irrigation

Introduction to Irrigation


� IRRIGATION:

� Irrigation is an art of applying water to the land by artificial means tofulfil the water requirements of crops in areas specially where rainfallis insufficient.

� Benefits� Benefits

� 1. Cooling the soil and atmosphere and thereby creating a favourableenvironment especially for plants to grow.

� 2. Washing out and diluting undesirable salts in the soil.

� 3. Softening the land for better tillage.


� Irrigation engineering consists of four phases:

�1. Storage and diversion.

�2. Conveyance of irrigation water.

�3. Distribution and application of irrigation water.

�4. Drainage of excess water.

Need for Irrigation� Food Demand and population

� Arid Zones:

� For such zone annual rainfall is less than 15" and an irrigation system is necessary.irrigation system is necessary.

� Semi-Arid Zones:

� In these areas, precipitation (annual rainfall) ranges from 15"-30" and an irrigation system is desirable.

� Humid Zone:

� For these zones the annual rainfall is more than 30". Therefore an irrigation system is beneficial.

Sources of Water for Irrigation

� The water supply for agriculture is

from three main sources

� a) Rainfall

� b) Surface water

� c) Ground water

Rainfall

� In Pakistan the mean annual rainfall ranges from less

than 4" in parts of the lower Indus region to more

than 30" in the Northern foothills.

� Of this annual rainfall only a small portion makes

any useful or direct contribution of irrigation water

supplies.supplies.

� According to consultant experts of the World Bank

the figure ranges from 1" to 17". The rest is either

surface runoff or addition to the ground water

reservoir while some is lost by evaporation.

� It is estimated that the present direct contribution

to the crops is 6 MAF per annum.

Surface Runoff

� Pakistan rivers carry the melting snow and

rains from the Northern hills down to the

plains where they can be used for

irrigation.

� From mid-March to mid-July (When the

monsoon breaks) the river discharges

derive mainly from melting snow.

� From mid July to September rain water

adds to the volume.

Ground Water

� After rainfall and surface water, ground water is

the most important water source for irrigation.

� In hilly areas this is in form of springs, artesian

wells, etc and may be the only source for

irrigation.irrigation.

�Using ground water by sinking tube wells may

seem to be the direct and rapid way of meeting

immediate irrigation water requirements.

�However not all the available ground water may

be suitable for irrigation use.

Assignment 1 / Lecture 1

� Which water is most suitable for the purpose of

Irrigation?

� What are the different Salts/Minerals that can be

allowed in the water used for irrigation?

� What is the range of sediments (PPM) that can be� What is the range of sediments (PPM) that can be

allowed in water used for irrigation?

� If allowable ranges of the above mentioned exceeds, how

the yield of crops can be effected?

Selection of Suitable Source for

Irrigation�The selection for suitable source for

irrigation depends on the following

�Reliability of the source

Quantity of water available�Quantity of water available

�Quality of water

Irrigation System in Pakistan


� Pakistan is situated in Arid Zone.

� The Indus basin receives less that 15" of rainfall in a year,with 30% of the area receiving even less than 10%.

� Agriculture therefore heavily depends on irrigation.

� The major rivers in Pakistan are the Indus, its left bank� The major rivers in Pakistan are the Indus, its left banktributaries of Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Satluj, and rightbank tributaries of Swat, Kunhar, Kabul and Kurram etc.

� The annual runoff of the Indus system of rivers isestimated as 168 MAF (Million acre ft.) A largeunderground water reservoirs exist under the Indusplains. Use of both the surface water and the groundwater is therefore necessary for the national survival.


� Pakistan is an agricultural country. Therefore an

irrigation system is necessary for food crops.

� Sukhur Barrage, Chushma Barrage, Rasool Barrage,

Guddu Barrage, Kotri Barrage , Head Sulemankee, Head

Marala, Head Rasool, Head Khanki, Head Bulloki etc.Marala, Head Rasool, Head Khanki, Head Bulloki etc.

are constructed for irrigation purposes.

� Besides it, a vast irrigation canal system was constructed

in 1960, to transfer water of western rivers to the canal

system of eastern rivers, Beas, Ravi and Satluj.

Indus Water Treaty

� In 1947, when

Punjab was

divided between

the two countries,

many of the canal

head-workshead-works

remained with

India. The division

of Punjab thus

created major

problems for

irrigation in

Pakistan.

Indus Water Treaty

� On April 1, 1948, India stopped the supply of water to

Pakistan from every canal flowing from India to Pakistan.

� Pakistan protested and India finally agreed on an interim

agreement on May 4, 1948.

� This agreement was not a permanent solution; therefore,

Pakistan approached the World Bank in 1952 to helpPakistan approached the World Bank in 1952 to help

settle the problem permanently.

� Negotiations were carried out between the two

countries through the offices of the World Bank. It was

finally in Ayub Khan's regime that an agreement was

signed between India and Pakistan in September 1960.

This agreement is known as the IndusWaterTreaty.

Indus Water Treaty

� This treaty divided the use of rivers and canals

between the two countries.

� Pakistan obtained exclusive rights for the three

Western Rivers, namely Indus, Jhelum and Western Rivers, namely Indus, Jhelum and

Chenab.

� India retained rights to the three Eastern Rivers,

namely Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.

Indus Water Treaty

� During this period Pakistan was to build huge dams,

financed partly by long-term World Bank loans and

compensation money from India.

� Three multipurpose dams, Warsak, Mangla and Tarbela

were built.were built.

� A system of eight link canals was also built, and the

remodeling of existing canals was carried out.

� Five barrages and a gated siphon were also constructed

under this treaty.

Indus Basin Indus Basin

Irrigation

System IBIS

Assignment 2/ Lecture 1

� In the previous Figure redraw the diagram by yourself to

understand the Irrigation System of Pakistan.

� List down all the Dams and their location in Pakistan

underWAPDA

� List down all the Dams and their location in Pakistan� List down all the Dams and their location in Pakistan

under Irrigation Department

� List down all the Barrages and their location in Pakistan

especially for the Provinces of Punjab and Sind.

� List down all the Canals with their start and end points

in Sind and Punjab specially.


�Download document of Indus Water Treaty 1960

between India and Pakistan and submit a

comprehensive report regarding yourcomprehensive report regarding your

understanding of thisTreaty.

FEROZEPUR

BALLOKI

TRIMMU

Lahore

KHANKIMERALA

QADIRABAD

RASUL

MANGLA

JINNAH

CHASHMA

GUDU

PANJNAD

ISLAM

SULAIMANKESIDHNAI

TAUNSA

Barrage/Dam

Canal System of Pakistan

� Canal is an artificial waterway constructed for

purposes of irrigation, drainage, or navigation, or

in connection with a hydroelectric dam.

� Canal brings river water close to the field where� Canal brings river water close to the field where

it is required to be.

� The canals come out of rivers, dams, and

barrages. The irrigation system of Pakistan is one

of the best in the world. This is one of the largest

irrigation systems in the world.

Canal System of Pakistan

� In Pakistan, almost 75% of the land which is in agricultural use

is covered by the irrigation system.

� Currently there are 3 large dams and 85 small dams, along with

these dams there are 19 barrages to fulfill the water need.

� From these dams and barrages 12 inter link canals and 45 canalsFrom these dams and barrages 12 inter link canals and 45 canals

have been taken to provide water to the fields.

� To utilize ground water 0.7 million tube wells have been

installed.

� In Pakistan canals are the most popular means of irrigation as

they supply plenty of water at very cheap rates.

� River Indus, Jhelum and Chenab are the main sources of water

for Pakistan.

Canals of River Ravi

� Upper Bari Doab (originates from Madhupur headworks

in India) and Lower Bari Doab (originates from the

Balloki Headworks) are two important canals of River

Ravi.

� These canals are very important for the production of

summer crops.summer crops.

� The upper Bari Doab is old canal which was constructed

in 1868.

� Apart from this the Sidhnai Canal rises from the left bank

of the Ravi where the Headworks have been built at

Sidhnai.

Canals of River Chenab

� The Upper Chenab flows from the Marala Weir in

the Sialkot district and Lower Chenab flows from

the Khanki weir and irrigates a vast wheat and

cotton area of Rachna Doab.cotton area of Rachna Doab.

� The heavily system of canals is also located in this

Doab that comes out fromTrimmu HeadWorks.

Canals of River Jhelum

� The upper Jhelum canal originates at the Mangla

Weir in Jhelum district. It joins the Chenab at Khanki

and gives its surplus water to lower Chenab Canal.

� The Lower Jhelum canal flows from the RiverThe Lower Jhelum canal flows from the River

Jhelum at the RasulWeir in district Gujrat.

� These two canals along with lower Ban Doab link the

three rivers i.e. Jhelum Chenab and Ravi.

Canals of River Sutlej

� There are three HeadWorks on river Sutlej i.e.

� Feroze-Wala,

� Sulaimanki and

� Islam,� Islam,

�whereas fourth is on the Puhjnad.

� These canals irrigate the area of Nili Bar and

Bahawalpur.

Canals of River Indus

� The canals from Jinnah Barrage near Kalabagh

irrigate the desert area of Thar for agricultural

purpose.

�Districts of D.G. Khan and D.I. Khan are�Districts of D.G. Khan and D.I. Khan are

irrigated by a link canal from Chashma barrage,

Taunsa barrage and Guddu barrage also have

canals which irrigate vast areas.

� At Sukkur Barrage four canals flow from the right

bank and three from the left bank of the river

Indus.

Punjab Barrages/Head worksRiver Barrage/Head works

Indus Chashma Taunsa

Jhelum Rasul

Chenab Marala Khanki Qadirabad Trimmu

Ravi Balloki Sidhnai

Sutlej Sulaimanki Islam

Punjnad Punjnad

Important Link Canals in Punjab and Rivers Links

�Link Canal Linked Rivers

Chashma-Jhelum Indus Jhelum

Taunsa-Punjnad Indus Chenab

Rasul-Qadirabad Jhelum Chenab

Marala-Ravi Chenab Ravi

Bambanwala-Ravi- Chenab Ravi SutlejBambanwala-Ravi-

Bedian

Chenab Ravi Sutlej

Upper Chenab-

Balloki

Chenab Ravi

Qadirabad-Balloki Chenab Ravi

Trimmu-Sidhnai Chenab Ravi

Balloki-Sulaimanke Ravi Sutlej

Sidhnai-Mailsi Ravi Sutlej

Link Canals in Punjab and Rivers Links

� The link canals have a total length of about 800

Km with a total capacity of about 100,000 cusecs.

� These canals transport water from the three

western rivers to the three eastern rivers which

run short of water as their water has beenrun short of water as their water has been

allotted to India.

� References:

�www.eoearth.com

�www.teabreak.pk

� Encarta Encyclopedia

Irrigation

System in

Punjab,

PakistanPakistan


� Inspite of that, ground water is utilised for irrigation

purposes. In order to exploit ground water for

irrigation purposes, wells and pumping machinery have

to be used.

� Finally to avoid water-logging and salinity and the� Finally to avoid water-logging and salinity and the

consequent loss of cultivable land, a drainage system for

excess water was designed.

� Irrigation authority has programmed for tube well

system for water-logging areas to lower ground water

and to avoid undesirable salts.


� Dams are also constructed for Hydel power generation

and irrigation purposes e.g.

� The WARSAK DAM on river Kabul.

� The TARBELA DAM on river Indus.

� The MANGLA DAM on river Jhelum.

Important Websites

� http://irrigation.punjab.gov.pk/

� http://pida.punjab.gov.pk/

� http://pmo-pb.gop.pk/pages/index.php

� http://irrigation.punjab.gov.pk/ppdb.aspx

http://waterinfo.net.pk/cms/� http://waterinfo.net.pk/cms/


� Write a note on the Cropping Pattern

� Discuss in detail the Cropping Pattern in Pakistan

� What do you know about Rabi and Kharif Seasons in Pakistan

� List all the Crops for Rabi Season

List all the Crops for Kharif Season� List all the Crops for Kharif Season

� Write details on the yields of different crops in Pakistan and

being an agricultural country comment on the future

agriculture and irrigation system in Pakistan

irrigation

Documents

conveyance of irrigation

sources of water

irrigation use

water supply

ground water isthe

available ground water

water requirements of

important water source