irrigation and water scarcity compatibility mode

8/10/2019 Irrigation and Water Scarcity Compatibility Mode

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IrrigationandWaterScarcityIrrigationandWaterScarcity

3/23/2008 Budi W ignyosukarto - UGM

BudiWignyosukarto

FacultyofEngineeringGadjah Mada University

AgricultureandWaterScarcity

Agriculture is the largest user of freshwater. At present,

70% of the total fresh water in the world is used to

provide food, natural fibers and employment to billions

of rural dwellers

th ,

with a population of more than 300 million people suffer

from water scarcity. Projections for the year 2050 show

that 66 countries with about two thirds of the world

population will face moderate to severe water scarcity

The finite supply of water can be augmented by

reducing consumption, and recycling and reusing waste

water

3/23/2008 Budi Wignyosukarto - UGM

World Water Use

Agriculture (70%)

Industry (22%)

Towns andMunicipalities (8%)

Source: World Bank, W orld Development Indicators, 2001

Budi Wignyosukarto - UGM3/23/2008

PercentageofSectorialWater

Withdrawals

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

A g ri c u lt u re

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

Eur

ope

Japa

n

Philip

pine

s

V

ietn

am

SriLa

nka

Indo

nesia

% I ndus t r ia l

D om es t ic

DrySeasonWaterBalance

No Island Availability

(Billion m3)

Need (Billion m3)

2003 Balance 2020 Balance

1. Sumatera 96,2 11,6 Surplus 13,3 Surplus

2. Jaw a-bal i 25,3 38,4 Defi ci t 44,1 Deficit

3. Kalimantan 167,0 2,9 Surplus 3,5 Surplus

4. Nusa Tenggara 4,2 4,3 Deficit 4,7 Deficit

5. Sulawesi 14,4 9,0 Surplus 9,7 Surplus

6. Maluku 12,4 0,1 Surplus 0,1 Surplus

7. Papua 163,6 0,1 Surplus 0,2 Surplus


SURFACEWATERDEMANDBY

ISLANDININDONESIA



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Riceisthestaplefood

Rice(Oryza sativaL.)isthestaplefoodformorethanthreebillionpeople,overhalftheworldspopulation.Itprovides27%ofdietaryenergyand20%ofdietaryproteininthedevelopingworld.

Riceiscultivatedinatleast114,mostlydeveloping,countriesandistheprimarysourceofincomeandemploymentformorethan100millionhouseholdsinAsiaandAfrica(FAO,2004).Ofthe840millionpeoplesu er ng romc ron c unger,over ve nareas epen entonr ce production.

About80%oftheworldsriceisproducedonsmallfarms,primarilytomeetfamilyneeds,andpoorruralfarmersaccountfor80%ofallriceproducers(FAO,2004).

Lessthan7%oftheworldsriceproductionistradedinternationally(Macleanetal.,2002)andwiththissmallmarketablesurplus, prices

fluctuatewidelywithdroughts,floods,andtyphoons(Hossain,1997).


Nineofthetoptenriceproducing

countriesareinAsia RiceisthedominantcropinAsiawhere,inmanycountries,itcovers

halfofthearablelandusedforagriculture(CantrellandHettel,

2004). TheAsiancontinent,hostto56%ofhumanityincluding70%ofthe

worlds1.3billionpoorpeople,producesandconsumesaround92% of the worlds rice Pa ademetriou 1999 . , .

Nineofthetoptenriceproducingcountriesin2003,namely,China,India,Indonesia,Bangladesh,Vietnam,Thailand,Myanmar,thePhilippines,andJapanareinAsia.

ChinaandIndiacombinedaccountformorethanhalfoftheworldsricearea,and,alongwithIndonesia,consumemorethanthreefourthsoftheglobalrice production(Hossain,1997;Macleanetal.,2002).


RiceCultivationisatradition

Inadditiontobeingtheworldsmostpopularstaple

cultivatedformorethan10,000yearsriceprovidesasymbol

ofglobalunityandculturalidentityformanycountrieswhere

itscultivationisintertwinedwithreligiousobservances,

festivals,customs,folklore,andothertraditions.

TheUnitedNationslaunchedtheInternationalYearofRicein

2004withthethemeRiceisLife,thefirsttimeayearhasbeen

dedicatedtoasinglecrop,tounderscoretheenormous

implicationsofriceforhumannutrition,globalfoodsecurity,

andalleviationofpoverty(FAO,2004).


Agr icult ure

FoodSecurity

Employment

IrrigationWaterisimportant

Farmer

Welfare

Irrigation

Water


HarvestedArea,YieldRateand

ProductionofPaddyinIndonesia

Year

Harvested Area

(Ha)

Yield Rate

(Qu/Ha)

Production

(Ton)

Production

Growth

(%)

, , . , , .

2001 11,499,997 43.88 50,460,782 -2.77

2002 11,521,166 44.69 51,489,694 2.04

2003 11,488,034 45.38 52,137,604 1.26

2004 11,970,038 45.40 54,341,303 4.23


Poor people in Asia can live withoutmany things in life,

.

Professor M. YunusManaging Director,Grammen Bank, Bangladesh


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RicecultivationandWaterScarcity

Riceisamoisturehungrycrop.

Itconsumestwicethewaterneededtogrowcornorwheat.

Producing1kg

of

rice

requires

from

3,000

to

5,000

Lof

water

(Cantrell

and

Hettel,2004).

InAsia,90%ofthetotaldivertedfreshwaterisusedforirrigatedagricultureand,ofthis,50%isusedtogrowrice(IRRI,2001).

By2025,however,aphysicalwaterscarcityisexpectedinAsiasmorethan2millionhectares(Mha)ofirrigateddryseasonriceand13Mha ofirrigatedwetseasonrice,andmostofAsias22Mha ofirrigateddryseasonricewillbehamperedbyeconomicwaterscarcity(Tuong andBouman,2002).

Asdroughtisoneofthemainconstraintstohighyieldsalsoinrainfedproductionsystemsinboththelowlandsandtheuplands,thereisaneedtoincreasewaterproductivityofrice(CantrellandHettel,2004).


Increased rice production

also led to substantialsavings in foreign

Budi Wignyosukarto - UGM

governments would haveotherwise spent on food

imports.

3/23/2008

Future:RiceFarmersConcerns

Decliningprofitduetofallingricepriceandrisingcost(inputs,wages,credit)

Lessland&water

Cropfailuresduetoadverseweather

Inefficientoroveruseofinputs

Drudgeryinfarming

Inadequateaccesstoinformation

Mountingdebtburden,lackofcredit

CompetitionamongWaterUser(Agriculture,DomesticUseandIndustry)


WaterRequirement

RiceFieldandDomesticUse

1liter/sec/haforricefields

1liter/secfordomesticuseof1000peoples.

(100liter/kapita/day)


WaterManagement:Critical

Farmerparticipatorywatersaving

irrigation

Rainwaterharvesting

Riverwatersharingandrationaluse

Wastewatermanagement

Biosalineagriculture:useofsaline

waterforagriculture(MiddleEast)


GlobalWarming&ClimateChange

1. New rice varieties tolerant to higher night temp.

2. Salinity-tolerant rice varieties

Budi Wignyosukarto - UGM

3. Alternate crops for drought conditions


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Salinitytolerantrice

InBangladesh,coastalareasconstituteabout2.5millionhectareswhich

amounttoabout25percentofthetotalcroplandofthecountry.Ofthis,

nearly0.84

million

hectares

are

affected

by

varying

intensities

of

salinity,

resultinginverypoorlandutilization(Karimetal,1990).

Mostofthesoutherndistrictsofthecountryareundersalinezones,which

cover an area of 2530 ercent of the total arable land uazi et al 1996 , .

Theaveragecropyieldisverylowintheregion,whichisobviouslydueto

salinityproblems,lowsoilfertilityanddroughtinthedryseason.The

dominantcropinthecoastalareaisthelocalTAmanrice.

Thepeopleofthatareahavebeencultivatingsalinetolerantricevarieties

formorethan100years.Thefarmersofthecoastalregionusually

cultivatetraditionalvarietiesandharvestabout2.02.5t/ha/year.


Water, Crops, and Diets

Must raise productivity of agricultural water useto meet growing food needs as water stress

deepens and spreads

Three Challen es:

Delivering and applying water to crops moreefficiently

Increasing yields per liter of water consumed

Shifting diets to satisfy nutritional needs with less

water


Crop Water Requirement

Water Footprint (volumeofwaterused)

1cupofcoffeeneeds140litresofwater.

1litreofmilkneeds800litresofwater.

.

1kgofriceneeds2300litresofwater.

1kgmaizeneeds900litresofwater.

Source: UNESCO-IHE - Water Footprint

Dietary Choices

3000

4000

5000

rsofWater

Water consumed to supply 10g of protein

Water consumed to supply 500 calories

1515

49024902

0

1000

2000Lit

potatoes beans wheat rice poultry beef

67

89

132

421

135

219

204

251

303

1000251

204

rice

1000

beef

Based on California crop yields and water productivity. Source: Renault and Wallender (2000)

WaterEfficientIrrigation

(Chinacase) Combiningshallowwaterdepthwithwettingand

drying(SWD), Shallowwaterdepth:1060mmwaterdepthonthesurfaceofsoil.Wet:theupperlimitoffieldwateris10mmwaterdepthandthe

lowerlimitisthatthesoilmoisturecontentinrootzoneisequalto80%ofthe

saturatedmoisture

content

(SMC).

Dry: The

soil

moisture

content

in

root

zone

is

lowerthen80%ofSMC.

Alternatewettinganddrying(AWD),thatpaddyfieldisintermittentlysubmergedandnowaterdepthduringthebeginningoftilleringto

theendofmilkripeningstageandthestandards ofwatercontrolaresimilarto

SWDforotherstages.

Semidrycultivation(SDC),thewaterdepthismaintained onlyintherevivalofgreenorrevivalofgreentothemiddlestageoftillering.Thereisno

waterdepthonpaddyfieldintheotherstagesinentiregrowingseason.SDChave

beenadoptedinsomeirrigationdistrictsintheEastandSouthChina.


Netirrigationwaterusesunderdifferent

irrigationregimesin1998(Zhejiang)

TRI=TraditionalIrrigation

SWD=Shallowwaterdepthwithwettinganddrying

SDC=Semidrycultivation



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irrigation and water scarcity compatibility mode

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