isbn 9871261134794
TRANSCRIPT
First Edition, 2013
© Lee Bih Ni
Editor:
Lee Bih Ni
Published by:
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Translator:
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Bab 1 Introduction 6 Introduction Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak Second World War and occupation Rosli Dhoby Early life Assassination of Sir Duncan George Stewart Events Death Aftermath Reburial Legacy Independence Geography Environment Demographics Population Iban people Chinese
Malaysian Chinese Malay Melanau Bidayuh Orang Ulu Others Religions
Demographics of Sarawak: Religions of Sarawak Government Administrative divisions Conclusion
Bab 2 The White Rajahs 22 Introduction Rulers Titles Government Cession to the United Kingdom Legacy
Bab 3 James Brooke, Charles Brooke & Charles Vyner Brooke 26 Early life Sarawak Burial Personal life James Brooke
o Fictiono Honourso Notes
Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawako Biography
Charles Vyner Brookeo Early lifeo Rajah of Sarawako Abdication and later lifeo Familyo Titles from birth to death
Conclusion
Bab 4 ROSLI DHOBI 37 Rosli Dhoby Rosli Dhoby & Sibu Who is Rosli Dhoby? Rukun 13 or Rukun Tiga Belas is a defunct
Sarawakian organization that existed from 1947 until 1950.o Formation
Penalty & disestablishment List of Rukun 13 members Anti-cession movement of Sarawak Factors Overview of movement Tracking Urban Struggle, Rosli Dhobi of Sibu Conclusion
Bab 5 Administrative changes for self Government Sarawak 48 Sarawak After the defeat of Japan: Sarawak Submission Events History Corridor Anti-Cession movement in Sarawak History Corridor Anti-Cession Movement Action: Resistance and British Reactions Resistance ways: Sends Protest Letter. The opposition People's Action Sarawak Reactions & the British British Reaction On Violence: History Corridor 13 Pillar Measures for self Government Sarawak Among the measures taken; Restructured Sarawak Administration: Establishment of Political Parties In Sarawak The establishment of the Sarawak Alliance LEFTISTS ROLE IN INDEPENDENCE The Early Voices in Malaysia Independence History COMMUNISTS - A Chapter of Bloodshed in Malaysia
Independence History BIRDS OF THE SAME FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER Birth of a New Nation
The Big Picture of Malaysia Independence History The Lesson Restructuring After War Malaysia Today Conclusion
Chapter 1
Introduction
Introduction
Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. Known as Bumi
Kenyalang ("Land of the Hornbills"), Sarawak is situated on the northwest of the
island, bordering the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, Indonesia to the
south, and surrounding Brunei. It is the largest state in Malaysia. The
administrative capital is Kuching, which has a population of 658,562.1 Major
cities and towns include Miri (pop. 269,380), Sibu (pop. 209,616) and Bintulu
(pop. 189,695). As of the last census (2010), the state population was
2,420,009.2 The eastern seaboard of Borneo was charted, though not settled, by
the Portuguese in the early 16th century. The area of Sarawak was known to
Portuguese cartographers as Cerava. During the 17th century, Sarawak was self-
governed under Sultan Tengah. By the early 19th century, Sarawak had become
a loosely governed territory under the control of the Brunei Sultanate. During the
reign of Pangeran Indera Mahkota in 19th century, Sarawak was facing chaos.3
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (1827–1852), the Sultan of Brunei, ordered Pangeran
Muda Hashim in 1839 to restore order and it was during this time that James
Brooke arrived in Sarawak. Pangeran Muda Hashim initially requested assistance
in the matter, but Brooke refused. In 1841, Brooke paid another visit to Sarawak
and this time he agreed to provide assistance. Pangeran Muda Hashim signed a
treaty in 1841 surrendering Sarawak and Sinian to Brooke. On 24 September
1841, Pangeran Muda Hashim bestowed the title Governor to James Brooke. He
effectively became the Rajah of Sarawak and founded the White Rajah Dynasty
of Sarawak, later extending his administration through an agreement with the
Sultan of Brunei. Sarawak was thus an independent kingdom from 1841 until
1888, when the state was placed under British protection.
1 (2006 census; Kuching City South – 143,500; Kuching City North – 133,600; Padawan- 3rd Mile/ 7th Mile/ 10th Mile – 302,800)2 "Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. iv. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127. Retrieved 24 January 2011.3 Sarawak. Retrieved Jan 18 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak
Brooke Dynasty
Figure 1: Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak.
Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak.
James Brooke was appointed Rajah by the Sultan of Brunei on 18 August 1842.
Brooke ruled the territory, later expanded, across the western regions of
Sarawak around Kuching until his death in 1868. His nephew Charles Anthoni
Johnson Brooke became Rajah after his death; he was succeeded on his death in
1917 by his son, Charles Vyner Brooke, with the condition that Charles should
rule in consultation with his brother Bertram Brooke.4 The Sarawak territories
were greatly enlarged under the Brooke dynasty, mostly at the expense of areas
nominally under the control of Brunei. In practice Brunei had only controlled
strategic river and coastal forts in much of the lost territory, so most of the gain
was at the expense of Muslim warlords and of the de facto independence of local
tribes.
The Brooke dynasty ruled Sarawak for a hundred years and became
famous as the "White Rajahs", accorded a status within the British Empire similar
to that of the rulers of Indian princely states. In contrast to many other areas of
the empire, however, the Brooke dynasty was intent on a policy of paternalism in
order to protect the indigenous population against exploitation. They governed
with the aid of the Muslim Malay and enlisted the Ibans and other "Dayak" as a
contingent militia. The Brooke dynasty also encouraged the immigration of
Chinese merchants but forbade the Chinese to settle outside of towns in order to
minimise the impact on the Dayak way of life. Charles Brooke, the second White
4 Ibid.
Rajah of Sarawak, established the Sarawak Museum, the oldest museum in
Borneo.
In the early part of 1941 preparations were afoot to introduce a new
constitution, designed to limit the power of the Rajah and give the people of
Sarawak a greater say in government. Despite this democratic intention, the
draft constitution contained irregularities, including a secret agreement drawn up
between Charles Vyner Brooke and his top government officials, financially
compensating him via treasury funds.5
Second World War and occupation
Japan invaded Sarawak and occupied the island of Borneo in 1941, occupying
Miri on 16 December and Kuching on 24 December, holding both territories for
the duration of World War II until the area was secured by Australian forces in
1945. Charles Vyner Brooke formally ceded sovereignty to the British Crown on 1
July 1946, under pressure from his wife among others. In addition, the British
Government offered a healthy pension to Brooke.
Anthony Brooke continued to claim sovereignty as Rajah of Sarawak. After
the end of the World War II, Anthony Brooke then opposed the cession of the
Rajah's territory to the British Crown, and was associated with anti-secessionist
groups in Sarawak. For this he was banished from Sarawak and he was allowed
to return only seventeen years later, when Sarawak became part of Malaysia.
Sarawak became a British colony (formerly an independent state under British
protection) in July 1946, but Brooke's campaign continued. The Malays in
particular resisted the cession to Britain, dramatically assassinating the second
British governor, Sir Duncan George Stewart.
Rosli Dhoby
Rosli Dhoby (1932 – March 2, 1950) was a Malay Sarawakian nationalist from
Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia during the British crown colony era in that state. He was
a member leader of the Rukun 13 organization along with Morshidi Sidek, Awang
Ramli Amit Mohd Deli and Bujang Suntong. It was a secret cell organization
which carried out assassinations of British colonial officers in Sarawak. He was
well known for his assassination of Sir Duncan George Stewart, the second
governor of colonial Sarawak in 1948.
5 Facebook. En-gb.facebook.com. Retrieved on 12 August 2011.
Figure 2: Rosli Dhoby (1932–1950)
Born 1932 in Kampung Siong, Sibu, Kingdom of Sarawak
Early life
Rosli Dhobi was born in 1932 in Kampung Siong, Sibu, Kingdom of Sarawak. Little
is known about his earlier life although friends regard Rosli as an approachable
person despite his quietness. He had an eldest sister and a younger brother,
Fatimah and Ainie.6 Rosli started his career as a teacher and quit his job in 1947
in order to teach in Sibu People's School. Rosli was known to be a nationalist and
a poet. Using the nickname Lidros, Rosli penned down a nationalistic poem titled
'Panggilan Mu yang Suchi' which was published in Utusan Sarawak on February
28, 1948. The usage of nickname was prevalent at the time since the British
Colonial Authority vigorously monitored any attempts to spread words against
them. Rosli joined Rukun 13 in August, 1948. He was introduced to the
organization by an old friend, Bujang Suntong.
Assassination of Sir Duncan George Stewart
The end of the Second World War had brought an end to the Brooke Dynasty rule
in Sarawak. Believing it to be in the best interest of the people of Sarawak, Rajah
Vyner Brooke ceded the state to the British Crown.7 Sarawak became a Crown
Colony, ruled from the Colonial Office in London, which in turn dispatched a
Governor for Sarawak. This move was opposed by Rajah Muda Anthony Brooke,
who was supposed to become the next Rajah Brooke, as well as many native
6 Rosli Dhobi. Retrieved Jan 18 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosli_Dhobi7 Ibid.
Sarawakians who were initially told that they would be allowed self-government.
Anthony Brooke became the leader of the anti-cession movement.
Events
On December 3, 1949, Sir Duncan George Stewart, the second governor of
Sarawak, was murdered by the Rukun 13 members, Rosli Dhoby, Awang Ramli
Amit Mohd Deli, Morshidi Sidek and Bujang Suntong in Sibu. Rosli Dhoby and
Morshidi Sidek were among the crowd that welcomed the governor on his arrival
to Sibu. While the governor was meeting the local subjects and in near proximity
with Rosli, Morshidi began to pretend to take pictures of the governor with a
broken camera. The governor stopped to allow Morshidi to photograph him. At
that moment, Rosli stabbed the governor. Rosli was arrested on the spot and
sent to Kuching for trial and later into imprisonment. The governor bled so badly
that he had to be flown back to Kuching for treatment and later to Singapore,
where he died a week after the incident.
Death
After a few months languishing in prison, Rosli Dhoby, Awang Ramli Amit Mohd
Deli, Morshidi Sidek and Bujang Suntong were found guilty of murder and
sentenced to death on December 4, 1949. This move was criticized by many, as
Rosli Dhobi was a juvenile at the time of assassination. The death sentence was
nonetheless a political statement. Rosli Dhoby was sent to the gallows on the
morning of March 2, 1950. Fearing the resentment of the local population, the
British government did not allow Rosli Dhoby's body to leave the Kuching Central
Prison. Instead, his body was interred in an unmarked tomb within the prison
compound. After Sarawak gained independence on 22 July 1963 from Britain and
later through the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963,
a tombstone was put in place at his tomb. The tombstone is now on display at
the outer compound of Sarawak Islamic Museum in Kuching after the
reinternment of his remains in 1996.
Aftermath
Sarawak was sent into tumultuous years, and the anti-Cessionists rebellion were
crushed as the support by the locals dwindled due to the "aggressive" tactic
used by Rosli Dhoby, alongside the oppositions from some of the Malay leaders
who were pro-British. Most of the anti-Cessionists were arrested and later send
into prison, and some of them were even imprisoned in Changi Prison in
Singapore. However, things later returned to normal and peace was restored
during the era of 3rd Governor of Sarawak, Sir Anthony Foster Abell. Even those
who were imprisoned at Changi are allowed to return to Sarawak, to continue
their sentence at Kuching Central Prison.
Reburial
After 46 years resting in prison compound, the remains of Rosli Dhoby were
moved out of the Kuching Central Prison to be buried in the Sarawak's Heroes
Mausoleum near Sibu Town Mosque at his home town of Sibu on March 2, 1996.
To honour his struggle against the British, he was given state funeral by Sarawak
Government.
Legacy
A drama “Warkah Terakhir” (The last letter) premiered on Astro's channel 131,
Astro Citra. The drama was directed by Wan Hasliza, filming on Rosli Dhoby's life
as a student, member of the PPM (Pergerakan Pemuda Melayu), a volunteer at
the Sekolah Rakyat and the assassination of Sir Duncan George Stewart. In this
drama, Rosli Dhoby was portrayed by Malaysian actor Beto Khusairy.
Independence
Sarawak was officially granted independence on 22 July 1963, and joined with
Malaya, Sabah, and Singapore, in the federation of Malaysia,8 formed on 16
September 1963, despite the initial opposition from parts of the population.9
Sarawak was also a flashpoint during the Indonesian Confrontation between
1962 and 1966.10
Geography
8 United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, '''North Borneo and Sarawak'''. Un.org (14 December 1960). Retrieved on 12 August 2012. United Nations Member States. Un.org. Retrieved on 12 August 2012.9 UN General Assembly 15th Session – The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages:509–510). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012.UN General Assembly 18th Session – the Question of Malaysia (pages:41–44). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012.10 United Nations Treaty Registered No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippnes, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 July 1963). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012.United Nations Treaty Series No. 8809, Agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord. (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
The Sarawak state legislative assembly building, in Kuching. Having land area of
124,450 square kilometres (48,050 sq mi) spreading between latitude 0° 50′ and
5°N and longitude 109° 36′ and 115° 40′ E, it makes up 37.5% of the land of
Malaysia. Sarawak also contains large tracts of tropical rainforest home to an
abundance of plant and animal species. The state of Sarawak stretches for over
750 kilometres (470 mi) along the northeast coastline of Borneo, interrupted in
the north by about 150 kilometres (93 miles) of Brunei coast. Sarawak is
separated from the Indonesian part of Borneo (Kalimantan) by ranges of high
hills and mountains that are part of the central mountain range of Borneo. These
get higher to the north and culminate near the source of the Baram River with
the steep Mount Selidang (4504 ft) at central plateau of Usun Apau, Mount Batu
Lawi, Mount Mulu in the park of the same name and Mount Murud with the
highest peak in Sarawak.11
The major rivers from the south to the north include the Sarawak River, Lupar
River, Saribas River, and Rajang River, which is the longest river in Malaysia at
563 kilometres (350 mi). The Baleh River branch, the Baram River, and the
Limbang River drains into the Brunei Bay as it divides the two parts of Brunei and
the Trusan River. The Sarawak river is 2,459 square kilometres (949 sq mi) in
area and is the main river flowing through the capital of Kuching.
Sarawak can be divided into three natural regions. The coastal region is rather
low lying flat country with large extents of swamps and other wet environments.
The hill region provides most of the easily inhabited land and most of the larger
cities and towns have been built in this region. The ports of Kuching and Sibu
have been built some distance from the coast on rivers. Bintulu and Miri are
close to the coastline where the hills stretch right to the South China Sea. The
third region is the mountain region along the border and with the Kelabit (Bario),
Murut (Ba Kelalan) and Kenyah (Usun Apau) highlands in the north.12
Environment
Sarawak has vast areas of both lowland and highland rainforest. However,
Sarawak has been hit hard by the logging industry and the expansion of
monoculture tree plantations and oil palm plantations. Malaysia's deforestation
rate is increasing faster than anywhere else in the world. Statistics estimate
11 Geography. Retrieved Jan 19, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Sarawak12 Ibid.
Sarawak's forests have been depleted but there is no definitive study to know
how much. Malaysia's deforestation rates overall are among the highest in Asia,
jumping almost 86 percent between the 1990–2000 period and 2000–2005. In
total, Malaysia lost an average of 1,402 km2 —0.65 percent of its forest area—
per year since 2000.13 By comparison, Southeast Asian countries lost an average
of 0.35% of their forest per annum during the 1990s.
Demographics
Population
As of the 2010 census, the population of Sarawak was 2,399,839, making it the
4th most populous state in Malaysia. Due to the large area of Sarawak, it has the
lowest population density in Malaysia, which stands at 22 people per km2.
Sarawak also has some of the lowest population growth in Malaysia.
Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups in Sarawak14
Ethnic Percentage
Iban 29%
Chinese 24%
Malay 23%
Bidayuh 8%
Melanau 6%
Orang Ulu 5%
Others 5%
13 Malaysia: Environmental Profile. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 19 January 2013.14 Negeri: Sarawak: Total population by ethnic group, sub-district and state, Malaysia, 2010". Statistics.gov.my. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-19
A modern Iban longhouse, built using new materials and preserving essential features of communal living.
Iban girls dressed in traditional women's attire during Gawai festivals in Debak,
Betong region, Sarawak.
Sarawak has more than 40 sub-ethnic groups, each with its own distinct
language, culture and lifestyle. Cities and larger towns are populated
predominantly by Malays, Melanaus, Chinese, Indians, and a smaller percentage
of Ibans and Bidayuhs who have migrated from their home villages to look for
employment. Generally, Sarawak has seven major ethnic groups namely Iban,
Chinese, Malay, Bidayuh, Melanau, Orang Ulu, and "others". Several more minor
ethnics which do not belong to any of these seven major ethnic groups are
Kedayan, Javanese, Bugis, Murut, and Indian. Unlike Indonesia, the term Dayak is
not officially used to address Sarawakian's native ethnicity.
Iban
Iban people
Sea Dayaks (Iban) women from Rejang, Sarawak, wearing rattan corsets
decorated with brass rings and filigree adornments. The family adds to the corset
dress as the girl ages and based on her family's wealth.
The Ibans comprise the largest percentage (almost 30%) of Sarawak's
population.15 Iban is native to Sarawak and Sarawak has the highest number of
Ibans in Borneo. The large majority of Ibans practise Christianity. However, like
most other ethnic groups in Sarawak, they still observe many of their traditional
rituals and beliefs. Sarawak celebrates colourful festivals such as the Gawai
Dayak (harvest festival), Gawai Kenyalang (hornbill, or the god of war festival),
penuaian padi and Gawai Antu (festival of the dead).
Chinese
Malaysian Chinese
Chinese pioneers first came to Sarawak as traders and explorers in the 6th
century. Today, they make up 24% of the population of Sarawak and consist of
communities built from the economic migrants of the 19th and early 20th
centuries. They are classified as a non-Bumiputera ethnic group, despite bearing
the largest contribution and hardship towards the development of Sarawak since
the early 19th century. The Sarawak Chinese belong to a wide range of dialect
groups, the most significant being Foochow, Hakka, Hokkien, Teochew,
Hainanese, and Puxian Min. The Chinese maintain their ethnic heritage and
culture and celebrate all the major cultural festivals, most notably the Chinese
New Year and the Hungry Ghost Festival. The Sarawak Chinese are
predominantly Buddhists and Christians. Ethnic Chinese in Sarawak were
encouraged to settle because of their commercial and business acumen. The
biggest dialect group is the Hokkien; many originated from Jinmen, Republic of
China and Xiamen in China. The Hakka and Cantonese represent a minority of
the Chinese population. Despite their small numbers, the Hokkien have a
considerable presence in Sarawak's private and business sector, providing
commercial and entrepreneurial expertise and oftentimes operating joint
business ventures with Malaysian Chinese entreprises.16 There are number of
Chinese settled down in Sarawak between the years 1911–1949 after the
Nationalist led-Kuo Min Tang lost in civil war in 1949 between against Communist
Party of China. Most of the Nationalist refugees or Neutral fled from Mainland
China.17 In 1963, when Sarawak helped Malaya to form Malaysia, most of them
15 Ibid16 Richter, Frank-Jürgen, ed. (1999). "Overseas Chinese and Overseas Indian Business Networks". Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives. Greenwood. ISBN 9781567203028. http://books.google.ca/books?id=piNfUHUmPG8C&pg=PA192. Retrieved 2013-01-1917 Pike, John. "Chinese Civil War". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/chinese-civil-war.htm. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
automatically gained the Citizenship of Malaysia despite of having the Kuo Min
Tang Republic of China Citizenship.18
Malay
The Malays make up 23% of the population in Sarawak.19 They mostly populate
the southern region and urban areas of Sarawak.
Melanau
Melanau
The Melanaus have been thought to be amongst the original settle of Sarawak.20
They make up 6% of the population in Sarawak.21 Today most of the Melanaus
community Islam and Christians, though they still celebrate traditional animist
festivals such as the annual Kaul Festival.
Bidayuh
Bidayuh
Concentrated mainly on the West end of Borneo, the Bidayuhs make up 8% of
the population in Sarawak.22 The Bidayuhs speak a number of different but
related dialects. Some Bidayuhs speak either English or Sarawak Malay as their
main language. While some of them still practise traditional religions, the
majority of modern-day Bidayuhs have adopted the Christian faith. Another
ethnic associated to Bidayuh is Salako, classified as Bidayuh by the Malaysian
government for political convenience.
Orang Ulu
Orang Ulu
Chiang Kai Shiek". Sarawakiana. http://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.html. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013.18 Jan Voon, Cham. "Kuomintang's influence on Sarawak Chinese". University of Malaysia Sarawak ( UNIMAS). http://symposia.unimas.my/iii/sym/app?id=6596352876721218&lang=eng&service=blob&suite=def. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013.19 Negeri: Sarawak: Total population by ethnic group, sub-district and state, Malaysia, 2010". Statistics.gov.my. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-19.20 Gomiri. Gomiri. Retrieved on 19 Jan 2013.21 Negeri: Sarawak: Total population by ethnic group, sub-district and state, Malaysia, 2010". Statistics.gov.my. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
22 Ibid
A young Sarawakian playing the sapeh
Orang Ulu is an ethnic group in Sarawak. The various Orang Ulu ethnics together
make up roughly 6% of Sarawak's population. The phrase Orang Ulu means
upriver people and is a term used to collectively describe the numerous tribes
that live upriver in Sarawak's vast interior. Such groups include the major
Kenyah and Kayan people, and the smaller neighbouring groups of the Kajang,
Kejaman, Punan, Ukit, and Penan. Nowadays, the definition also includes the
down-river tribes of the Lun Bawang, Lun Dayeh, "mean upriver" or "far
upstream", Berawan, Saban as well as the plateau-dwelling Kelabits. Orang Ulu is
a term coined officially by the government to identify several ethnics and sub-
ethnics who live mostly at the upriver and uphill areas of Sarawak. Most of them
live in the district of Baram, Miri, Belaga, Limbang, and Lawas.
A vast majority of the Orang Ulu tribe are Christians but traditional religions are
still practised in some areas. Some of the major tribes making up the Orang Ulu
group include:
Kenyah
Kayan
Lun Bawang
Kelabit
Penan
Bisaya
Others
Other minority ethnic groups residing in Sarawak are the Kedayan ethnic group
and the Punan Bah people (in fact is a collective of obscure and unaccounted
ethnic communities grouped together as a single ethnic entity), and also non-
Bumiputera ethnic groups, which are the Indian and Eurasian. The Kedayan are
an ethnic group residing in parts of Sarawak. The Kedayan language is spoken by
more than 37,000 people in Sarawak, with most of the members of the Kedayan
community residing in Lawas, Limbang, Miri, and Sibuti areas. Unlike its
Peninsular counterpart, Sarawakians of Indian descent are small in number and
have assimilated very well to the other communities. Eurasians continues to be
the smallest among the minority ethnic groups in Sarawak, mostly due to
assimilation and interracial marriages. The Punan Bah communities are usually
located in areas that encompass the borders of Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei, and
Indonesia. More studies need to be carried out about them, as they are one of
the lesser known group in the state.
Religions
Demographics of Sarawak: Religions of Sarawak
Religion in Sarawak - 2010 Census23
Religion Percent
Christianity 44%
Islam 30%
Buddhism 13.5%
Chinese Ethnic Religion 6.0%
Other 3.1%
No religion 2.6%
As of 2010 the population of Sarawak disregarding foreign immigrants is 44%
Christian, 30% Muslim, 13.5% Buddhist, 6.0% Taoist or Chinese religion follower,
3.1% follower of other religions, and 2.6% non-religious. Christianity has the
highest number of practitioners in Sarawak. Major Christian denominations in
Sarawak are the Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Methodists, Borneo Evangelical
Mission km2(BEM or Sidang Injil Borneo, km2 S.I.B.), and Baptists. Many
Sarawakian Christians are non-Malay Bumiputera, ranging from Iban, Bidayuh,
Orang Ulu and Melanau. Islam is the second largest religion in Sarawak. Many
Muslims are from Malay, Melanau, and Kedayan ethnic groups. Buddhism is the
third largest, predominantly practiced by Chinese Malaysians. Taoism and
Chinese Folk Religion are together the fourth largest religious group, also
represented by ethnic Chinese. Other minor religions in Sarawak are Baha'i,
Hinduism, Sikhism, and animism. Many Dayaks especially the Ibans, continue to
23 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia". Department of Statistics, Malaysia. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013. p. 13
practice their ethnic religion, particularly with dual marriage rites and during the
important harvest and ancestral festivals such as Gawai Dayak, Gawai Kenyalang
and Gawai Antu. Other ethnics who still have trace number of animism followers
are Melanau and Bidayuh.
Government
Unlike other states in Malaysia, Sarawak is divided into divisions rather than
districts. Each division is headed by one resident. Divisions are further divided
into districts, each of which is headed by a district officer; and each district is
divided into sub-districts, each headed by an administrative officer.
Administrative divisions
Sarawak is divided into 11 Divisions: Limbang, Miri, Bintulu, Kapit, Sibu, Mukah, Sarikei, Betong, Sri Aman, Samarahan, Kuching.
Sarawak is divided into 11 Divisions
Administrative districts
Each division is further divided into districts. There are 31 districts in Sarawak.
Division District Subdistrict
KuchingKuching Siburan, PadawanBauLundu Sematan
Samarahan SamarahanAsajaya
Simunjan SebuyauSerian Tebedu
Sri AmanSri Aman Lingga, PantuLubok Antu
Engkilili
BetongBetong
Pusa, Spaoh, Debak, Maludam
Saratok Roban, Kabong, Budu
SibuSibuKanowitSelangau
Mukah
Mukah BalingianDalat OyaDaro BelawaiMatu Igan
MiriMiri Subis, Niah-SuaiMarudi Beluru, Long Lama
BintuluBintulu SebauhTatau
LimbangLimbang Ng. MedamitLawas Sundar, Trusan
Sarikei
SarikeiMeradongJulauPakan
KapitKapit Nanga MeritSongBelaga Sungai Asap
Conclusion
Sarawak is a region of Malaysia on northwest Borneo. A British protectorate after
1888 and a crown colony after 1946, it joined Malaysia in 1963. This study is to
see the prowess of Brooke family Rajah’s history and the prowess of Rosli Dhoby
in carried out assassinations of British colonial officers in Sarawak to against the
submission of Sarawak administration to British Colonial.
References
(2006 census; Kuching City South – 143,500; Kuching City North – 133,600; Padawan- 3rd Mile/ 7th Mile/ 10th Mile – 302,800)
"Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. iv. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010.
http://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
Chiang Kai Shiek". Sarawakiana. http://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.html. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013.
Facebook. En-gb.facebook.com. Retrieved on 12 August 2011.
Jan Voon, Cham. "Kuomintang's influence on Sarawak Chinese". University of Malaysia Sarawak ( UNIMAS). http://symposia.unimas.my/iii/sym/app?id=6596352876721218&lang=eng&service=blob&suite=def. Retrieved 19 Jan 2013.
Pike, John. "Chinese Civil War". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/chinese-civil-war.htm. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
Malaysia: Environmental Profile. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 19 January 2013.
Negeri: Sarawak: Total population by ethnic group, sub-district and state, Malaysia, 2010". Statistics.gov.my. http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sarawak.pdf. Retrieved 2013-01-19
Richter, Frank-Jürgen, ed. (1999). "Overseas Chinese and Overseas Indian Business Networks". Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives. Greenwood. ISBN 9781567203028. http://books.google.ca/books?id=piNfUHUmPG8C&pg=PA192. Retrieved 2013-01-19
Rosli Dhobi. Retrieved Jan 18 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosli_Dhobi
United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, '''North Borneo and Sarawak'''. Un.org (14 December 1960). Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
United Nations Member States. Un.org. Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
UN General Assembly 15th Session – The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages:509–510). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
UN General Assembly 18th Session – the Question of Malaysia (pages:41–44). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
United Nations Treaty Registered No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippnes, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 July 1963). (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
United Nations Treaty Series No. 8809, Agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord. (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
Chapter 2
The White Rajahs
Introduction
The White Rajahs were a dynasty that founded and ruled the Kingdom of
Sarawak from 1841 to 1946. The first in the line was Englishman James
Brooke.Other men sometime referred to as White Rajahs include Englishman
Alexander Hare in Borneo, Scot John Clunies Ross in the Cocos Islands, and Dane
Mads Lange in Bali.24
Rulers
Sarawak was part of the realm of Brunei until James Brooke, who was to become
the first White Rajah, received a sizable chunk of land from the Bruneian Sultan.
Throughout the rule of the first two Brookes, Sarawak's size increased
tremendously as more territory was leased or annexed from Brunei. There were
three White Rajahs:25
Name Portrait Birth Death Marriages Succession right Note
James of Sarawak(1841–1868)
29 April 1803
11 June 1868
officially unmarried and without
legitimate issue
granted Sarawak and the title Rajah
by the Sultan of Brunei
24 Runciman, Steven, The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946, Cambridge University Press, 196025 Ibid
Charles of Sarawak(1868–1917)
3 June 182917 May
1917
Margaret Alice Lili de Windt, with
whom he had six children, three
surviving infancy
His uncle James named Charles as
his successor
Vyner of Sarawak(1917–1946)
26 September
18749 May 1963
Sylvia Brett, with whom he had three
daughtersson of the preceding
All three were educated in England and are buried there at Sheepstor Church.
By and large the Brookes pursued a policy of paternalism, aimed at protecting
the 'native peoples' from 'capitalist exploitation,' and as a result preventing the
same levels of development which were evident in some other parts of the
British Empire. While James laid much of the groundwork for the expansion of
Sarawak, it was his nephew Charles who was the great builder, both in terms of
public buildings such as forts and also in extending the borders of the state.
While the manner of his departure was controversial, Vyner nonetheless
instituted significant political reforms, including ending the absolute rule of the
Rajah in 1941 ahead of the Japanese invasion by granting new powers to the
Council Negeri (the parliament).
Titles
"Rajah Muda" was the title given to the heir apparent of the Rajah of Sarawak,
and the style "His Highness". The wife of the Rajah Muda had the title "Ranee
Muda". When James Brooke first arrived in Sarawak it was governed as a vassal
state of the Sultanate of Brunei. When he assumed control of the original area
around Kuching in the 1840s, much of the system of government was based on
the ineffective Bruneian model. James set about reforming the government and
eventually created a civil service, which recruited European, mainly British,
officers to run district outstations.26 The Sarawak Service was continually
reformed by Rajah James and his successors.
Government
James retained many of the customs and symbols of Malay monarchy and
combined them with his own style of absolute rule. The Rajah had the power to
introduce laws and acted as chief judge in Kuching. The Brookes were
determined to prevent the peoples of Sarawak from being 'exploited' by Western
business interests and formed the Borneo Company Limited to assist in
managing the economy. This entity also provided military support to the Brookes
during events such as the Chinese Rebellion, when one of the company
steamships, The Sir James Brooke, helped recapture Kuching. A small
paramilitary force, the Sarawak Rangers, was formed by Rajah Charles to police
and defend the expanding state. This small army also manned a series of forts
around the country, performed ceremonial duties and acted as the Rajahs'
personal guard.27
Cession to the United Kingdom
After World War II, Vyner Brooke ceded Sarawak to the Colonial Office for a
sizeable pension for him and his three daughters. His nephew and designated
heir, Anthony Brooke, initially opposed cession to the Crown, as did a majority of
the native members of the Council Negri. Duncan Stewart, the second British
governor to Sarawak, was assassinated by a group agitating for union with newly
independent Indonesia and Anthony Brooke was unjustly implicated. Documents
newly released indicate that the British Government chose not to reveal the truth
of the matter, which was known to HMG at the time. However, there is now no
serious movement for the restoration of the monarchy.
The period of Brooke rule is generally looked upon favourably in Sarawak,
although successive post-federation Malaysian governments have attempted to
downplay and, to a certain extent, denounce the Brooke Raj.
The coaling station of Brooketon in Brunei was named after the Brooke family.
26 Ranee Margaret of Sarawak (2001). My Life in Sarawak. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-582663-9.27 Reece, R.H.W., The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak, 1993.
The architectural legacy of the dynasty can be seen in many of the country's
nineteenth century and colonial heritage buildings. In Kuching these include the
Astana, or governor's residence, the Sarawak Museum, the Old Courthouse, Fort
Margherita, the Square Fort, and Brooke Memorial. Several key buildings from
the Brooke period have been demolished, such as the offices and warehouses of
Borneo Company.
Legacy
Modern Kuching still boasts many businesses and attractions which capitalise
upon the era of the White Rajahs. The Brooke Dockyard, which was founded in
the period of Rajah Charles, is still in operation, as is the original Sarawak
Museum. The James Brooke Café and the Royalist, a pub named after James
Brooke's schooner, pay tribute to the Brookes. Sarawak is notably different from
peninsular Malaysia and even Sabah in that its ethnic groups are more varied
due to the large proportion of tribal peoples such as the Iban and Dyaks. Chinese
and Indian migration was encouraged at various times by the Brookes.28
Heraldry and emblems
Flag of the Kingdom of Sarawak.
The heraldic arms of the Brooke dynasty were based on the emblem used by
James Brooke, and consisted of a red and black cross on yellow shield, crested by
a badger, known in heraldic parlance as a brock and hence alluding to the
dynastic surname. A crown was added in 1949 and the shield design was used as
the basis of the Sarawak flag until 1973. In 1988 the state flag reverted to these
original colours.
References
28 White Rajahs. Retrieved Jan 19, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_of_Sarawak
Ranee Margaret of Sarawak (2001). My Life in Sarawak. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0-19-582663-9.
Reece, R.H.W., The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak,
1993.
Runciman, Steven, The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946,
Cambridge University Press, 1960
Sylvia, Lady Brooke, Queen of the Headhunters, 1970.
White Rajahs. Retrieved Jan 19, 2013 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_of_Sarawak
Chapter 3
James Brooke, Charles Brooke & Charles Vyner Brooke
James, Rajah of Sarawak, KCB (born James Brooke; 29 April 1803 – 11 June 1868)
was a British adventurer whose exploits in areas of the British Empire led to him
becoming the first White Rajah of Sarawak.
Early life
Brooke was born in Secrole, a suburb of Benares, India. His father, Thomas
Brooke, was an English Judge Court of Appeal at Bareilly, British India; his
mother, Anna Maria, born in Hertfordshire, was the daughter of Scottish peer
Colonel William Stuart, 9th Lord Blantyre, and his mistress Harriott Teasdale.
Brooke stayed at home in India until he was sent, aged 12, to England and a brief
education at Norwich School from which he ran away. Some home tutoring
followed in Bath before he returned to India in 1819 as an ensign in the Bengal
Army of the British East India Company. He saw action in Assam during the First
Anglo-Burmese War until seriously wounded in 1825, and sent to England for
recovery. In 1830, he arrived back in Madras but was too late to rejoin his unit,
and resigned. He remained in the ship he had travelled out in, the Castle
Huntley, and returned home via China.
Sarawak
Brooke attempted to trade in the Far East, but was not successful. In 1833, he
inherited £30,000, which he used as capital to purchase a 142-ton schooner, The
Royalist.29 Setting sail for Borneo in 1838, he arrived in Kuching in August to find
the settlement facing an Iban and Bidayuh uprising against the Sultan of Brunei.
Greatly impressed with the Malay Archipelago, in Sarawak he met Pangeran
Muda Hashim, to whom he gave assistance in crushing the rebellion, thereby
winning the allegiance of the Sultan, who in 1841 offered Brooke the
governorship of Sarawak in return for his help.
Raja Brooke was highly successful in suppressing the widespread piracy of the
region. However some Malay nobles in Brunei, unhappy over Brooke's measures
against piracy, arranged for the murder of Muda Hashim and his followers.
Brooke, with assistance from a unit of Britain's China squadron, took over Brunei
and restored its sultan to the throne. In return the sultan ceded complete
sovereignty of Sarawak to Brooke, who in 1846 presented the island of Labuan to
the British government.
He was granted the title of Rajah of Sarawak on 24 September 1841, partly
attributed to his relationship with a daughter of the Sultan, although the official
declaration was not made until 18 August 1842.
Brooke began to establish and cement his rule over Sarawak: reforming the
administration, codifying laws and fighting piracy, which proved to be an ongoing
issue throughout his rule.[citation needed] Brooke returned temporarily to
England in 1847, where he was given the Freedom of the City of London,
appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Labuan, British consul-general in
Borneo and was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB).
Brooke became the centre of controversy in 1851 when accusations against him
of excessive use of force against natives, under the guise of anti-piracy
operations, ultimately led to the appointment of a royal commission in Singapore
in 1854: its investigation did not confirm the charges, but the accusations
continued to haunt him.
29 James, Lawrence (1994). The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 244–245. ISBN 0-312-16985.
During his rule, Brooke faced threats from Sarawak warriors like Sharif Masahor
and Rentap, and an uprising by Chinese miners in 1857,30 but remained in power.
Having no legitimate children, in 1861 he named Captain John Brooke Johnson-
Brooke, his sister's eldest son, as his successor. Two years later, while John was
in England, James deposed and banished John from Sarawak because John had
criticised him. He later named another son of the same sister, Charles Anthoni
Johnson Brooke, who did indeed succeed him.
In November 1862, Captain Brooke rescued several civilians from the Moro
Pirates after a pitched naval battle off the coast of Mukah. During the fighting,
Brooke's steamer named Rainbow sank four prahus and damaged one other with
cannon fire. Over 100 pirates were killed or wounded in the engagement while
Brooke, and his Sarawakian followers, were mostly unscathed.31 Brooke ruled
Sarawak until his death in 1868, following three strokes over a period of ten
years.
Burial
A memorial stained glass window in St Leonard's Church dedicated to those from
Sarawak who died in World War II. It depicts a butterfly, a moth, and pitcher
plants, two of which were named after James Brooke. All three White Rajahs are
buried in St Leonard's Church in the village of Sheepstor on Dartmoor.
Personal life
James Brooke
Brooke was influenced by the success of previous British adventurers and the
exploits of the British East India Company. His actions in Sarawak were clearly
directed to both expanding the British Empire and the benefits of its rule,
assisting the local people by fighting piracy and slavery, and securing his own
personal wealth to further these activities. His own abilities, and those of his
successors, provided Sarawak with excellent leadership and wealth generation
during difficult times, and resulted in both fame and notoriety in some circles.
His appointment as Rajah by the Sultan, and his subsequent knighthood, is
30 Heidhues, MFS (2003) Golddiggers, farmers, and traders in the "Chinese Districts" of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. SEAP Ithaca, NY P10231 http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/sarawak/sketches1882/16.html
evidence that his efforts were widely applauded in both Sarawak and British
society.32
Among his more notable emotional relationships was the one with Badruddin, a
Sarawak prince, of whom he wrote, "my love for him was deeper than anyone I
knew." Later, in 1848, Brooke is alleged to have formed a relationship with 16
year old Charles T. C. Grant, grandson of the seventh Earl of Elgin, who
reciprocated.33 Whether this relationship was purely a friendship or otherwise has
not been fully revealed.
Although he died unmarried, he did acknowledge one son. Neither the identity of
the son's mother nor his birth date is clear. The son was brought up as Reuben
G. Walker in the Brighton household of Frances Walker (1841 and 1851 census,
apparently born ca.1836). By 1858 he was aware of his Brooke connection and
by 1871 he is on the census at the parish of Plumtree, Nottinghamshire as
"George Brooke", age "40", birthplace "Sarawak, Borneo". He was married (in
1862)34 and had seven children, three of whom survived their infancy. The oldest
was called James; he died, travelling steerage to Australia, in the wreck of the SS
British Admiral35 on 23 May 1874. A memorial to this effect – giving a birthdate of
1834 – is in the churchyard at Plumtree.36
Fiction
Fictionalised accounts of Brooke's exploits in Sarawak are given in Kalimantaan
by C. S. Godshalk and The White Rajah by Nicholas Montserrat. Another book,
also called The White Rajah by Tom Williams was published by JMS Books in
2010. Brooke is also featured in Flashman's Lady, the 6th book in George
MacDonald Fraser's meticulously researched Flashman novels; and in Sandokan:
The Pirates of Malaysia (I pirati della Malesia), the second novel in Emilio
Salgari's Sandokan series.
32 Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, Ronald Hyam; pp.44–4533 WALKER, J.H., "This peculiar acuteness of feeling: James Brooke and the enactment of desire", Borneo Research Bulletin, vol 29 (1998) pp 148- 18934 http://4dw.net/royalark/Malaysia/sarawak4.htm35 http://www.kingisland.net.au/~maritime/britishadmiral.htmhttp://www.slv.vic.gov.au/vicpamphlets/0/0/1/pdf/vp0010.pdf36 http://www.keyworth-history.org.uk/about/reports/0509.htm
Brooke was also a model for the hero of Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim, and he is
briefly mentioned in Kipling's short story "The Man Who Would Be King". Charles
Kingsley dedicated the novel Westward Ho! (1855) to Brooke. Errol Flynn
intended to star on a film on Brooke's life called The White Rajah for Warner
Bros, based on a script by Flynn himself. However although the project was
announced for filming it was never made.37
Honours
Some Bornean species were named in Brooke's honor: Rhododendron brookei,
Rhododendron, named by Hugh Low. Rajah Brooke's Pitcher Plant, Nepenthes
rajah, a pitcher plant named by Joseph Dalton Hooker Trogonoptera brookiana,
birdwing butterfly, named by Alfred R. Wallace. Brooke's Squirrel, Sundasciurus
brookei.
James Brooke
Brooke family
Born: 29 April 1803 Died: 11 June 1868
Regnal titles
Preceded byNone
Rajah of Sarawak1842–1868
Succeeded byCharles
Notes
The term “Rajah” reflects traditional usage in Sarawak and English writing,
although Raja may be better orthography in Malay.
Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak
Charles, Rajah of Sarawak, GCMG (Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke; 3 June 1829
– 17 May 1917), born Charles Anthoni Johnson, ruled as the head of state of
Sarawak from 3 August 1868 until his death. He succeeded his uncle, James
Brooke,38 as the second White Rajah of this small country on the coast of Borneo.
37 NEWS OF THE SCREEN: GABLE AND SHEARER FOR 'PRIDE OR PREJUDICE' – HAWAIIAN SETTING FOR BING CROSBY FILM. New York Times (1923–Current file) [New York, N.Y] 1 September 1936: 24.38 The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520
Charles, Rajah of Sarawak, GCMG (Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke; 3 June 1829
– 17 May 1917), born Charles Anthoni Johnson, ruled as the head of state of
Sarawak from 3 August 1868 until his death. He succeeded his uncle, James
Brooke,39 as the second White Rajah of this small country on the coast of Borneo.
Biography
Charles was born in Berrow Vicarage, Burnham, Somerset, in England, to the
Rev. Francis Charles and Emma Frances Johnson, the younger sister of Rajah Sir
James Brooke. Francis and Emma had other children: Captain John Brooke
Johnson (1823–1868) (later Brooke Brooke), Mary Anna Johnson (b. 1824), Harriet
Helena Johnson (b. 1826), Charlotte Frances Johnson (b. 1828), Captain (William)
Frederic Johnson (b. 1830), Emma Lucy Johnson (b. 1832), Margaret Henrietta
Johnson (1834–1845), Georgianna Brooke Johnson (1836–1854), James Stuart
Johnson (1839–1840), and Henry Stuart Johnson (b. 1841).
Charles was educated at Crewkerne Grammar School and entered the Royal
Navy. He adopted his uncle James's name and entered his service in 1852 as
Resident at the Lundu station. In 1865, James named Charles as his successor.
Charles married Margaret Alice Lili de Windt at Highworth, Wiltshire on 28
October 1869; she was raised to the title of Ranee of Sarawak with the style of
Her Highness 28 October 1869. They had six children, three of whom survived
infancy:
Dayang Ghita Brooke (1870–1873)
James Harry Brooke (1872–1873)
Charles Clayton Brooke (1872–1873)39 Ibid.
Vyner of Sarawak (1874–1963)
Bertram, Tuan Muda (1876–1965)
Harry Keppel Brooke, Tuan Bongsu (1879–1926) 40
Evidence also exists (see Reece cited in references below) that Charles Brooke
had another son, Esca Brooke, born of a liaison with a native Malay woman which
was unrecognized in English law. Esca was later adopted by Rev. William Daykin
and moved to Canada.
Rajah Charles as depicted on a one cent coin
Charles continued the work his uncle had started, suppressing piracy, slavery,
and head-hunting, while encouraging trade and development and expanding his
borders as the opportunity arose. In 1891 he established the Sarawak Museum,
the first museum in Borneo. Brooke founded a boys' school in 1903, called the
'Government Lay School', where Malays could be taught in the Malay language.
This was the forerunner of SMK Green Road.41 By the time of his death, Britain
had granted Sarawak protectorate status, it had a parliamentary government
and a railway, and oil had been discovered.
All three White Rajahs are buried in St Leonard's Church in the village of
Sheepstor on Dartmoor.
Charles Vyner Brooke
Vyner, Rajah of Sarawak, GCMG (Charles Vyner deWindt Brooke; 26 September
1874 – 9 May 1963) was the third and final White Rajah of Sarawak.42
40 Ibid.41 "Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 70". Royal Asiatic Society. v. 70 – 1997. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F2YaAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Government+Lay+School%22+1903&dq=%22Government+Lay+School%22+1903&lr=&cd=2. Retrieved 3 April 2010.42 The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520
Early life
The son of Charles of Sarawak and his wife Margaret de Windt (Ranee Margaret
of Sarawak), Vyner was born in London and spent his youth there, being
educated at Clevedon, Winchester College, and Magdalene College, Cambridge.43
He then entered the Sarawak public service. Vyner served as aide-de-camp to his
father 1897–1898, district officer of Simanggang 1898–1901, Resident of Mukah
and Oya, 1902–1903, Resident of the Third Division 1903–1904, President of the
Law Courts 1904–1911, Vice-President of the Supreme and General Councils
1904–1911.
In his military career he was 2nd Lieutenant 3rd County of London
(Sharpshooters) Yeomanry (12 May 1911), resigning on 21 May 1913. During
World War I he served incognito as a private in anti-aircraft defence and as a
fitter in the aeroplane manufacturing works at Shoreditch, east London. He was
granted the personal style of His Highness by command of George V, 22 June
1911. It was in England that he met and married The Hon. Sylvia Brett, daughter
of Lord Esher,44 on 21 February 1911. They returned to Sarawak.
Rajah of Sarawak
Following the death of his father, Vyner succeeded on 17 May and was
proclaimed Rajah on 24 May 1917 at Kuching. He took the oath before the
Council Negri on 22 July 1918. Vyner's early years as Rajah saw a boom in the
Sarawak rubber and oil industries and the subsequent rise in the Sarawak
economy allowed him to modernise the country's institutions, including the 43 Venn, J.; Venn, J. A., eds. (1922–1958). "Brooke, Charles Vyner". Alumni Cantabrigienses (10 vols) (online ed.). Cambridge University Press.44 The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520
public service, and introduce a penal code developed on British India lines in
1924. Granted a knighthood in 1927, Vyner continued to run a hands-off and
relatively popular administration that banned Christian missionaries and fostered
indigenous traditions (to an extent; headhunting was outlawed). Sarawak,
however, was not immune to Japanese imperial ambition, which manifested itself
in Sarawak on 25 December 1941. In that same year he withdrew £200,000 from
the Treasury for his personal expenses, in exchange for limiting his powers by a
new constitution.45 Vyner and his family were visiting Sydney, Australia, where
he would remain for the duration of the war.[citation needed]
The Daily Telegraph described him as "a cloud-living Old Wykehamist, ... one of
the few monarchs left in the world who could still say l'Etat, c'est moi." Similarly,
his Who's Who entry read thus: "Has led several expeditions into the far interior
of the country to punish headhunters; understands the management of natives;
rules over a population of 500,000 souls and a country" 40,000 square miles
(100,000 km2) in extent.46
Abdication and later life
Vyner returned to Sarawak on 15 April 1946 and temporarily resumed as Rajah,
until 1 July 1946 when he ceded Sarawak to the British government as a crown
colony, thus ending White Rajah rule in Sarawak. Vyner died in London at No. 13,
Albion Street, Bayswater, W2 on 9 May 1963,47 four months before Sarawak as
well as Malaya, Sabah and Singapore joined together to form the Federation of
Malaysia. Vyner, his father, his brother Bertram, the Tuan Muda, and Rajah
James, are buried in St Leonard's Church in the village of Sheepstor on Dartmoor.
Family
He was survived by three daughters:
Dayang Leonora Margaret, Countess of Inchcape, wife of firstly the Earl of
Inchcape (one son, Lord Tanlaw, and one daughter) and, secondly of US Colonel
45 Accounts by his nephew, Anthony Brooke http://sarawakdotcom.blogspot.com/46 "The girl who would be queen", The Daily Telegraph, 2/6/2007.47 The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520
Francis Parker Tompkins (one son). Dayang Elizabeth, a RADA educated singer
and actress, wife of firstly Harry Roy (one son and one daughter), and secondly,
Richard Vidmer until her death.48 Dayang Nancy Valerie, wife of firstly, Robert
Gregory, an American wrestler, secondly, José Pepi Cabarro – a Spanish
businessman, thirdly, Andrew Aitken Macnair (one son, Stewart, born 1952), and
fourthly, Memery Whyatt. She died in Florida.49
Titles from birth to death
C. Vyner de Windt Brooke, Esq. (26 September 1874 – 30 July 1891)
Vyner, The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (31 July 1891 – 11 May 1911)
Lieutenant The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (12 May 1911 – 21 June 1911)
H.H. Lieut. The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (22 June 1911 – 21 May 1913)
H.H. Vyner, The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (21 May 1913 – 1916)
H.H. Private The Rajah Muda of Sarawak (1916 – 16 May 1917)
H.H. Rajah Vyner of Sarawak (17 May 1917 – 1917)
Col. H.H. Rajah Vyner of Sarawak (1917 – 2 June 1927)
Col. H.H. Rajah Vyner of Sarawak, GCMG (3 June 1917 – 1932)
H.H. Rajah Vyner of Sarawak, GCMG (1932 – 9 May 1963) Although his rule in
Sarawak ceased in 1946, part of his abdication 'deal' was that he maintained his
styles and titles for life.
Conclusion
Indeed, Anthony Brooke could hardly have been more British. Born thousands of
miles away in England, he would later be educated at Eton and Oxford. Yet as far
as the people of Sarawak were concerned, he was royalty. Since 1841, his
father’s family had taken it upon themselves to rule this remote region as their
private empire. The White Rajahs, as they became known, had the power of life
and death over their subjects, not to mention their own constabulary, flag and
postage stamps.
Anthony, too, would go on to govern Sarawak. In fact, this bizarre and extraordinary dynasty — known as much for its eccentricity as for its benevolent rule — only came to an end this month when he died at the age of 98. The family had come to power thanks to Anthony’s great-great-uncle James Brooke — a
48 Princess Pearl (aka Elizabeth Vyner Brooke) – IMDb49 The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520
man so swashbucklingly adventurous that Errol Flynn once proposed to play him in a film about his life. Born in Benares in 1803, he was the son of an English judge who worked for the East India Company.
End of the line: Anthony Brooke, last White Rajah of Sarawak, would lose the territory to the British
References
James, Lawrence (1994). The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. 175 Fifth
Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 244–245. ISBN 0-
312-16985.
Heidhues, MFS (2003) Golddiggers, farmers, and traders in the "Chinese
Districts" of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. SEAP Ithaca, NY P102
http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/sarawak/sketches1882/16.html
Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, Ronald Hyam; pp.44–45
WALKER, J.H., "This peculiar acuteness of feeling: James Brooke and the
enactment of desire", Borneo Research Bulletin, vol 29 (1998) pp 148- 189
http://4dw.net/royalark/Malaysia/sarawak4.htm
http://www.kingisland.net.au/~maritime/britishadmiral.htm
http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/vicpamphlets/0/0/1/pdf/vp0010.pdf
http://www.keyworth-history.org.uk/about/reports/0509.htm
NEWS OF THE SCREEN: GABLE AND SHEARER FOR 'PRIDE OR PREJUDICE' –
HAWAIIAN SETTING FOR BING CROSBY FILM. New York Times (1923–
Current file) [New York, N.Y] 1 September 1936: 24.
Barley, Nigel. White Rajah. London:Time Warner, 2002 ISBN 978-0-316-85920-2
Cavendish, Richard. "Birth of Sir James Brooke." History Today. April 2003, Vol.
53, Issue 4.
Doering, Jonathan. "The Enigmatic Sir James Brooke." Contemporary Review,
July, 2003. (Book review of White Rajah by Nigel Barley. Little, Brown. ISBN
0-316-85920-6.)
The Peerage. http://www.thepeerage.com/p18752.htm#i187520
"Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 70". Royal
Asiatic Society. v. 70 – 1997. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
Ranee Margaret of Sarawak (2001). My Life in Sarawak. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0-19-582663-9.
R.H.W. Reece (1982). The Name of Brooke, the End of White Rajah Rule in
Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-580474-0
9780195804744.
Chapter 4
ROSLI DHOBI
Rosli Dhoby, Sarawak Malay warriors who fought for independence from the
British dead Sarawak gallows on February 2, 1950. His age was then 17 years old
and he's a teacher. But the fighting spirit against the British who wanted to
return control of Sarawak after the Second World War pretty awesome. He was
found guilty of stabbing to death a second British Governor of Sarawak, Sir
Duncan Stewart with a knife poisoned in Sibu on December 3, 1949. Young man
who was born in 1932 parishioners in Sibu Sarawak Malay Youth Movement sits
(GPMS) set up to oppose the British private, Sir Charles Vyner Brooke family who
defeated Japan in World War II but want to cede Sarawak to the Colonial Office in
London after the War in 1945.
Sarawak is dominated by private colonial British Sir James Brooke in 1842.
Brookes, Sir James, his nephew Sir Charles, and son of Sir Charles, Sir Charles
Vyner, ruled Sarawak from year 1842 until the defeat in the war with Japan in
1941. Jim was a member of the Pillar 13 in GPMS. GPMS that combines Malay
leaders Brunei and Sarawak parishioners led by Datuk Patinggi Abang Abdillah
the Prime Minister's Department at the time of Sir Charles Vyner. Before the
Brooke family control of Sarawak, Abang Abdillah family is representative of the
government of Sarawak and Brunei Sultan, the founder of the State.
Pillar established 13 Queensway Road, Sibu, on February 21, 1949. The aim is to
stab Sir Duncan the deeply unpopular among the natives of Sarawak as being
arrogant towards them. Pillar 13 has chosen to stab Sir Jim Duncan when colonial
agents visited Sibu on December 3, 1949. At 9.30 am on that day, he is Sir
Duncan belly pierced with a knife called Badik Melanau tradition. Jim shouted:
"Get out of here or you're dead!" Jim and his friend, who is also descended from
parishioners, Morsidi Sidik, both arrested by British police.
Sir Duncan was sent to Sibu Hospital and then to Singapore to receive intensive
care. British officer, died seven days after the incident. On December 15, 1949,
Jim and Morsidi and their two colleagues, Awang Awang Rambli Suntong
Matsaruddin and Single, who also descended from parishioners, has been
sentenced to death in prison Kuching, Jalan Tabuan, Kuching. They are all buried
without a gravestone.
All four of these nationalist fighters reinterred in Sibu on March 2, 1996, in Sibu,
after an official ceremony attended by the President of the fifth State Tun Ahmad
Zaidi Adruce Mohamad Noor (friends who also descended from parishioners).
This is the last letter to his family Rosli Dhoby suspended the day before:
My parents are dimuliai and obeyed and loved the day and night.
1. Son farewell and gratitude for the terrible death of her son. Do not remember-
remember and appealed because of it is fate and destiny inevitable son and
dimungkirkan again.
2. Nurture brothers and sisters and all of us - Provide the lessons either
`circumcision 'or' Fardh 'to them.
3. Forgive sins and red soles son from father and mother kept up to say farewell
to son. And refreshment halalkanlah son.
4. Selimutilah deceased son with Sarawak National Colours.
5. All his written work, book and clothing son, give it all to sister Aini.
(Datuk Aini Dhoby is a founder of the opposition Jati Sarawak in 1961 together
with Tun Ahmad Zaidi, former chief minister third and fourth Governor of
Sarawak, Tun Abdul Rahman, Jacob, and the fourth Chief Minister Tan Sri Dr
Abdul Taib Mahmud. Barisan Rakyat or BARJASA Sarawakian Bumiputra Sarawak
then called the Party and finally, Pesaka Bumiputra Sarawak United Party or the
UN)
6. While small child Fatimah, give the name to commemorate ROSLI son.
7. Greetings respectful and safe than sorry and to her older son and his uncle's
son.
8. Father and mother and all the family members do not forget to practice
benevolence and prayed for special supplies to the everlasting.
Greetings from son worship.
Rosli Dhoby50
Rosli Dhoby
50 http://pembelamelayu2009.wordpress.com/2008/08/21/524/
Wong Ho Leng visited family members of the late Rosli Dhoby during the Hari
Raya. This is his 2nd visit in 2 years. To the family and the Malays, Rosli was a
hero. This Malay Sarawakian nationalist was a member leader of the Rukun 13
organization, a secret cell which carried out assassinations of British colonial
officers in Sarawak. In 1948, Rosli Dhoby assassinated Sir Duncan George
Stewart, the 2nd Governor of colonial Sarawak. Other members of the Rukun 13
organization who carried out the assassination included Morshidi Sidek, Awang
Ramli Amit Mohd Deli and Bujang Suntong.
The assassination was well orchestrated. Rosli Dhoby and Morshidi Sidek were
among the crowd that welcomed the Governor on his arrival to Sibu. While the
governor walked to near Rosli, Morshidi pretended to take pictures of the
Governor with a broken camera. The Governor stopped to allow Morshidi to
photograph him. At that moment, Rosli stabbed the Governor who died a week
thereafter.
Rosli was arrested on the spot. He was charged for murder together with Awang
Ramli Amit Mohd Deli, Morshidi Sidek and Bujang Suntong. The trial was
conducted in Kuching which found all of them guilty of murder and sentenced to
death on 4.12.1949. Rosli Dhoby was sent to the gallows on the morning of
2.3.1950. The execution was not bereft of controversy because Rosli Dhoby was
a juvenile then.
According to the Wikipedia:
(a) Fearing the resentment of the local population, the British government did
not allow Rosli Dhoby’s body to leave the Kuching Central Prison. Instead, his
body was interred in an unmarked tomb within the prison compound. After
Sarawak gained independence from Britain and joined to form a federation called
Malaysia on 16 September 1963, a tombstone was put in place at his tomb.
(b) After 46 years resting in prison compound, the remains of Rosli Dhoby
were moved out of the Kuching Central Prison to be buried in the Sarawak’s
Heroes Mausoleum near Sibu Town Mosque at his home town of Sibu on March 2,
1996. To honour his struggle against the British, Rosli Dhoby was given a state
funeral by the Sarawak Government.
Together with PAS members, He visited the burial place and paid respect to the
late Rosli Dhoby in May 2010, during the Sibu by-election. He salutes his courage
for standing up against the colonial masters. But he paid the ultimate price for
it.51
Rosli Dhoby & Sibu
'Panggilan Mu yang Suchi'
Wahai Pemuda harapan bangsa,
Segeralah bangun membuat-kan jasa,
Kebangunan mu menyedar kan Melayu bangsa,
Ka-haluan kemajuan Aman Sentosa,
Wahai pemuda ber-chita suchi,
Kenal-kan Sarawak Negara kita yang Asli,
Meskipun bagai-mana anchaman akan terjadi,
Hendak lah sa-hidup sa-mati,
Mengibar-kan bendera menggambar kan hati,
Menunjok-kan rupa bangsa dan Negri,
Mengenal-kan hak di-tanahayer sendiri,
Wahai pemuda yang ber-semangat kan gelisah,
Insap-lah pada perjuangan bangsa,
Lambat bangat di-takdzir Allah,
Bangsa dan tanahayer tetap Merdeka.
Oleh : Lidros (Rosli Dhoby) Utusan Sarawak 28 Februari 194952
Rosli Dhoby and Sibu
'Call thy Holy'
O Youth nation's hope
Hurry wake up make services,
Awakening your right to sensitize the Malay race,
Ka-Aman Sentosa course of progress,
51 http://holeng.dapsarawak.com/?p=156552 http://amirmukhtar.blogspot.com/2010/05/rosli-dhoby-sibu.html
My aspiration is to see youth holy ambition,
Sarawak known our Natural State,
Despite how the threat will occur,
Want to be together dead and life,
Flying its flag draw hearts,
Showed a nation-state appearance and State,
Identify nation own right,
O youth, agitated right spirit,
Realise is the struggle,
Sooner or later, in God’s will,
Nations and fixed nation’s Independence.
By : Lidros (Rosli Dhoby) Utusan Sarawak 28 Februari 194953
Who is Rosli Dhoby?
No, he's not the pioneer entrepreneur of laundry shops (aka Kedai Dobi). Neither
photo above is the 'jambu boy' who alleged he has been sodomized by a
prominent politician. In fact, Rosli Dhoby (1932-March 2, 1950) was a Malay
Melanau Sarawakian nationalist from Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia during the British
crown colony era in that state. He was a member leader of the Rukun 13
organization, a secret cell organization which carried out assassinations of British
colonial officers in Sarawak - Damn, that's cool!
Rosli Dhobi was the one responsible for the assassination of Sir Duncan George
Stewart, the 2nd governor of colonial Sarawak in 1949 using a poisoned dagger
(badik) - He was a teacher & just turned 17 years old at that time. The price paid
for his fight for the freedom of his beloved country, Rosli Dhoby was hanged to
death at Kuching Central Prison on 2nd March 1950 & his body was buried in an
unmarked grave. Only after Sarawak gained independence & joined Malaysia in
1963 a tombstone was put on his grave. In 1996, his remains (& 3 other heroes)
were re-interred in Sarawak's Heroes Mausoleum near Sibu Town Mosque, his
hometown & were given State Funeral - However, according to some accounts,
Rosli's remains were mysteriously nowhere to be found.
His former tombstone in Kuching is now on display at Sarawak Islamic Museum.
It's now up to the Sibu people to decide & live up the fight of Rosli Dhoby.54
53 Ibid.54 Ibid.
Rukun 13 or Rukun Tiga Belas is a defunct Sarawakian organization that
existed from 1947 until 1950.
Formation
This organization was officially formed in final 1947 due to opposition to the
Cession to the United Kingdom in Sarawak. At first, the organization had planned
to kill the British Governor Sir Charles Noble Arden-Clarke but the fate decide
otherwise. Sir Charles Noble Arden-Clarke was transferred to Gold Coast.55 He
was succeeded by Sir Duncan George Stewart.
Penalty & disestablishment
After the second Governor of Sarawak, Duncan Stewart was killed by Rosli Dhobi
and later died in Singapore General Hospital, the British caught all Rukun 13
members in March 1950. The 2 main members of Rukun 13, Rosli Dhobi and
Awang Rambli were sentenced to death together with 2 other people, Bujang
Suntong and Morshidi Sidek who were not Rukun 13 members. The rest of the
Rukun 13 members were jailed.
List of Rukun 13 members
Rosli Dhobi
Morshidi Sidek.
Awang Rambli Amit Mohd Deli.
Bujang Suntong.
Abg Ahmad
Osman Dollah
Morni Junit
Jack Yusof
Awang Osman
Abg Han Abg Ahmad
Wan Zin
Che Alias Osman
Tambek Adun
Amin Jenal
Abg Mat Sirat
55 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukun_13
Anti-cession movement of Sarawak
The anti-cession movement of Sarawak (Malay: Gerakan Anti-Penyerahan
Sarawak) was a movement in Sarawak to fight against the British attempt to
govern Sarawak as a crown colony rather than a protectorate ruled by the White
Rajahs. The movement lasted from 1 July 1946 until March 1950.56
Factors
The anti-cession of movement of Sarawak arose from the violation of a provision
in the 1941 constitution of Sarawak, which stipulated that Rajah Charles Vyner
Brooke would grant the right self-rule to Sarawak. Instead, he decided to cede it
to Britain as a crown colony on 8 February 1946.57 Secondly, the Sarawakian
people had believed that the rule of the Brooke family could be expected to lead
to independence for Sarawak, but heir apparent Anthony Brooke was not
appointed as the next Rajah.58 In addition, the decision was taken without the
consent of the indigenous people. The British did discuss it with the local people,
but declared Sarawak a crown colony on 1 July 1946 anyway, with support from
British officers and non-native residents.59
Overview of movement
Many Malays joined Datu Patinggi Abang Haji Abdillah and Datu Patinggi Haji
Mohammad Kassim to fight against cession of Sarawak to Britain. Many other
local associations, such as the Malay National Association of Sarawak (PKMS),
took part as well.60 Members of the movement sent a letter objecting to cession
to the Colonial Office in London. They also displayed an anti-cession poster in all
the villages of Sarawak, and local people, including women, held demonstrations
against it.61 However, when the authorities discovered that most of the members
of the movement were civil servants, "Circular No.9" was issued and signed by
C.W.Dawson on 31 December 1946, to warn civil servants that it was illegal to
participate in political movements, on pain of dismissal from their post. More
56 "Pergerakan Anti-Cession". Unofficial PKMS website. 21 October 2009. http://pkmsblog.blogspot.com/2009/10/pergerakan-anti-cession.html. (Malay)57 "Sarawak C.V.Booke White Rajah". CACHE Historical and World Coins. http://www.cachecoins.org/sarawak01.htm.58 "SARAWAK: End of Absolutism". Time Magazine. 6 October 1941. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790265,00.html?iid=chix-sphere.59 Reece, R.H.W., The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak, 1993.60 "Sejarah PKMS". Unofficial PKMS website. 18 October 2009. http://pkmsblog.blogspot.com/2009/10/sejarah-pkms.html. (Malay)61 Sarawak, Sejarah (9 June 2010). "Bermulanya perjuangan dan penentangan Cession". http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=129148803780660. (Malay)
than 338 public employees, mostly teachers, resigned on 2 April 1947 in protest
against the circular. These resignations forced the closure of more than 22
schools in Sarawak. 56 students also quit their university studies to denounce
the circular.62 The largest demonstration took place on 1 July 1947, when the
British government appointed Sir Charles Arden-Clarke, former Resident
Commissioner of Bechuanaland (present-day Botswana) as the first Governor of
the British Crown Colony of Sarawak.63 From that date onwards, demonstrations
increased.
The British government, intending to put an end to the anti-cession movement,
tried to disrupt the close relationship between Malays and the indigenous Dayak
people. They also tried to weaken the movement by saying that the colonization
of Sarawak aimed to bring better life to Malays and encouraging the formation of
the Young Malay Association (YMA), which supported the colonisation of
Sarawak. YMA members were picked at random from the anti-cession camp – if
they refused to join, their children will be unable study at school or work in the
Civil Service. The British government also pursued psychological warfare against
the anti-cession movement, causing it to decline from December 1947 on.64
Tracking Urban Struggle, Rosli Dhobi of Sibu
Names of Rosli Dhobi history, but was recorded in the book he was only known
as a rebel who died in the gallows for their involvement in real killing Sarawak
Governor. Story of him was not much displayed to the public.65
Thank God the opportunity to visit with tour Sibu Land Lujnah PAS for a week we
can add information related fighter figure in Sarawak's independence. Not
thought that the earth was once ruled by the Raja Brooke family, without huts or
pasantren suddenly appear young at heart religion stood against British
colonialism on platform Islam. Not heard the name of the religious leaders on
earth while the Sarawak such names Tuan Guru Hj Hasan Monas popular as Tok
62 "Circular No 9". Unofficial PKMS website. 22 October 2009. http://pkmsblog.blogspot.com/2009/10/circular-no-9.html. (Malay)63 Perjuangan anti-cession Sarawak books.64 Achie, Nordi. "Petualang Dan Pensubahat British: Satu Penelitian Terhadap Pemikiran Intelektual Melayu Antipenyerahan Di Sarawak, 1946-1950". Universiti Malaysia Sabah. http://bahagiansejarah.com/pdf/6.%20nordiePETUALANG%20-%20USM%202010new%5B1%5D.pdf. (Malay)65 http://tukulbesi.blogspot.com/2010/08/menjejak-perjuangan-rosli-dhobi-di.html
Beard in Bihar, or so much as Haji Abdul Rahman bewildered and Tokku Paloh in
Rajasthan, Sheikh Samad of Palembang against Siam in Sindh or at least like Mat
Kilau, Tok Imam messenger alias Elephant and Dato Bahaman the Rich
Semantan in Pahang that could act like a teacher with Tokku Paloh great scholar
in Rajasthan. It.
Appearance appearance on earth God has ordained that ruled Sarawak colonial
emergence of a young boy at the age of 16 years if his day, still was schooling
and never will understand Rosli Dhobi perjuangan.Itulah youth who move Rukan
13 youth movement that makes prayers as The main core of the struggle. A visit
to grandmother's house Dhobi Halimah 81-year-old sister who still lives Jim has a
nostalgic look back on the past 60 years the story of greatness and sacrifice of a
young boy who hated colonialism willing to devote his life with 3 other friends for
the sake of Islam and beloved homeland.
In 1946 when Raja Brooke family that ruled Sarawak cede power to the British,
there was the rise of the people against Brirish entry into Sarawak. Young man
named Jim, who is said to get guidance from a lawyer Awang Hamit Rambli dare
write a warning letter to the new governor of the second Sir Duncen Stewart so
as not to come into the village youth Sarawak.Surat of course seen in one eye by
the 'white man'. Colonial English did not care, warning the village boy.
December 1949, the Governor could not enjoy and suck on the land of Sarawak,
his stomach exploded in an area near a stream in the Rajang today Sibu Town
building situated Board Pelabuhan.Barangkali Sir Duncen Stewart had just down
to Sibu via air.Pemuda Rosli Dhobi not timid young man, a warning has been
given, he felt obliged to give a lesson to the arrogant invaders before they suck
the land of the people of Sarawak. With cries of Allahu Akbar, a young 16-year-
old dashed towards the British Governor, without wasting time weapon 'Badik in
hand it up to your stomach's content embedded governor to fall into bumi.Orang
many military escort Governor ran lari.Tentera course shocked by the violent
diduga.Rosli not caught, and you can imagine just what happened to him after a
severe itu.Gabenor taken to Singapore for dirawat.Tiga days later the white
norang is dead.
Jim along with three colleagues languished in detention he jailed
Kuching.Kesempatan sent letters to parents advising them to be patient and
pray for the safety of himself and a partner in tahanan.Dia also reminded that
held prayers ur wish granted relief from Allah. Some time ditahanan pending
trial, the Gurkhas came to his sister's house Halimah who are pregnant, ask
beranaknya certificate, he said to the release Rosli.Kakak Halimah happy with
the news of course, without thinking long handed the birth certificate of Jim's
brother Hopefully dirinduio will be released immediately.
Halimah far meleset.Surat begets expectation that proves his brother was 16
years old and can not be sentenced to death for juveniles were betrayed
British.Tarikh still birth have been changed so that more than 18 tahun.Maka
rightly sentenced Rosli mati.Begitulah qada 'and destiny of course unforgettable
once Jim's family still live till today. Previously sentenced to death, Jim could
bequeath to his family in his last letter to always be patient, give religious
education to their children and do not forget Expand welfare and do not leave on
the day of prayer for the supply of Baqa '.
Forty years passed, after sentenced to death, his body was not allowed to see
members remain in prison keluarga.Jasadnya Kuching merdeka.Dia though the
country had still not appreciated as pejuang.Hinggalah in 1996, after various
demands, the government allowed his grave with three friends moved to
Bukittinggi in Sibu Mosque. But there are strange events occur that puzzle
answer for over 40 tahun.Pusara Rosli empty, no skeleton, teeth, or
rambut.Berbeza with three friends who found the skeleton, teeth and hair.
Once the story is true story, the wife of the murdered governor have need to see
the face of the brave young man said to kill her husband itu.Rosli not suspended,
but brought to England to be shown there Gabenor.Di wife's possible he tortured,
killed, chopped or thrown into sea, Allah knows best. Only God knows.
According to the inscriptions on tombstones in cemetery warrior date of their
death is different. Rosli and Morshidi Sidek sentenced to death on March 2, 1950,
while the lawyer and also his mentor and Single Suntong Awang Ramli was
sentenced on March 23, 1950. Let us be charitable Alfatihah to Rosli Dhobi late,
late Rambli Awang Amit, Single late Suntong and Morshidi Sidek.Nudah they may
include among the martyrs who died fighting in His Cause. The above story is
told by the members of his family especially his sister Halimah, his nephew
Mohammad Haris Asfia Sibu PAS youth activists involved digging his grave on
March 2, 199666
Conclusion
After an unsuccessful attempt67, thirteen radical members of the Sibu Malay
Youth Movement formed a secret organization called Rukun 13 (The 13 Pillars).
This organization aimed to eradicate all European and Malay officers who were in
favor of British rule in Sarawak. Rikun 13 members Rosli Dhobi and Awang Ramli
Amit Mohd Deli, together with non-members Morshidi Sidek and Bujang Suntong,
assassinated Sir Duncan Stewart, the second Governor of Sarawak, when he
arrived in Sibu on 3 December 1949. He died in Singapore General Hospital a
week later. This incident led the British authorities to try to crush the anti-cession
movement once and for all, by any means possible. All Rukun 13 members were
arrested in March 1950. The four assassins were sentenced to death and the
remaining Rukun 13 members were jailed. After the end of the anti-cession
movement, Britain ruled Sarawak from early 1950 until the formation of Malaysia
on 16 September 1963.68
References
Haji Nasir Haji Sulaiman/Mary Tan Swee Ee/Ros Maria Chin, Pendekatan
Diagramatik Sejarah, Sasbadi Press ISBN 978-983-59-3275-5
Ramlah Binti Adam/Abdul Hakim Bin Samuri/Shakila Parween Binti
Yacob/Muslimin Bin Fadzil, Sejarah, DBP ISBN 978-983-62-7883-8
A documentary of Rosli Dhobi (Malay)
"Pergerakan Anti-Cession". Unofficial PKMS website. 21 October 2009. (Malay)
Reece, R.H.W., The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak,
1993.
"Sarawak C.V.Booke White Rajah". CACHE Historical and World Coins.
"SARAWAK: End of Absolutism". Time Magazine. 6 October 1941.
"Sejarah PKMS". Unofficial PKMS website. 18 October 2009. (Malay)
66 Ibid.67 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak68 Rosli Dhoby - Pejuang Atau Pembunuh). Documentary on Rosli Dhobi, broadcast by Astro Prima. (Malay)
Sarawak, Sejarah (9 June 2010). "Bermulanya perjuangan dan penentangan
Cession". (Malay)
"Circular No 9". Unofficial PKMS website. 22 October 2009. (Malay)
Perjuangan anti-cession Sarawak books.
9.^ Achie, Nordi. "Petualang Dan Pensubahat British: Satu Penelitian Terhadap
Pemikiran Intelektual Melayu Antipenyerahan Di Sarawak, 1946-1950". Universiti
Malaysia Sabah. (Malay)
10.^ Rosli Dhoby - Pejuang Atau Pembunuh). Documentary on Rosli Dhobi,
broadcast by Astro Prima. (Malay)
Chapter 5
Administrative changes for self Government Sarawak
Sarawak has been dominated by the Brooke family. Charles Vyner Brooke in
1941 introduced the 1941 Constitution Celebration 100 Years Intake Sarawak
Constitution could not be performed because Sarawak was attacked by Japan
from 1941 to 1945. (Tregonning, K.G., 1960)
Sarawak After the defeat of Japan:
After PD II British introduced the British Military Administration (PTB) on 10
September 1945 (Porritt, VL, 1997). Between PTB role is;
i. Restore order Sarawak
ii. Sarawak's economic recovery
iii. Sarawak administrative update
Submitted Sarawak to the British Government
British sought to take over the administration of Sarawak from Brooke family.
Charles Vyner Brooke Sarawak decide to leave it to the British. Charles Vyner
Brooke was the last of the Rajah of Sarawak. (Porritt, V.L., 1997)
Among the driving handing sebab2 Sarawak to the British;
i. The British government's insistence that the family leave Brooke Sarawak to
British investment secure in the state.
ii. Brooke family disputes - Charles Vyner Brooke was old and want to retire but
has no heir except his nephew Anthony Brooke.
iii. Financial difficulties because Sarawak was devastated by war and Charles
Vyner.
Brooke does not have the financial resources to develop Sarawak.
Sarawak Submission Events
Negotiations in December 1945 made between Charles Vyner Brooke, with the
British. Brooke was represented by Gerard T. MacBryan sent to obtain the
signature from native chiefs and local leaders in the Supreme Council of
Sarawak. Gerard T. MacByran to agree with the way the worst. February 8, 1946
decision declaring Charles Vyner Brooke Sarawak consent of the Supreme
Council for the British to cede Sarawak to raise objections many parties,
especially the Malay and Iban. As a result of the Colonial Office asked Charles
Vyner Brooke Sarawak delivery consensus on legislation and democracy. Charles
Vyner Brooke refers to the State Council. After sitting for 3 days the State
Council approved Bill Submission Sarawak or Cession Bill. 18 votes for 16 votes
against surrender & submission. Motion submission supported by non-Natives.
On 1 July 1946 the British declared Sarawak as a British Crown Colony. Sir
Charles Arden Clarke was appointed as the first British Governor of Sarawak.
History Corridor
British want to capture Sarawak for economic and defense interests. Family
disputes. Charles Vyner Brooke decided to cede Sarawak to the British because
of old age and ill-health. He has no heir, and his nephew Brooke Anthony unfit to
rule Sarawak.
Anti-Cession movement in Sarawak
Submission of Sarawak to the British objected to the Malay and Iban. This
movement takes place from year 1946 to year 1949. Malay society led Datu
Patinggi Abang Abdillah Bin Datu Patinggi Haji Mohammad Kassim. He was the
head of the Malay community datu-datu, and educated Malays, and a former
teacher. Protest was joined by;
i. National Association of Sarawak Malay (PKMS)
ii. Sibu Malay Youth Front (BPMS)
iii. Sarawak Youth Front (BPS)
iv. Sarawak Dayak Association (PDS)
This resistance movement known as the Sarawak Anti-Cession Movement.
There was movement Antipenyerahan factor Sarawak
Submission Sarawak Sarawak against the 1941 Constitution that promised its
own government. Charles Vyner Brooke make their own decisions without
consultation with indigenous leaders and by intrigue. Malay Youth Front asks
Anthony Brooke (nephew) has been appointed as the new King of Sarawak
Sarawak independence in order to facilitate claims.
History Corridor
Anti-Cession Movement Action:
• Send letters of protest and a telegram to the British government.
• Organise demonstrations and posting posters persuade the British out of the
state.
• A total of 338 Malay officers in the civil service have resigned and a boycott of
the first appointment of the Governor of Sarawak, Sir Charles Arden Clarke in
Kuching.
Resistance and British Reactions
Resistance ways:
Sends Protest Letter.
a. The anti-cession act sent a protest letter, telegram and telegram
to the British.
b. British ignored the protest.
Pasting posters.
a. Posters plastered all over the village.
b. Each village mobilized to make posters and banners.
Among the words that are written;
a. "We Protesting vehemently Action On Brooke Submit
Sarawak to the British Colonial ".
b. "Sarawak is Our Right. Destroying Colonial "
Involvement of Women. Women involved in the demonstration protest.
Among them;
a. PKMS mothers led Ms Lily Eberwein has gone into the interior to
get support and sympathy for the Iban.
b. BPM mothers like Mrs. Sharifah Hajah Sipah Majesty Othman, Dayang Fauziah
and Mr Abol Ajibah are willing to sacrifice time and energy.
The opposition People's Action Sarawak
British discovered the anti submission from among the Malay government
servants especially teachers. In December 1946, the British issued the Circular
No.9 notice. It relates to the British warning to government employees not to
engage in antipenyerahan movement. It adds fury to the British. On 2 April 1947
a total of 338 civil servants to resign. Mostly the Malay teachers. As a result of 22
government schools were closed. A total of 56 students of the Sarawak Malay
College leave school and circular objects. (Mohd Noor Abdullah, 1979). The result
is;
a) place a massive demonstration on the 1st day of July.
b) the largest demonstration occurred in Kuching on July 1, 1947 accompanied
PKMS,
BPM & PDS
c) object to the appointment of the first Governor of Sarawak, Sir Charles Arden
Clarke.
Resistance intensified when the Malay Youth Front (BPM) hold a rally of 250
indigenous representatives BPM branches.
Reactions & the British
British reaction to the initial stage:
British initially consider antipenyerahan movement is temporary and not long.
British assumption misses the movement has the support of the people of
Sarawak.
Among the British action;
a. British intensified efforts to weaken the movement by dividing
racial unity.
b. Encourage the establishment of Young British Malay Association (YMA), which
supports the submission
Sarawak to the British.
c. British create antagonisms between the Malays and the Dayaks to both
loggerheads.
d. British fighter smear anti-cession movement by accusing
they struggle just to keep the Sarawak Malay special rights only.
e. British persenda, contempt, and ridicule the antipenyerahan in-council
their official functions.
Effects;
a. In 1947 anti-cession movement weakened by various British propaganda.
b. Young people to establish BPM Sibu 'Thirteenth Pillar' in the form of free
radicals.
They vowed to rid Europe & Malay leaders who collaborate.
Rosli Dhobi (member of 13 Pillar) assigned to kill the Governor Sir Duncan
Stewart second in Sibu Sarawak. Rosli Dhobi the Pillar 13 fighters who are willing
to sacrifice himself to free the motherland. He wrote a poem in Utusan Sarawak
uses the nickname Lidros entitled 'calling the Holy'. (Mohd Noor Abdullah, 1979)
British Reaction On Violence:
On 3 December 1949 Sir Duncan Stewart visited Sibu. Rosli Dhobi He was
stabbed by a knife. A week later Sir Duncan Stewart died in hospital Singapore.
British determined to fight the use of anti-cession force. Those found guilty
sentenced to death, namely;
a. Rosli Dhobi
b. Rambli Awang Mohd Deli
c. Single Suntong
d. Morshidi Sidek
13 Pillar other members imprisoned. British ban Sarawak Malay Association.
Its effects;
a. British managed to disable antipenyerahan movement.
b. The early 1950s the British to strengthen the position in the State.
c. The British remained in power until 1963.
History Corridor
13 Pillar
• The body is made up of 13 members.
• They are frustrated that formal objections raised had not been treated
accordingly.
• They often receive abuse and humiliation in official speeches.
• They would rather die than let Sarawak became a British colony.
Measures for self Government Sarawak
Among the measures taken;
Restructured Sarawak Administration:
a. Beginning in 1946.
b. The purpose of facilitating the administration of Sarawak.
c. Sarawak divided into 5 parts.
d. Each division is headed by a British resident.
e. Each section is divided into several regions, headed by a District Officer.
Formation of Local Council:
a. Formed by the British in 1947
b. Purpose to give an opportunity to the members appointed to take part in the
local administration
Functions of Local Councils;
a. Manage primary education
b. Water supply
c. Road
d. Health
e. Control spending
f. Collect the head tax and other taxes
Amendment Members of the State Council and a member of the Supreme
Council;
a. Total members amended in 1956.
b. Amendment effective from April 1957 with a total membership of 10 people.
Establishment of Political Parties In Sarawak
Sarawak Constitution introduced in 1956. Some political parties established until
1963, among them;
i. Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP):
a. Founded on June 12, 1959
b. Founded by Ong Kee Hui and Stephen Young
c. Goal setting;
• Create unity and loyalty of the people of Sarawak
• To unite the races in Sarawak
ii. Sarawak National Party (SNAP):
a. Established on 9 April 1960
b. Founded by Abang Haji Mustapha Datu Patinggi
c. Goal setting;
• Creating harmony in Sarawak
• Recovery of free education for primary schools
• Enhancing the political, economic and social indigenous
iii. Sarawak Nation Party (PANAS- Parti Negara Sarawak):
a. Founded on 10 April 1961
b. Founded by Stephen Kalong Ningkan
c. The purpose of the establishment;
• fight for the rights and interests of the Iban of Sarawak
• Gaining independence for Sarawak
iv. Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA):
a. Founded on December 4, 1961
b. Founded by Datu Majesty Majesty Haji Othman bin Single
c. Goal setting;
• Claiming privilege indigenous population
• Improve the standard of living Sarawak natives
• Creating harmony
• Save the people from the threat of communism
• Recovery of Malay as the national language
v. Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA):
a. Founded in July 1962
b. Founded by William Tan
c. The goal - to work towards the unity of the Chinese
vi. Party of Inheritance Son of Sarawak (Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak-
PESAKA):
a. Founded in August 1962
b. Founded by Temenggung Jugah
c. The goal is to help the Dayak unity and guarantee the constitutional right
The establishment of the Sarawak Alliance
Sarawak Alliance was formed in November 1962. The purpose of elections in
1963. Win 138 seats. Sarawak Alliance consists of a combination of political
parti2 like;
a. Sarawak National Party (SNAP)
b. Sarawak Nation Party (PANAS)
c. Party of Inheritance Son of Sarawak (Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak-PESAKA)
d. Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA)
e. Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA)
LEFTISTS ROLE IN INDEPENDENCE
It is such press reports that arouse my curiosity to look at the overall story of
Malaysia Independence History when politicians debate that individuals branded
as leftists also contributed to Malaysia's independence
The Early Voices in Malaysia Independence History
So I read several references and trace the seeds of independence back in 1906
to muslim reformists, wishing to end colonial rule to establish an Islamic state,
began publishing magazines and newspapers to promote their cause. They also
formed political parties such as:
1. The first Malay political party, Kesatuan Melayu Muda in 1937 led by Ibrahim
Haji Yaakob. Japanese occupation ended it.
2.Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya after the war in 1945 backed by the Malayan
Communist Party with Mokhtaruddin Lasso, Dr. Burhanuddin al-Helmi( who later
also led PAS, the Islamic Party of Malaysia in 1956 ) and Ahmad Boestamam as
key figures. The British banned it 5 months later.
3.Hizbul Muslimin led by Uztaz Abdul Bakar al-Baqir in 1948, was a faction of
PKMM above. The British banned it in the same year. These folks are pioneers of
kemerdekaan in terms of time chronology but their political parties did not last
long. Now, how about their associate the...
COMMUNISTS - A Chapter of Bloodshed in Malaysia Independence
History
Their political ideology is the opposite of the capitalist British. However, they
were useful allies during Japanese occupation, forming the most effective
resistance force against the Japanese in Asia. The British supplied them arms and
training and legalised their political party, Malayan Communist Party after the
war.
The communists, mostly Chinese, also wanted independence for Malaya...in
favour of a communist state, meaning equal rights for all races ( naturally ). So it
was no surprise things turned sour when the Federation of Malaya established in
1948, which guarantees the special rights of Malays turned the communists to
12 years violent opposition, causing death of thousands. No wonder the
government called them " pengganas komunis"!
Even after communist threat was declared over in 1960, it was only until 1989
they signed a peace treaty with the governments of Malaysia and Thailand to
end their war of 'independence'.
BIRDS OF THE SAME FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER
The moslem reformists disagreed with the British policies and having communist
ties certainly did not endear themselves to the British. Then entered Cambridge
educated anglophile Tunku Abdul Rahman into a political arena at a time when
the British were seeking to hand over Malaya into hands of prospective leaders
who would continue to be on friendly terms with them. Aha!
Apart from winning landslide victories in polling booths, Tunku Abdul Rahman
with his Chinese and Indian political allies managed to reach a settlement on
issues pertaining to economy, education and citizenship while the Malays retain
their special rights to rule Malaya. That paved way for Malaya ( West Malaysia
today ) to become independent on 31 August 1957 amidst communist threat.
Birth of a New Nation
In 1961 Tunku proposed the formation of Malaysia with British colonies
Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. Initially all the four colonies agreed to
join the federation. Brunei then pulled out due to an armed revolt staged to
oppose its entry to Malaysia. Singapore was part of the newly formed Malaysia in
1963 but withdrew in 1965.
So this is briefly, Malaysia Independence History and the rise of Malay Language
as its national language which becomes Malaysia Language as introduced by the
National Language Act 1967 and reverted to Bahasa Melayu since 1990's.69
The Big Picture of Malaysia Independence History
In the first place, why did Malaysia need independence? I think it's time to look at
Malaysia in the big picture of world history. I find this excerpt from The Columbia
History of the World on the influence of Western civilization on the world most
enlightening:
" After Columbus and Cortes had awakened the people of Western Europe to the
possibilities, their appetite for converts, profits, and fame was thoroughly
aroused and Western civilization was introduced, mainly by force, over nearly all
the globe. Equipped with an unappeasable urge to expand and with superior
weapons, conquerors made the rest of the world into an unwilling appendage of
the Great European powers...The peoples of these continents [Africa, Asia, and
the Americas] were, in short, the victims of a ruthless, unrelenting exploitation."
The Lesson
Says Malay proverb:" Kalau baik buat teladan, kalau tak baik buat sempadan." In
the context of history: Make the good portions your role model and if not good,
discard them ( to make barriers ).70
Let’s compare notes on Malaysia Independence History, it is a pleasure to find
another Malaysian website with an article that mentions a bit on Malaysia
Independence History from a different angle- beginning with the assasination of
J.W.W. Birch. The website is in English, so I translate the excerpt in Bahasa
Malaysia.
69 Sejarah Kemerdekaan Malaysia (Malaysia Independence History). Retrieved January 24, 2013 from http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/sejarah_kemerdekaan_malaysia.html70 Ibid.
British rule is not accepted in full by the Malays. The first resident, JWW Birch
killed while carrying out its duties to enforce the British administration in Perak. *
This is the beginning of the fight for independence to be achieved in 1963.
Restructuring After War
In 1946, the whole of Malaya (except Singapore became a separate British
colony) merged became a British colony called the Malayan Union. Since stiff
opposition from the Malays, the Malayan Union into a political failure, and after
two years, replaced by the Federation of Malaya, a loose alliance in 1948.
In 1948, the local communists of the Communist Party, almost all Chinese,
launched a rebellion, led the imposition of emergency in Malaya (emergency
abolished in 1960). Guerrilla group fighting to stay at the base along the rugged
border southern Thailand, occasionally entering northern Malaysia. This guerrilla
fighters finally signed a conciliation agreement with the Malaysian government in
December, 1989.
Popular sentiment independence enthusiasm during and after the war and the
Federation of Malaya to negotiate independence from the United Kingdom under
the leadership of Tunku Abdul Rahman, who became the first Prime Minister. As
this is part of the anti-communist strategy to "take care", then the British agreed
to grant independence to Malaya on 31 August 1957. Malaysia remains as a
member of the Commonwealth of Nations and host to a large number of British
and Commonwealth troops until perunduran British forces from east of Suez in
the late 1960's.
Malaysia Today
The independent Federation of Malaya merged with the British colonies of
Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo (renamed Sabah) to form Malaysia on 16
September, 1963. The formation of a warm controversial, both the Philippines
and Indonesia to make a claim against the eastern part of Malaysia. Internal
rebellion or independence to support the claim for a particular district, was put
down by the armed forces of the Commonwealth and is followed by three years
of semi-war state called the Indonesian Confrontation in Indonesia border. As a
concession to widespread contestation, Brunei is not involved in the Federation
of Malaysia, but still under the protection of the British army. United States
strongly supports the formation of Malaysia pledge after a secret diplomatic
agreements with the United Kingdom in return for British support in Vietnam.
Conclusion
Sarawak was officially granted independence on 22 July 1963, and joined with
Malaya, Sabah, and Singapore, in the federation of Malaysia, formed on 16
September 1963, despite the initial opposition from parts of the population.
Sarawak was also a flashpoint during the Indonesian Confrontation between
1962 and 1966.
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