko Yada, Yasuhiro Nakajima, Takeshi Horio, Keiya Inao, Sunao Itahashi, Kei Asada, Seiko Yoshikawa and

Sadao Eguchi ....................................................................................................................................... 458

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TROPHIC STATES AND NUTRIENTS LOAD IN WATERS

SURROUNDING SAMOSIR ISLAND, LAKE TOBA, NORTH SUMATERA ................................. 469 Niken TM Pratiwi, Arif Rahman, Sigid Hariyadi, Inna Puspa Ayu, Aliati Iswantari ......................................... 469

ZOOPLANKTON DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION IN LAKE LAUT TAWAR, ACEH, INDONESIA ... 476 Dwinda Mariska Putri, Suwarno Hadisusanto ........................................................................................... 476

WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS IN THE PLANKTOTHRIX DOMINANT YEARS IN

SHALLOW LAKE KASUMIGAURA ........................................................................................ 482 Takao Ouchi, Hisao Kobinata, Koichi Kamiya, Keita Nakagawa, Kazuhisa Sugaya and Morihiro Aizaki ......... 482

STUDY ON THE NITROGEN LEACHING MECHANISM FROM AGRICULTURAL LANDS .......... 487 Kuroda Hisao, Lin Xiaolan, Kitamura Tatsumi, Oouchi Takao and Sugaya Kazuhisa .................................... 487

THE ORIGINAL METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION OF WORLD LAKES BASED ON FORMULAS AND

RESULTS OF ITS APPLICATION .......................................................................................... 491 N.M. Mingazova, A.I. Galeeva ................................................................................................................ 491

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THE RELATIONSHIP OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION COMPOSITION WITH RAINBOWFISH

ABUNDANCE IN LAKE SENTANI, PAPUA, INDONESIA ......................................................... 500 I Gusti Ayu Agung Pradnya Paramitha, Riky Kurniawan ............................................................................ 500

DISTINCTIVE FLUCTUATION IN WATER QUALITY AND PLANKTON COMPOSITION IN THE

CENTER OF LAKE KASUMIGAURA, JAPAN SINCE 2001 ...................................................... 513 Atsushi Numazawa and Kazuo Okubo ..................................................................................................... 513

THEORETICAL PELAGIC TO BENTHIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION RATIOS IN TWO LAKES WITH

CONTRASTING LIGHT CONDITIONS .................................................................................... 519 Fabien Cremona, Alo Laas, Toomas Kõiv, Margot Sepp, Peeter Nõges, Tiina Nõges .................................. 519

STUDY OF FISHERY LOAD CAPACITY IN SUTAMI AND LAHOR RESERVOIRS, EAST JAVA,

INDONESIA ......................................................................................................................... 527 Winari, T., Hapsari, D., Windianita, K., Rahman, K.I., Hidayat, F.,Ruritan, R.V.,Sudaryanti ........................... 527

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS REGULATING THE DOMINANCE SPECIES OF PHYTOPLANKTON

IN LAKE MANINJAU, WEST SUMATERA, INDONESIA ........................................................... 536 Sulastri, Arianto Budisantoso and Sulung Nomosatriyo ............................................................................. 536

DIATOMS, WATER QUALITY OF TOBA LAKE AND ITS MANAGEMENT ................................. 549 Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati and Sri Widodo Agung Suedy ................................................................... 549

CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE ACCUMULATION IN A HIGHLY EUTROPHIC TROPICAL

LAKE, INDONESIA ............................................................................................................... 557 Cynthia Henny, Arianto B. Santoso, Sulung Nomosatryo ........................................................................... 557

EVALUATION OF LAKE WATER QUALITY IN KLANG VALLEY USING MULTIVARIATE

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES ................................................................................................ 566 Isa Baba Koki, Sharifuddin Md Zain, Low Kah Hin, Hafizan Juahir, Azman Azid .......................................... 566

WATER QUALITY IMPACT ON FISH CULTURED IN LAKE TUTUD, NORTH SULAWESI,

INDONESIA ......................................................................................................................... 577 Suzanne Lydia Undap, Reiny Tumbol and Sandra Tilaar ........................................................................... 577

WATER QUALITY AND DIVERSITY OF AQUATIC INSECTS IN HIGHLAND AGRICULTURAL

AREA, CHIANG MAI, THAILAND .......................................................................................... 582 Rungpailin Wongphutorn, Manoj Potapohn and Chitchol Phalaraksh ......................................................... 582

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENT IN LAKE TEMPE USING

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS APPROACH ............................................................................... 586 Siti Aisyah ............................................................................................................................................ 586

THE SEASONAL OF THERMAL STRATIFICATION AND WATER COLUMN STABILITY OF LAKE

MANINJAU, WEST SUMATERA ............................................................................................ 593 Taofik Jasalesmana, Fifia Zulti, Tri Suryono, Arianto Budi Santoso ............................................................ 593

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS AT SAGULING RESERVOIR .................................................... 600 Luki Subehi .......................................................................................................................................... 600

WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF VASTRAPUR & SOLA LAKE OF AHMEDABAD CITY,

GUJARAT, INDIA ................................................................................................................. 605 Manisha Desai ...................................................................................................................................... 605

DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF DIATOM IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS OF URBAN PONDS IN

CIBINONG BOTANICAL GARDEN ........................................................................................ 612 Aan Dianto, Luki Subehi, Ardo Ramdhani ................................................................................................ 612

Proceedings of the 16th World Lake Conference

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DIATOMS, WATER QUALITY OF TOBA LAKE AND ITS MANAGEMENT Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati1,2 and Sri Widodo Agung Suedy1

1School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia 2Department Biology, Faculty Sciences and Mathematics,

Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia *trsoeprobowati@live.undip.ac.id

ABSTRACT

Toba Lake is one of the largest lakes in the world: 1,124 km2 wide, 508 meter-depth; total volume of water

256.2 x 109 m3, and 2,486 km2 of total catchment area. There is Samosir Island in the centre of Toba Lake. Toba Lake has 19 inlets (rivers) but only has 1 outlet i.e. Asahan River. The main functions of Toba Lake are for hydroelectricity power, resource for drinking water, transportation, tourism, irrigation, and fish culture. The town development in Toba Lake side and Samosir Island had induced water quality deterioration. This research was conducted in order to study the diatoms and water quality of Toba Lake, particularly in Parapat and Tomok Harbours and its management. Water samples were taken on August 2014 from 3 sites for

diatom and water quality analysis. Identification of diatoms was done using microscope with 1,000X magnification. Based on this research, the main problem of water quality in Toba Lake was heavy metals of copper (Cu) that exceeded Indonesian water quality criteria for all class, a high concentration of total nitrogen (1.085-2.03 mg/L) that was in the state of mesotrophic – hypereutrophic; and a high concentration of total phosphorous (0.37-0.42mg/L), that was in the state of hypertrophic. Based on chlorophyll-a Toba Lake, particularly in the harbor of Parapat and Tomok, as well well near fish culture cage is in the state of hypereutrophic. pH in Toba Lake were in the range of 7-8. There are 31 diatom species found in Toba Lake, the domination of Ctenophora pulchella Kutzing, Gomphonema brasiliense Grunow, Denticula vanheurcki Brun, Navicula aurora Sovereign, Synedra famelica (Kutzing), Fallacia pygmaea (Kützing) Stickle et Mann, and Gomphonema brasiliense Grunow are more indicated pH rather than trophic state. Keywords: Toba Lake, diatom, water quality, hyper-eutrophic, Denticula, Fallacia INTRODUCTION Toba is the largest lake in Indonesia, with the large unique peninsula called Samosir Island in the midle of the lake. Geographycally, Toba Lake located in Bukit Barisan highlands in North Sumatra Province, situated 175 km Southern of Medan City, and parts of 7 regencies. Toba Lake is located in coordinates of 980 31’ 2”E – 980 09’ 14”E and 20 19’ 15”N – 20 54’02”N, and 903 meters above sea level. Geologically, Toba Lake is resulted of volcanic eruption 74,000 years ago and became the largest caldera in the world (Chesner, 2011). Administratively, Toba Lake included 7 regency areas, namely regency of Karo, Simalugun, Dairi, Toba Samosir, Samosir, Humbang Hasundutan, and North Tapanuli. The Toba Lake has a surface area of 1,124 km2, and maximum depth 508 meters, with the total volume of water around 256.2 x 109 m3, and catchment area 2,486 km2 (Lukman and Ridwansyah, 2010). Toba Lake have 19 inlet (rivers) enter to Toba Lake, but only has 1 outlet: Asahan River which flows east to the Strait of Malacca. The main function of Toba Lake are sources for drinking water, hydroelectricity power, tourism, transportation, agriculture, and culture (Ministry of Environment of Republic Indonesia, 2011). The development of hydroelectricity dam at the mouth of Asahan River has increased retention time that limit the flushing of nutrients from Toba Lake (Lehmusluoto, 2000). The water retention time of Toba Lake upwards of 81 years with oligomictic water stratiphication (Lukman & Ridwansyah, 2010). Ecologically, the terrestrial of water catchment area, riparian zone, and eutrophic lake are the main problem on the Toba Lake. The problems of Toba Lake in the water catchment area are illegal logging, illegal mining, and agriculture. The problems in the riparian zone are mining, land occupation become residential, tourism, fascilities and infrastructure, source of domestic and agricultural waste. Meanwhile, eutrophication, floating fish cage, domestic, agricultural, husbandary and business wastes in the waterbody had induced water hyacinth bloom (Ministry of Environment & Forestry of Republic Indonesia, 2016). The significant concerns throughout the watershed is the lack of wastewater management (Lehmusluoto, 2000). Toba Lake was habitat for some various aquatic organisms, particularly for endemic fish of Lissochilus sumatranus and Labeobarbussoro, locally known as ikan batak, and Corbiculatobae or remis Toba3]. There

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were also found other fish, macrobenthic, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and emerge, floating and submerged macrophytes. Eichornia crassipes, Potamogeton, Myriophyllum, Ceratophyllum, Hydrylla, and Chara had reported found since 1939. It was reported that there were some kind of specific diatoms found in Toba Lake. Denticula vanheurckii is one species that found epiphytic in Potamogeton sp in 1929 (Hustedt, 1935). Diatoms are microalgae that dominated almost in all aquatic ecosystem. Their silicious unique of cell wall persist in sediment and able to tell the environmental condition across the time. Diatoms glass walls are usually well preserved in sediments and they are very good bioindicators of water quality changes. Many studies have demonstrated the value of diatoms as a bioindicator of water. Their value in monitoring relates to a range of their characteristics. Being primary producers diatoms play significant roles in the food web. They are distributed worldwide in saline or freshwater, have short life cycles and quick response to environmental change. Some species are sensitive across ecological gradients and they are easily sampled and analysed at low cost (Soeprobowati et al., 2016). The composition and abundance of planktonic algae have not changed in Toba Lake at least during the last 70-year period, are most responsible for influencing water clarity. There was strong correlation between free floating algae and algal growth rate at the most greatest shoreline development as well as attached algae. In the central portion of the lake, the algal density was low, while the areas nearest to the Parapat tourist area and south shore developments showed an increase of algal production. Community wastes and waste waters had stimulate algal growth. The highest nutrient deposition onto the lake may be found near the areas of greatest development. The nutrient sources from the numerous Toba watersheds is mostly related to the extend of disturbance of soils, particularly pronounced in Samosir (Lehmusluoto, 2000). The town development in Toba Lake side and Samosir Island had induced water quality deterioration. Long term environmental monitoring and research offers opportunity for providing data as a base for the best future planning and regulatory decisions. Based on those background, this research was conducted in order to study the diatoms and water quality of Toba Lake, particularly in Parapat tourist area and Samosir (Tomok) Harbours in comparison with site around traditional net fish culture. METHODS Water samples were taken from 3 sites with 3 replications: Parapat Harbour (T1), Tomok Harbour (T2), and nearby fish culture cage (T3, Figure 1) for diatom identification and water quality analysis for heavy metals of Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorous, SiO2, and chlorophyll-a. Heavy metals were analyzed using AAS, Total Nitrogen with micro Kjeldahl, Total Phosphorus and silicate using Spectrophotometry method, and chlorophyll-a content using extraction and spectrophotometry method. In T1, epiphytic diatoms were collected from Potamogeton sp, epilitic diatoms were collected by brush the stone. In T2, epilitic diatoms were collected from the stone. In T3, only collect water sample to identify planktonic diatoms. Diatoms were collected from Potamogeton sp and stone by brush 4 cm2 the thallus and solute in 50 mL aquadest. Diatoms were identified under microscope with magnification of 1,000. The Shannon Wiener diversity and Evennes indices were calculated. Shannon Wiener Index (H’) (Magguran, 2004). Note: H’= Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index ni = number individual of species -i N = total indivdual of all species The H’ value indicates the distribution of abundance species among all the species in the community. High values of H’ would be representative of more diverse communities.

Eveness Index (J)

J = H’/H’max

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Note: J = Eveness index H’ = Diversity index Hmax = ln S S = number of species encountered Dominance Index:

C = [ni/N]

Note: C = Simpsom dominance index ni = number individual of species -i N = total indivdual of all species

Figure 1. Sites sampling: Parapat Harbour (Ajibata) (T1), Tomok Harbour (Samosir Island) (T2) and

nearby floating fish cage (T3) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS There were at least 31 diatom species identified from Toba Lake that were collected from water (as planktonic sample), epilitic on the rock, and epiphytic on Potamogeton sp. The composition of diatom’s community consist of 33% symmetric biraphid (Adlavia, Anomoeoneis, Brachysira, Eolimna, Fallacia, Mastogloia, Navicula, Pinnularia, and Sellaphora), 26% asimatric biraphid (Amphora, Brebissonia, and Cymbella), 16% araphid (Ctenophora, Fragilaria, Synedra, and Tetracyclus), 13% nitzschioid (Denticula, Nitzschia), 3% epithemoid (Epithemia), 3% eunotioid (Eunotia), 3% surirelloid (Surirella), and 3% of monoraphid (Achnanthidium, Figure 2). Centric species was not found during this research. Usually, in the eutrophic lake, such as in Rawapening Lake, some species of Aulacoseira and Melosira were found dominantly (Soeprobowati et al., 2012). This might be related to the pH that tent to neutral around 7 whereas in Rawapening Lake tend to alkali (7-9).

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Figure 2. The composition of diatom’s community based on morphological categories

The criteria of those grouping are based on morphological categories that is used to provide a visual aid in identification and do not strictly evolutionary. Symmetric biraphid is a diatom that has bilateral symmetry to both apical and transapical axis, and raphe system well developed. This group has the greatest diversity among the freshwater diatoms. Asymmetric biraphid is a diatom with valves asymmetrical to apical or transapcial axis or both, well developed raphe system. Araphid is a diatom that lack of a raphe system therefore lack significantly motility, valve with bilateral simmetry, rimoportulae (labiate process) may be present. Nitzschioid is diatom with bilateral symmetry, valve usually simmetrical to both apical and transapical axes, raphid system well developed, positioned near the valve margin, raphe is enclosed within a canal and may be raised onto a keel. Epithemioid is a diatom with bilateral symmetry, valves asymmetrical to apical axis, raphe system enclosed within a canal and positioned near the valve margin. Eunotioid is characterised by bilateral symmetry, valves often asymmetrial to the apical axis, raphe system is short therefore provides weak motility, raphe loacetd on valve mantle and face, cell may possess 2 or more rimoportulae. Surirelloid is a diatom with bilateral symmetry, raphe system extremely well developed and enclosed within a canal, raphe positioned around the entire valve margin and raised onto a kell. Monoraphid is a diatom with bilateral symmetry, raphe system present on one valve (raphe valve), raphe system absent on one walve (rapheless valve), heterovalvar ornamentation (Spaulding et al., 2010). The dominant species which has more than 5% relative abundance at T1 are and Ctenophora pulchella Kutzing, Gomphonema brasiliense Grunow, Denticula vanheurcki Brun, Navicula aurora Sovereign, and Synedra famelica (Kutzing). At T2 the dominant species are Ctenophora pulchella Kutzing, Fallacia pygmaea (Kützing) Stickle et Mann, Gomphonema brasiliense Grunow, and Synedra famelica (Kutzing). At T3 the most dominant species is Ctenophora pulchella Kutzing, and Synedra famelica (Table 1). Ctenophora pulchella Kutzing formerly known as Synedra pulchella, has a wide range distribution, high conductivity and alkalinity in upland peat and forest rivers at Mayo, Ireland11], usually in freshwater of high mineral content (Guiry and Guiry, 2017). Gomphonema has mucilaginous peduncles for attachment to the substrate making Gomphonema more resistant to disturbances (Burliga et al., 2013). The highest values for density and richness of diatoms in the lentic system is partly related to their specialized structures that confer a competitive advantage over other species of different classes in stressfull environmental conditions, but usually also found in lotic environments (Tremarin et al., 2009).

Denticula vanheurckii Brun is one species that found epiphytic in Potamogeton sp in 1929 (Hustedt, 1935) and recently is still found in Toba Lake. D. vanheurckii, appears more similar morphologically to the Rhopalodiales, especially the genus Epithemia. The current accepted name for Denticula vanheurckii Brun is Tetralunata vanheurckii (Brun) Hamsher, Graeff, Stepanek & Kociolek with type locality Java and Bali

monorapid3%

symmetric biraphid

33%

asymmetric biraphid

26%

Araphid16%

Nitzschioid13%

Epithemioid3%

Eunotioid3%

Surirelloid3%

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(Hamsher et al., 2014). Denticula species are often found in the littoral margins of lakes, ponds and streams with high conductivity, particular species inhabiting either cold mountain streams or hot springs (Krammer, 1988). Denticula vanheurckii fossil was also dominant in Buyan Lake Bali in core of 360-289 cm, deposited about 7.7-6.5 cal ky BP indicated pyrite (Fukumoto, 2015). This benthic diatom indicated low organic pollution and alkaline water (Taylor et al., 2007), Fallacia pygmaea (Kützing) Stickle et Mann is freshwater diatom of high mineral content; sometimes in polluted water (Guiry and Guiry, 2017). The highest diversity index are at the station 1 (H '= 3.03) and 2 (H' = 2.91) and the lowest diversity index are at the station 3 (H'=2.14), that indicating the ecosystem stability. Site 3 that located in next to the floating fish cage has the lowest diversity index, lowest number of diatom species due to a high covering water hyacinth in this area. Based on water quality, the problem in Toba Lake is heavy metal Pb and Cu. The content of Total Nitrogen about 1.085 to 2.03 mg/L and Total Phosporous ranged between 0.37 to 0.42 mg / L (Table 2), indicated hypereutrophic condition. Based on the chlorophyll-a content (Table 2), Toba Lake is eutrophic - hypereutrophic category. Hypertrophic lake has a Total Nitrogen >1.9 mg/L, Total Phosporous > 0.1 mg/L, and chlorohyll-a content >2mg/L (Ministry of Environment Republic of Indonesia, 2008). This condition had been reported in 2012 that based on average chlorophyll-a data, Toba Lake is classified

as eutrophic to hypereutrophic (Lehmusluoto, 2000). The water quality of Toba Lake was moderate to ligh

polluted (EPANS, 2014).

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Table 1. The composition and relatif abundance of diatoms in Toba Lake

No Species T1 T2 T3

1 Adlafia muscora Moser, Lange-Bertalot and Metzeltin 1,67 2,94 7,14

2 Achnantes minutisimum (Kutzing) 1,67 - -

3 Amphora ovalis (Ehrenberg) Kützing 1,67 - -

4 Anomoeoneis sp 1,67 2,94 -

5 Brachysira brebissonii (R. Ross) 1,67 2,94 7,14

6 Ctenophora pulchella (Kutzing) 15,00 11,76 28,57

7 Cymbela amplificata (Krammer) 6,67 - -

8 Cymbella cistula (Ehrenberg) Cleve 1,67 - -

9 Cymbella tropica Krammer - 2,94 -

10 Denticula subtilis Grunow 1,67 2,94 -

11 Denticula tenuis Kutzing 1,67 2,94 -

12 Denticula vanheurcki Brun 6,67 2,94 7,14

13 Encyonema yellowstonianum Krammer 3,33 2,94 -

14 Eolimna martinii (Schiller and Lange-Bertalot) 0,00 5,88 7,14

15 Ephitemia turgida (Ehrenberg) 1,67 2,94 7,14

16 Eunotia exigua (Brébisson in Kutzing) 1,67 - -

17 Fallacia pygmaea (Kützing) Stickle et Mann 3,33 11,76 -

18 Fragillaria capucina (Desmazieres) 6,67 2,94 -

19 Gomphonema brasiliense Grunow 10,00 11,76 -

20 Gomphonema johnsonii Bahls 3,33 2,94 -

21 Gomphonema olivaceum (Hornemann) Brébisson 1,67 5,88 7,14

22 Mastogloia grevillei (W. Smith) 1,67 0,00 -

23 Navicula aurora (Sovereign) 6,67 0,00 -

24 Navicula subbacillum Hust 1,67 2,94 -

25 Nitzschia linearis (Agardh) W Smith 1,67 2,94 -

26 Pinnularia acoricola Hust 3,33 2,94 7,14

27 Sellaphora meriodionalis (Grunow) 1,67 - -

28 Surirella angusta Kutzing - 2,94 -

29 Synedra bacillaris (Grunow) 1,67 2,94 7,14

30 Synedra famelica (Kutzing) 6,67 5,88 14,29

31 Tetracyclus rupestris (Braun ex Rabenhorst) Grunow 1,67 - -

Number of species 28 23 11

Shannon Wiener Index 3,03 2,91 2,14

Eveness Index 0,91 0,93 0,89

The composition of diatom’s community in Toba Lake do not indicate eutrophic condition. The relatively high content of chlorophyll-a in Toba Lake related to the abundance of phytoplankton population of Spyrogyra, Zygnema, Pediastrum, and Chladophora, and aquatic plant of Potamogeton. Cyanophyceae is a dominant phytoplankton in Toba Lake that was controlled by orthophosphate and nitrate, whereas Dinophyceae was controlled by ammonium (Rahman et al., 2016).

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Table 2. Water quality of Toba Lake

Parameter Unit

Toba Lake Indonesian Water Quality Standard PP No. 82/2001

T1 T2 T3 Class I

Class II

Class III

Class IV

pH - 7.85 8.14 7.83 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9

Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.006 0.004 0.005 0.03 0.03 0.03 1

Cadmium (Cd)

mg/L 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Cromium (Cr)

mg/L 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.05 0.05 0.05 1

Copper (Cu) mg/L 0.185 0.229 0.218 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.2

Silika (SiO2) mg/L 0.045 0.018 0.03 - - - -

Total P mg/L 0.42 0.395 0.37 - - - -

Total N mg/L 1.085 2.03 1.452 - - - -

Chlorophyll a mg/L 4.025 5.113 4.37 - - - -

Notes Class I : used for drink Class II : used for recreation, live stock and fish farming Class III : used to live stok, fish farming and agriculture Class IV: used for agriculture

Water pollution load capacity and floating fish cage capacity exceeded the carrying capacity of Toba Lake, particularly for total phosphorous. Recently this condition still remain degrade, suppose to reduce 43% of phosphoous from catchment area and 44% from floating fish cage (EPANS, 2014). Lake Toba Ecosystem Management Plant (LTEMP) had been started on 2004 to monitor water quality of Toba Lake, then strengthened by Governour Regulation No 1 Year 2009 regrading Water Quality Standard for Toba Lake. Furthermore on 2014 Save Lake Action (in Indonesia called Gerakan Penyelamatan Danau (Germadan) Toba had been launched as a guideline for conservation action. CONCLUSIONS In Parapat and Tomok Harbours and around traditional fish culture cage of Toba Lake, there are 31 diatom’s species. The high population of Ctenophora pulchella Kutzing indicates a high conductivity and alkalinity and high mineral content. Denticula vanheurckii Brun is specific diatom from Toba Lake that was reported since 1929 until now, which indicates high conductivity low organic pollution and alkaline water. Fallacia pygmaea (Kützing) Stickle et Mann is freshwater diatom of high mineral content; sometimes in polluted water. The diatom’s composition do not reflect eutrophic-hypereutrophic condition of Toba Lake. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was done by Competence Research Grant which is supported Directorate of Research and Community Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education that has provided research funds for Fiscal Year 2015 Competence Grant Letter Assignment Chairman of the Institute for Research and Community Service Diponegoro University No. 147-10 / UN7.5.1 / PG / 2015. Thanks to Risky Amaliah for her assistance in the field and lab work. REFERENCES 1. Chesner, CA, 2011. Thr Toba Caldera complex. Quaternary International (2011),

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