1

Is there a Future for eco-cities?

Prospective roles of Versailles Chantiers within the

Greater Paris: A hub of multi-modal communication

Versailles, 2013

2

This is a first global report of the Integration Seminar – a module of innovation and learning within the

International Professional Master in Management of Eco-Innovation. This is a graduate program managed by

the Econoving Chair in Generating Eco-Innovation – a cluster of academic, industrial and government actors

focused on urban sustainability.

Counting for the Work Package 3 – Anticipation of the Econoving’s Rail Station Program (Programme Gare,

2011-2013), this report is the result of the joint work carried out by the Econoving researchers and graduate

students in collaboration with the industrial partners.

Coordination of work, research, text & design: Dr. Ioan M. Ciumasu – ioan.ciumasu@uvsq.fr

© 2013 Econoving

The views expressed here are of the author, and do not necessarily

represent those of the institutions

Acknowledgements – the following have contributed to this work:

Econoving 2011-2012 students: Anna Aghvanyan, Adrian Carrillo, Krishna Chandran, Boubacar Coly, Fanny Courry, Maxim Doubrouski, Elodie Gonthier, Sirin Hamsho, Alejandra Hoyos, Xiaochao Huang, Collins Ihedioha, Natalia Kozdra, Anna Lomteva, Javad Mahmoodirad, Ravi Nakulan, Alexandra Ostrovskaya, Kevin Ramirez, Marcel Roquette, Dina Salakhova, Maria Stoica, Sandra Velasco.

Econoving 2012-2013 students: François Apicella, Gabriel Bermeo, Zoheir Haghighi, Ludmila Kobyakova, Renan Le Tohic, Habib Liamidi, Hélène Luciani, Diego Martinez, Mingyan Meng, Teodora Morar, Surya Muraleedharan-Nair, Julian Muriel, Marina Nikitina, Kalliopi Ntanou, Maria Lucia Portocarrero, Cécile Tchoubaev.

Expert coaches, jury or institutional support: Jean-Louis Jourdan, Alain Adrianssens, Thierry Lafont (SNCF), Agnes Roux (City of Versailles), Bernard Blez, Etienne Drouet (GDF Suez), Laurent Schmitt (Alstom Grid), Frédéric Cuq (Saur), Christophe Lombard (Italcementi), Dominique Agrech (X-Ange), Sylvie Faucheux, Keith Culver, Beat Bürgenmeier, Christelle Hue, Rachel Guilloteau, René Audet, Sophie Némoz, Caroline Gans-Combe, Quentin Courtier, Frédéric Louradour, Amélie Coulbaut-Lazzarini, Guillaume Bailly (UVSQ).

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. OVERVIEW

II. EXERCISE DESCRIPTION

III. LESSONS OF THE 1st YEAR

IV. REVIEW OF ECO-CITY RESEARCH & LITERATURE

V. RESULTS & PROPOSITIONS AFTER THE 2nd YEAR

VI. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

VII. THE ROAD AHEAD UVSQ – Guyancourt Campus. Photo: Ioan M. Ciumasu

4

UVSQ – Guyancourt Campus. Photo: Ioan M. Ciumasu

I. OVERVIEW

The Integration Seminar (IS) is an exercise of collaborative integration and application of knowledge

gained in individual course modules – a student-expert interaction. This is a hands-on undertaking,

organized in the form of a simulation of an eco-innovation consulting firm responding to a call for

project proposals launched by a local community – Building the best European eco-innovation hub:

From Versailles Chantiers railway station to the eco-city of the future.

By 2030 and 2050 Versailles Chantiers should become:

1. A Multi-modal pole (“pôle multimodal”) – a hub of combined persons and value exchanges

2. A development engine of the City of Versailles and a global reference for urban sustainability

This community of innovators and learners is organized in three teams (consulting firms), each with a

different angle of approach: Multi-Innovation, Climate Change, and Technology Push. The students-

experts interaction took the form of lectures, coaching, presentations and jury evaluations. The IS

allows a realistic exploration of the links and creative tensions between topics and between

innovation factors; identification of the main drivers of change; co-definition of problems and of the

potential solutions. The work took place at the Econoving locations in Guyancourt.

5

II. EXERCISE DESCRIPTION

The IS exercise has been iterated two university years in a row – 2011-2012 & 2012-2013. Each year,

the work went through two phases – vision building and implementation plan, as illustrated below.

1st Phase – Vision building

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2nd Phase – Developing the implementation plan

TEA

M

OR

GA

NIS

ATI

ON

INTERNATIONAL

SURVEY &

BENCHMARKING

- similar projects

- methods

- context

- project dynamics

& structure

DIAGNOSIS OF

VERSAILLES

CHANTIERS

VISION

& Main Objectives

QUALITY

MANAGEMENT

INDICATORS

PROJECT &

INNOVATION

MANAGEMENT

ECO-INNOVATION

ENGINE

& SOLUTIONS

6

Some first patterns and challenges have emerged:

It is very difficult to collect reliable, coherent information – in deed, a world-wide known challenge

Trans-sectorial understanding of a city is a heavy task, due to traditional divisions between disciplines

New types of knowledge management are needed, which requires sustained effort and learning by all

The historical heritage and the context of the Greater Paris represent both opportunities & challenges

Scenarios can address: technology choices, social acceptability, environmental concerns, costs & risks

Higher spatial scales are important: a train station can only function as embedded in its city context

III. LESSONS FROM THE 1st YEAR

Participants have engaged in lively professional feedbacks, notably in two deliveries by the students

in front a jury of academics, industrials, financial experts and public authorities.

UVSQ – Guyancourt Campus – Interactions between 2011-2012 students and experts.

Photos: Elodie Gonthier

7

The method has worked very well. It appears that this type of exercise is a very useful tool for

foresight and anticipation in terms of eco-innovation and eco-city development. The approach allows

the people involved in the works, both graduate students and experts, to grasp the reality of the

project at the city level, and to build a solid ground for future solutions. Various options and

scenarios have been analyzed, so as to link local context with global issues.

Further, the set of three angles of view has proven to be very insightful, as each of them can be taken

autonomously or/and complementarily with the other two: Multi-innovation, Climate Change and

Technology Push.

The three perspectives have thus been continued in the 2nd year. The iteration of the exercise two

years in a row is also meant to allow the confirmation and consolidation of the method, as well as

the further development of the first results and lessons – the overall coherence of the work.

This 2nd run of the exercise was built on:

- The lessons and materials obtained by the 1st year

- The recent advances of the researchers in the Railway Station Program

- The newest advances and insights on eco-innovation and eco-city in the literature

The 2011-2012 Econoving students & experts passed the relay over to the next Generation.

UVSQ – Guyancourt Campus – Almost the full 2011-2012 class.

Photos: Elodie Gonthier

8

IV. REVIEW OF ECO-CITY RESEARCH & LITERATURE

Cities are becoming the drivers of change. The place and role of Econoving

Cities are veritable “growth machines” for their hinterlands (Molotch 1976), which may explain why

humanity is mostly urban already. Global rate of urbanization is accelerating, as do environmental

degradation. Urban transformation is now an ecological research topic in its own right (McDonald

2008). The success or the failure of the transition to sustainability will be determined in cities.

In the globalizing world of the 21st century, global fluxes of matter-energy, information and people

can be understood in terms of exchanges within a global network of interconnected cities – some

“world cities” being more influential than others (Sassen 1991, 2002; Beaverstock et al. 2000). In the

same time, cities are the product of their local context, and are dependent on the natural resources

which they extract from their hinterland (“ecosystem goods and services” which together form the

“ecosystem carrying capacity”; Wackernagel et al. 2006). The sustainability of a city is therefore a

matter of how advanced that city is in the transition from a local identity to a double, local-and-

global identity (Ciumasu & Culver 2011). In deed, this is the core challenge for city planners and

managers for the next years and decades.

Since 2009-2010, Econoving has engaged in its own eco-city development and employs Versailles

Chantiers – a communication hub within Greater Paris – as a pivot and experimental platform for

collaborative innovation for urban sustainability (Culver et al. 2011; Ciumasu 2013a,b). The Greater

Paris has its own global weight, a concept launched by the French President (2007) as an overarching

objective of re-imagining Paris as a world’s mega-city promoting sustainability and competitiveness.

This is the largest project of Paris since G.E. Haussmann has re-organized the city in the 19th century

(as commissioned by Napolen III). The institutional context at Econoving is a university-industry-

government consortium supporting a research and post-graduate education program.

City managers experience the need of knowledge integration

In their quest for sustainable development, many urban communities and research institutions have

pioneered urban foresight, sometimes followed by policies for urban development. But the decision

making process tended to favor trade-offs which avoid controversy and thus have changed nothing in

the end (Weber et al. 2009). Even a strong political will was not enough. On the other hand, we now

live in a knowledge society, and the fundamental question now towards city sustainability is: How to

develop a functional relation between science and decision makers?

This question may seem straightforward, and yet there is another challenge before us: all disciplines

contributing to sustainability have their distinct understanding of a sustainable city – an ecologist, a

sociologist, an economist, an engineer or an architect talks about what the concept of urban

sustainability means for her/him and there is no real common language (Williams 2010). This causes

intricacies that drive effective decision making into a halt. Consequently, it’s easy to declare aims of

urban sustainability, but much more difficult to make it real. This can only commence with federative

efforts – notably the creation of agoras of learning and knowledge co-generation by various experts.

Such efforts often result in great collections of knowledge, but this still not enough – they stop short

of integration (Wheeler and Beatley 2009). As a result, for city managers, an essential question still

awaits answers: How to actually use all this heterogeneous body of knowledge?

9

The hard but necessary way of experimentation. The role of cityports

Innovation is the most effective way to bridge science and society, both in terms of transforming

industrialized societies (a good start is the 1st Innovation Convention of the European Commission,

05-07 December 2011, http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/ic2011/index_en.cfm) and in

terms of city systems (Han et al 2012). However, we are facing a set of paramount challenges.

Firstly, the need for trans-disciplinarity (problem solving-oriented research) is widely recognized, but

there is no such thing as a unified theory of sustainability. Secondly, as we speak, we are already

over-consuming the Earth’s carrying capacity, which means that simply “innovation for sustainability”

is not enough – we need to innovate fast or face the “perfect storm” within decades (Beddington

2009). Thirdly, having in mind the first two points, postponing decisions is already a ‘worse’ decision,

which means that we often have to act even before we fully understand the process. In summary,

the only practical way towards sustainability is experimentation, i.e., learning and doing in the same

time. In effect, the process of innovation itself is describable as a learning cycle (Ciumasu 2013c). In

terms of the transition management theory, this active generation of innovation is understood as a

double process of learning-by-doing and doing-by-learning (Geels 2010).

In terms of urban renewal initiative types, communities are scattered on a gradient from whole-city

commitments to (only) sectorial developments to plain ignorance and disinterest (Portney 2003; Flint

& Raco 2012). Interestingly, even in the absence of a dedicated national policy, many cities have

major sustainability initiatives, e.g., Seattle, Portland, Chicago, New York, San Francisco (among the

large American cities) (Fitzgerald 2010) or Grand Rapids - Michigan among the smaller cities. Some

key patterns are detectable. One is the re-thinking of the various functions of the city areas so as to

promote walkable neighborhood. Another one is the use of a “city port” (seaport or airport) as a hub

of development and renewal of metropolitan areas (Van Wijk 2007). This reminds the historic role of

railway stations for urban and economic development in the 19th century (Conticelli & Tondelli 2011).

They were initially located outside the town (due to public health considerations) but have gradually

melted into the urban shape and functions (Reusser et al. 2008). But today, in the European context

of good public transportation, high population densities and the arrival of high-speed trains, a strong

competition has emerged between air and train travels across medium-long distances (300-500 km).

Such developments, together with many other details of modern life, notably the revival of passive

urban transportation (walking and cycling) and the new communication technologies, are generating

a great deal of interest in the concept of “multi-modal transportation”. Stakeholders include citizens,

industry and public authorities.

It is in this context that Econoving runs its own foresight exercise and collaborative learning cycles.

V. RESULTS & PROPOSITIONS AFTER THE 2nd YEAR

The following options have been developed by the 2012-2013 generation of students and experts, as

summarized in the remainder of this reports:

a. URBAN RENEWAL: Integrative planning for radical progress in Versailles Chantiers

b. URBAN RESILIENCE: Smart adaptation & mitigation of climate changes in Versailles Chantiers

c. URBAN TECHNOLOGY: Integrative solutions for augmenting Versailles to the status of all-times

International Hub of Innovation

10

URBAN RENEWAL: Integrative planning for radical progress in Versailles Chantiers

DIAGNOSIS:

There is an important gap between current situation & the true potential of VC

VISION: We want to change that!

Source: bluewaterindia.com/renewable-energy.htm

Source: bluewaterindia.com/renewable-energy.htm

Source: http://www.ecochunk.com/ Current station. Original photos

Current station. Original photo

11

Versailles Chantiers should take better advantage of its prominent place within the Greater Paris. To

become a multi-modal hub of transport and communications, Versailles Chantiers station should re-

invent itself together with its neighborhood, become a Global Reference for Eco-Innovative Solutions.

A great number of solutions are now available, and all modern needs of the people should be met in

the same time and in the same place. The key to achieving this has two complementary facets:

1. Forward-looking, transdisciplinary and problem solving oriented thinking

2. Pro-active communications to a local, national, European and Global audience

How? The proposition is to mobilize energies and intelligence via transforming Versailles Chantiers

into International Showroom and Conference Centre by 2020. This should serve as an exhibition, and

the station itself should be part of the “live exhibition” of new solutions for sustainable living through

multi-modal communication. Investment required: 1.3-4.1 bn € depending on the chosen scale (cf

benchmarking), through a financial mix: partnerships, contracts and loans.

A conference space can also be organised nearby the station: exhibitions, public dialogue, expert

meetings, tourist offices, educational media. Many cities chose to develop a powerful conference

centre as a strategic way to generate visibility and attract investments (e.g., Bak et al. 2012, DOI:

10.1007/978-3-642-23550-4_2, available online at http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-

3-642-23550-4_2?LI=true; and Ramirez-Pasillas 2010, DOI: 10.1080/08985620902815106, available

online at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620902815106)

Conference Centre

12

6%

20%

10%

15% 12%

25%

12% SNCF / RFF

PARTNERS & private investors

ADEME

Local Authorities (Versailles, Grand Parc)

European Commission

Régional governance (IDF, Dept..)

State

URBAN RESILIENCE: Smart adaptation & mitigation of climate changes in Versailles Chantiers

DIAGNOSIS. Versailles Chantiers train station has a vast, unused potential to function as a pivot of technology and innovation in the Greater Paris and a socio-economic engine for the city of Versailles.

Station today Impacts to be expected

1. Higher t°C, Frequency & Duration of heat waves

Poor thermal regulation - Heat stress; Lower productivity - Higher energy consumption

2. More days of droughts during summer

No water management - Water scarcity & higher cost - Higher health risks

3. Extreme precipitations and natural disasters

Low platforms Insuficient shelters

- Operations vs. flood risks - Passengers discomfort & risks - Power shortage risk

VISION: By 2050, Versailles Chantiers plays a leading global role as:

Sustainability reference

Benchmark of the best climate-related solutions

How? By establishing a Technology Validation Laboratory (to be

functional by 2030, nearby the station) which will be recognized by

world’s experts as a place where the latest technological solutions

are tested for viability, system integration, and climate relevance.

Rationale: Technology goes through stages of development from

proof-of-concept to demonstrators and commercial prototypes.

The bottleneck of a technological solution is the test of its capacity

to function as part of a system of various technologies: technology

readiness (Azizian et al. 2011, DOI: 10.1002/sys.20186, online at

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sys.20186/full).

FINANCE & IMPLEMENTATION

Initial investment: 110-130 M€

Financial participation based on current renovation & others projects in the Greater Paris area

Mechanisms: Partners investments 30%, Tax return/Community grants 30%, Public subsidies 25%, Loans 15%

13

A series of topics are important and inter-related. But the most prominent and urgent topics are related to energy and indoor air quality (related to health and physiological comfort). Therefore, two major objectives are forerunning in our approach and proposition:

1. Versailles Chantiers should become the 1st

Carbon-Neutral city district in the European Union 2. Green walls & related biotechnologies need to be tested as main solution to indoor pollution &

comfort in stations

Proposed for VC building: - Indoor air cooling by 4-6°C

- Cold air cools the building

- Water reuse (toilets, etc)

Proven Technology - shower tower: The air is cooled via reversed heat transfer (City of Melbourne 2004)

Energy

Water

Services

Waste Air

Quality

Green Mobility

Green Areas

VC

station

Original photos

14

First launch of Montgolfier Balloon in Versailles. Source: http://www.france-pittoresque.com/spip.php?article6561

Policemen on segways in Versailles. http://www.flickr.com/photos/86749403@N08/7944172282/

Tramway on green path. Source: http://orangerie-strasbourg.e-monsite.com/pages/au-tour-du-parc.html

Info panels in parks. Original

URBAN TECHNOLOGY: Integrative solutions for augmenting Versailles to the status of All-times International Hub of Innovation

DIAGNOSIS. Versailles Chantiers train station has a vast, unused potential to function as a pivot of technology and innovation in the Greater Paris and a socio-economic engine for the city of Versailles.

VISION. Avenue de Sceaux will become a strategic axis: an inspiring journey connecting the historical heritage of Versailles Castle and the multi-modal pole of communication of Versailles Chantiers. This will magnify the profile of Versailles as a European and world eco-city reference.

Future Avenue de Sceaux – Versailles. Artwork: Teodora Morar

15

Milestones and scenarios

Future VC and Avenue de Sceaux – Versailles

Artwork: Teodora Morar

FINANCE & IMPLEMENTATION

The estimated investment is: 70.8 M€

[0.8 M for studies & communication, 10 M

for services, 40 M for clean technologies,

20 M for mobility and accessibility].

A Committee of stake-holders & experts

would insure the project governance:

SNCF, GDF Suez, Alstom, Italcementi, Saur,

UVSQ, HEC, Versailles City, other

industrial, academic & public partners

The proposed process of achieving success

is the candidature of the city of Versailles

to become a European Green Capital by

2050, with the technical advice made by

a Technology Committee composed of:

- SNCF as an involved sponsor (also with

expertise in large projects),

- City of Versailles as the coordinator

- Scientists from UVSQ and HEC in Saclay,

- Users of transportation infrastructure,

- Residents of VC eco-district,

- Industrial local partners in mobility:

16

VI. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

i. The Integration Seminar has proven a right tool for the Econoving’s objectives to pursue

innovation hand in hand with learning and experimentation. This report is a summary of the

extended report which will be presented in April 2013 and counting for the Work Package 3 –

Anticipation of the Railway Station Programe (Programme Gare). The method is suited for

prospective work and learning and should be continued and enhanced. Three approaches have

been identified as useful: “multi-innovation”, the generalist approach focused on horizontal

integration and governance; “climate change”, the strategic analysis of climate challenges and

opportunities; and the “technology push”, the strategic use of recent technological advances to

reflect upon societal transformations.

ii. A city district can be an activity hub, but it must be treated as part of a wider system – the city

itself. A district cannot be a strict managerial unit, because it lacks some essential functions of a

community. A key recommendation for future developments is therefore to strengthen the role

of Versailles Chantiers – and that of similar train stations – by augmenting its role within the city.

iii. Versailles Chantiers has the potential to become a European reference in urban sustainability

and eco-innovation. The raison d’être of the rail station can be more than “just the place where

you take the train”. Not all train stations can be nodes of multi-modal communications and

exchanges, because this depends on the position within the wider network. Versailles Chantiers

has this vocation, due to its role as communications hub within Greater Paris. But this train

station has some unique advantages which can make it a very powerful point of convergence of

urban socio-economic life – and not only for the inhabitants of Versailles city.

UVSQ – Guyancourt Campus – Interactions between 2012-2013 students and experts.

Photo: Teodora Morar

17

VII. THE ROAD AHEAD

Aside from the essential conclusions and recommendations resulted from the exercise, the most

valuable outcome of the Integration Seminar is perhaps the progress up the learning curve. We have

a tried-out modus operandi which enables the Econoving’s Master and the cluster itself to address

further challenges and opportunities – other stations and other cities in France and in Europe.

The development of this method has been made possible by a very large number of people since the

establishment of Econoving, and the development of this method is due to all of them (full list on the

second page of this document), most notable Prof. Sylvie Faucheux, Prof. Keith Culver and two of the

core team members so far, Christelle Hue and Rachel Guilloteau. But as our graduate students and

industrial and academic experts have shown in their work, this is only the beginning. The long-term

idea is the commitment to using cluster intelligence to transform sectorial actors into innovation

engines, a bottom-up process and dynamics capable of generating system innovation and green jobs.

UVSQ – Guyancourt Campus – Parc des Sources

Photo: Ioan M. Ciumasu

18

References

Beaverstock JV, Smith RG, Taylor PJ (2000) World-City Network: A New Metageography? Annals of the Association of

American Geographers 90(1): 123-134.

Beddington J (2009) Food, energy, water and the climate: A perfect storm of global events? UK Government Office for

Science, http://www.bis.gov.uk/go-science/news/speeches/the-perfect-storm, accessed 28/03/2012.

Ciumasu IM (2013a) We need large-scale experimentation platforms for cross-sector innovation in Europe.

Science|Business, http://www.sciencebusiness.net/news/76003/We-need-large-scale-experimentation-platforms-for-

cross-sector-innovation-in-Europe

Ciumasu IM (2013b) Dynamic decision trees for building resilience into future eco-cities. Technological Forecasting & Social

Change. Doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2012.12.010., http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162512003253

Ciumasu IM (2013c) What is Eco-Innovation? (under review by Research Policy)

Ciumasu IM, Culver KC (2011) Eco-cities in a globalized future - from Constantinopolis to "Cosmopolis"? At ESEE 2011:

Advancing Ecological Economics: Theory and Practice, 14-17 June, Istanbul,

http://www.esee2011.org/registration/fullpapers/esee2011_d254c8_1_13049637762012_2354.pdf

Conticelli E, Tondelli S (2011) Railway Station Role in Composing Urban Conflicts. TeMA - Trimestrale del Laboratorio

Territorio Mobilità e Ambiente - TeMALab, 4: 47-58. ISSN 1970-9870

Culver K, Guilloteau R, Hue C (2011) Hard nodes in soft surroundings: A ‘dream of islands’ strategy for urban sustainability.

Development 54(3): 336-342.

Flint J, Raco M (2012) The Future of Sustainable Cities: Critical Reflections. Policy Press, Bristol, UK.

Fitzgerald J (2010) Emerald Cities: Urban Sustainability and Economic Development. Oxford University Press,

http://www.amazon.com/Emerald-Cities-Sustainability-Economic-Development/dp/0195382765/ref=pd_sim_b_1

Geels FW (2010) Ontologies, socio-technical transitions (to sustainability), and the multi-level perspective. Research Policy

39, 495-510.

Han J, Fontanos P, Fukushi K, Herath S, Heeren N, Naso V, Cecchi C, Edwards P, Takeuchi K, 2012. Innovation for

sustainability: toward a sustainable urban future in industrialized cities. Sustainability Science 7 (Suppl. 1): 91-100.

McDonald RI (2008) Global urbanization: can ecologists identify a sustainable way forward? Frontiers in Ecology and the

Environment 6: 99-104.

Molotch H (1976) The City as a Growth Machine: Toward a Political Economy of Place. American Journal of Sociology 82(2):

309-332.

Portney KE (2003) Taking Sustainable Cities Seriously: Economic Development, the Environment, and Quality of Life in

American Cities, MIP Press, http://www.amazon.com/dp/0262661322/ref=rdr_ext_sb_ti_sims_2

Reusser DE, Loukopoulos P, Stauffacher M, Scholz RW (2008) Classifying railway stations for sustainable transitions-

balancing node and place functions. Journal of Transport Geography 16: 191-202.

Sassen S (1991) The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

Sassen S (2002) Locating cities on global circuits. Environment & Urbanization 14: 13-30.

Van Wijk M (2007) Airports as Cityports in the City-region: Spatial-economic and institutional positions and institutional

learning in Randstad-Schipol (AMS), Frankfurt-Main (FRA), Tokyo Haneda (HND) and Narita (NRT). PhD thesis published by

KNAG/Faculteit Geowetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Wackernagel M, Kitzes J, Moran D, Goldfinger S, Thomas M (2006). The Ecological Footprint of cities and regions: comparing

resource availability with resource demand. Environment & Urbanization 18(1): 103-112.

Weber KM, Kubeczko K, Kaufmann A, Grunewald B (2009) Trade-offs between impacts of future-oriented analysis:

experiences from innovation policy foresight and strategy process of the City of Vienna. Technology Analysis and Strategic

Management 21(8): 953-969.

Wheeler SM and Beathley T (2009) The Sustainable Urban Development Reader. Second Edition, Routledge (Taylor & Francis

Group) London.

Williams K (2010) Sustainable cities: research and practice challenges. International Journal of Urban Sustainable

Development 1(1-2): 128-132.

19

20

Contact : econoving@uvsq.fr