is 4th quarter
TRANSCRIPT
C H E M I S T RY
IS REVIEW
Matter
Physical State
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Properties
Physical
Chemical
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Changes
Physical
Chemical
Energy
Exothermic
Endothermic
Matter
Composition
Pure Substance
Element
Metal
Non-metal
Metalloid
Compound
Acid
Base
Salt
Mixture Homogeneous
Solution
Heterogeneous
Suspension
Coarse
Colloid
DEFINITIONSMATTER AND CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
• The science of matter, its properties, structure, composition and its changes during interactions and chemical reactions.
• The branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed; the investigation of their properties and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change; and the use of these processes to form new substances
MATTER
• anything that occupies space, possesses mass, offers resistance and can be felt by one or more of our senses
• Mass is the amount of matter in an object and volume is the amount of space occupied by an object
PROPERTIESCHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
General Properties• Color• Odor• Temperature• Taste• Specific Gravity• Density• Effect Of Magnet• Solubility• Shape
• Electrical Conductivity• Size• Mass• WeightSpecial Properties• Liquid – Viscosity,
Turbidity• Solid – Ductility,
Malleability, Elasticity
DEFINITIONS
Physical Properties• Properties that can be determined without
necessarily changing the chemical composition
Chemical Properties• Properties that cannot be determined just by
viewing or touching the substance• Signs that chemical change has occurred:• Odor, color, or temperature change• Precipitate or gas formation
DEFINITIONS
Extrinsic Properties• Properties that are dependent to the amount of
the substance or its mass
Intrinsic Properties• Properties that are not dependent to the amount
of the substance and is ,therefore, unaffected by mass.
PHASESSOLID, L IQUID, GAS, AND PLASMA
SOLIDS
• Most compact• Has no ability to flow• Definite shape• Definite volume
LIQUIDS
• Less compact when compared with solids• Has the ability to flow• Follows the shape of its container• Definite volume
GASES
• Least compact• Follows the shape of its container• No definite volume
CHANGESCHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
ENERGY USE
• Endothermic• From a more compact state of matter, to a less compact
state of matter. (ex: solid--->gas)
• Exothermic• From a less compact state of matter to a more compact
state of matter(ex: liquid--->solid
PHYSICAL
• Physical changes are changes affecting the form of a chemical substance, but do not change the chemical composition of that substance.
• Physical changes are used to separate mixtures into their component compounds, but cannot usually be used to separate compounds into chemical elements or simpler compounds.
CHEMICAL
• Chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance or, alternatively, decomposes into two or more different substances.
• These processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions.
EXAMPLES
Physical• Heating and cooling• Magnetism• Crystallization• Mixtures• Solutions• Alloys
Chemical• Oxidation• Neutralization• Reduction• Decomposition
CLASSIFICATIONSUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES
PURE SUBSTANCE
• Made up of only one kink of material• All particles are exactly the same• Has definite properties• Examples • Salt• Iron• Water
• Can be classified into 2 groups• Elements• Compounds
ELEMENTS
• Simplest form of matter• Atom• Smallest particle of an element
• Atoms of the same element are alike• Operational Definition:• Substances that cannot be broken down any further
METALS
• Most are conductors of heat and energy• Generally have high densities• Have a fairly high melting point• Shiny and are lustrous• Most are ductile and malleable• Tends to lose their outer most electrons when
chemically combined• Most are solid at room temperature except for
mercury (Hg) which is in its liquid form
METALS
• Metals that are magnetic• Iron (Fe)• Nickel (Ni)• Cobalt (Co)
• Reacts with water to form their metal oxide• Operational Definition:• Usually become basic when heated
NON-METALS
• Dull in appearance• Brittle• Don’t conduct heat and electricity• Usually lower densities and melting points• Tends to gain electrons when chemically combined• Half of non-metals are gases at room temperature,
such as noble gases, except for bromine which is liquid• Operational Definition:• Usually become acidic when heated
METALLOIDS
• Has physical properties close to metals• Intermediate electrical conductivity• Intermediate reflectance
• Has chemical properties close to non-metals• Low densities and melting points• Brittle
• Examples :• Boron• Silicon• Germanium• Arsenic• Antimony• Tellurium
COMPOUNDS
• Substances composed of 2 or more elements that are chemically combined• Molecule• Smallest particle of a compound
• Operational Definition:• Substances that can be broken down into simpler
elements(through heat/electricity
ACIDS
• Tastes sour• Contains hydrogen• Ionizes to produce positive hydrogen ions(H+)
which is a proton• Hydrogen ions makes acids good electrolytes• Electrolyte
• Proton donors
BASES
• Taste bitter• Slippery to the touch• Can be poisonous and corrosive• Contains Hydroxide ions (OH-)• Proton Acceptors
INDICATORS
Indicators• Compounds that show a definite color when mixed wit an
acid or base
Substance Blue LP Red LP Methyl
OrangePhenolphthale
in
Acid Red Red Red Clear
Base Blue Blue Orange Magenta
SALT
• Formed when an acid reacts chemically with a base. This process is called neutralization• Neutralization is only compete when the
hydrogen and hydroxide ions are equal
HCL(Acid)
NaOH(Base)
H2O
NaCl
ELECTROLYSIS
• A chemical separation of a compound into elements• Anode +• Cathode –• Reduction• An electron is gained• Happens at the cathode
• Oxidation• An electron is lost• Happens at the anode
MIXTURES
• May change physical appearance when dissolved
• Operational Definition:• A mix of matter that can be separated through physical
means
HETEROGENEOUS
• A mixture that does not appear to be the same throughout• Particles are large enough to be seen and to
separate from the mixture• Tends to settle when the mixture is left
undisturbed• Types• Coarse - Mostly Solid• Suspension – Contains a liquid in which visible particles
settle
• Effect of Light• Light slightly passes through
HOMOGENEOUS
• Mixtures appear to be the same throughout
• Particles do not settle when allowed to stand
SOLUTION
• The “best mixed” of all• Particles are too small to be seen• Formed when one substance dissolves another• Effect of Light• Light passes through
COLLOID
• Particles are not dissolved but are dispersed• Do not settle but remain suspended for some
time,• Somewhat large particles relative to a solution• Brownian Movement• Effect of light • Makes the colloid appear to glow• The colloid scatters the light
SEPARATING MIXTURES
• Magnetism• Uses magnets to separate metallic and non-metallic
components of a mixture
• Decantation• Allowing solid particles to settle first then pouring the
liquid into another container
• Filtration• Separating undissoved solid particles from the liquid by
allowing the liquid to pass through a filter
SEPARATING MIXTURES
• Evaporation• Separating a liquid from a solid wherein the liquid part is
lost and only the solid part is recovered
• Distillation• separating a mixture of 2 liquids by evaporating the one
with the lower boiling point
• Chromatography• Method of physical separation making use of the
adsorbent property of a substance
EXPERIMENT DATA
EXPT. #3
Sample No. Physical State
Color Odor Solubility in Water
Effect of Magnet
Copper Strips Solid Copper Brown Odorless Insoluble Non Magnetic
Sulfur Powder Solid Bright Yellow Reeking Insoluble Non Magnetic
Sucrose Solid Crystal White Aromatic Soluble Non Magnetic
Iodine Crystals Solid Metallic Gray Musty Slightly Soluble Non Magnetic
Ethyl Alcohol Liquid Clear Fragrant Miscible Non Magnetic
Sodium Chloride Solid Crystal White Odorless Soluble Non Magnetic
Naphthalene Solid White Fresh Insoluble Non Magnetic
Sodium Bicarbonate Solid White Odorless Slightly Soluble Non Magnetic
Copper Sulfate Solid Light Blue Odorless Slightly Soluble Non Magnetic
Dilute Acetic Acid Liquid Foggy White Pungent Miscible Non Magnetic
Acetone Liquid Clear Noxious Miscible Non Magnetic
Iron Solid Silvery Odorless Insoluble Magnetic
EXPT. #4
Chemical System Initial State Final StateDiff. Bet. Initial and
Final StateLead Nitrite+ Hydrochloric Acid
Colorless,Pungent
Colder, Colorless,Odorless
Odor and Temperature Change
Sodium Bicarbonate+ Hydrochloric Acid
Colorless,Odorless
Gas Formation, Colorless, Odorless
Gas Formation
Copper Sulfate+ Hydrochloric Acid
Blue,Metallic Smell
Blue,Reeking
Odor Change
Potassium Chromate+ Hydrochloric Acid
Yellow,Fresh Smell
Orange,Odorless
Color Change
Magnesium Chloride+ Hydrochloric Acid
Colorless,Odorless
White, Gas Formation,Musty
Gas Formation,Odor Change
Lead Nitrite+ Ammonia
Colorless,Pungent
White,Foggy, Pungent
Precipitate Formation
Sodium Bicarbonate+ Ammonia
Colorless,Odorless
Colder, Colorless,Pungent
Odor and Temperature Change
EXPT. #4
Copper Sulfate+ Ammonia
Blue,Metallic Smell
Colder, Foggy,Pungent, Blue
Precipitate Formation,Odor, Temp. Change
Potassium Chromate+ Ammonia
Yellow,Fresh Smell
Colder, Colorless,Pungent
Odor and Temperature Change
Magnesium Chloride+ Ammonia
Colorless,Odorless
Colorless,Pungent
Odor Change
Lead Nitrite+ Sodium Hydroxide
Colorless,Pungent
Foggy,Odorless
Precipitate Formation
Sodium Bicarbonate+ Sodium Hydroxide
Colorless,Odorless
White,Foggy
Precipitate Formation
Copper Sulfate+ Sodium Hydroxide
Blue,Metallic Smell
Foggy,Blue
Precipitate Formation
Potassium Chromate+ Sodium Hydroxide
Yellow,Fresh Smell
White,Foggy
Precipitate Formation
Magnesium Chloride+ Sodium Hydroxide
Colorless,Odorless
White,Foggy
Precipitate Formation
EXPT. #5
Chemical System Observation AnalysisCopper turnings and sulfurExamined w/ lens
Heated together
- Copper and sulfur are separate.- Sulfur is yellow w/ large
granules.- Some of the copper is bent.
- Produced a noxious smell- Sulfur evaporated- Copper melted- Copper turned black
The burning sulfur evaporated and left a noxious smell while the copper simply melted.
Magnesium ribbonBurned in air
Combustion product
Dissolved in water
Solution tested w/ red and blue litmus paper
- Yellow-green flame
- Black, fragile, breaking, ashes
- Cloudy water- Grayish color
- Red turned to blue- Basic solution
The magnesium ribbon heated up until its flash point and burned in a bright yellow green flame. The solution produced a sour smell.
Sulfur powderBurned in air
Combustion product
Dissolved in water
Solution tested w/ red and blue litmus paper
Turned black
Black, ashes Cloudy water
Blue turned to red
Acidic solution
The sulfur powder was acidic after it was burned and dissolved in water
Iodine crystalsHeated
Vapor cooled
Pink gasEvaporation of crystals
Shiny, gray, yellow-orange stain, no smell
The iodine crystals vaporized into pink gas then formed crystals on the evaporating dish above. The resulting crystals stain a yellow-orange tinge on hands
Copper SulfateHeated
Evaporation of copper sulfate crystals turned to white
The copper sulfate turned to white indicating a chemical change
Sodium Chloride and sandExamine w/ lens
Mixed w/ water
Filtered
Filtrate allowed to evaporate
Sand sticks to salt
Cloudy brown waterSalt dissolvedSand settled at the bottom
Murky, yellowish liquidSmall sand particles
Yellowish salt crystalsDark yellow middle
When the sand and salt was mixed, they can be clearly distinguished from each other.When mixed with water, the salt dissolved while the sand settled at the bottom.We filtered the solution and after evaporating the filtrate, the sand remained.
EXPT. #7
Color Odor Taste
Water Colorless Odorless Tasteless
Ethyl Alcohol ColorlessFresh but
StingySweet with a
stinging aftertaste
1st Distillate ColorlessFresh but
StingySweet with a mild stinging aftertaste
2nd Distillate Colorless Very StingySweet with a
dominant stinging aftertaste
ResidueCloudy Yellow
Noxious and Reeking
A mild stinging aftertaste
EXPT. 8
Anode Gas Cathode Gas
Relative Volume Half compared to cathode gas
Two times larger in volume
Reaction to Fire Brightens the flame of the match
Catches fire in a loud popping noise
EXPT. #9
Color Ds Df Rf
Green
~ Yellow 9.9 cm. 0.9
~ Blue 10.9 cm. 0.99
~ Water 11 cm.
Blue
~ Blue 10.4 cm. 0.99
~ Water 10.5 cm.
Yellow
~ Yellow 10.3 cm. 0.9
~ Pink 9.3 cm. 0.8
~ Water 11.5 cm.
Black
~ Black 11.2 cm. 1
~ Water 11.2 cm.