i.r.n. goudar* head, icast poornima narayana** deputy head, icast national aerospace laboratories...
TRANSCRIPT
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I.R.N. Goudar*
Head, ICAST
Poornima Narayana**
Deputy Head, ICAST
National Aerospace Laboratories
Bangalore – 560 017
E-mail: *[email protected]
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E-Journal: Expectations
Full text Back issues- Pre-web + PDF files HTML files Advanced search features References linked to full text
and related articles Additional colour possible
Expanded papers-access to raw data
Graphics, video and sound, if required
Comprehensive help Alerting Usage stats for librarians Refereed, but quick
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E-Journals: Major Players
Primary publishers
Aggregators
Vendors
Subscription agents
Document delivery agencies
E-print systems
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E-Journal Models
E- journal continues to coexist with its print version.
E-journal replaces its print version.
E-journal gets value addition, but continues to coexist
with print.
Print version plus abridged e-version
E-journal only.
E-journal with a facility supply individual articles.
Delayed e-version than its print equivalent. E-version first and then print.
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Journals Publishing Costs: Print Version
First copy costs more - Marginal costs for rest
Article processing costs very high
Refereeing costs
High marketing and admin costs
Low physical distribution costs
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Journals Publishing Costs: E-Version
Existing Print Costs + New costs:
Content delivery infrastructure
Software, hardware & ISPCustomer supportAccess control
New human resource: Production, IT Marketing costs New content costs: tables, maths & chemistry symbols Meta-data costs Low distribution costs Service costs
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E-Journals Pricing
The e-journal pricing through consortia varies from publishers to publishers and from same publishers to different library groups depending upon number of factors and issues
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Price Influencing Factors
Quantum of business Number of consortia members Types of institutions Contract period Number of IP enabled nodes Number of campuses Value added services Rights to archive Perpetual access Training facilities Multi year agreement
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Pricing Models
No Universally Acceptable E-journals
Pricing and Licensing Models
Ongoing experimentation
Negotiation possible
Charge for content
Delivery format optional
Increasingly will be based on usage
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Pricing Models in Operation
Bundled – Free with printAIP, APS, AMS, Elsevier, Wiley
Print as base + surcharge on electronicPremium payments range from10-25%ACS, OSA
Electronic only
Small increase - ACS Same price - OSADiscount from print AIP, AMS
Totally unbundled – No discount for both
JBC (P=x, E=y, P+E=x+y) Free e-version only
Charge for print if requiredBritish Medical Journal Continue…
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…Continued
Pricing Models in Operation
Membership/Community Fee Sponsorship/Advertising/Govt. Funding Authors funded – Page charges Usage based pricing - Concurrent users - Site population - Based on FTE
All titles of publishers with print optional Subject clusters Virtual Journals: Narrow subject from single/multiple collection Pay–per–view: Credit cards, Deposit accounts Free completely – Differently funded Extra fee for software Continue…
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Customers Expectations
Readers Enhanced content
critical mass multimedia, more colour,
additional data, ‘live’ math Enhanced functionality
powerful search, alerting Seamless access
ubiquitous access to past and present
Powerful links abstracts to full text
Authors Quality imprint
journal brand stamp of authority improved visibility
Better author service responsiveness faster publication
times web-submissions,
web peer review
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Separate Current (1-2 years) + Archive Extra for value added services Consortium discount
Number of sites Consortium surcharge
Access to all consortia titlesAll titles of publisher
Subscription to core titles – Rest pay-per-view Slice and dice pricing
– Single article sales– Deposit accounts– Article bundles– Current and archive subscriptions
…Continued
Pricing Models in Operation
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Flexibility for cancellations and multi-year deals Quick and Simplified Negotiations Single offers cannot meet all needs Pricing options desirable Extended electronic access desirable Unresolved terms and conditions Publishers are experimenting with pricing Clarity on VAT Regional, State, National consortia can be influential Option for Unbundling electronic from print Mixed views for access to all titles of publishers Price alone is not the only factor (licence, archiving)
Libraries: Expectations & Experiences
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Some publishers’ systems not ready for e-only Parallel publishing environment Test bed for electronic pricing & consortia policies Protection of current revenue Closer to the market (community feedback) Guarantee of new subscriptions? VAT Consistency with consortia overseas Challenges traditional pricing & ‘selling’ of information
Experiences of Publishers
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Consortia
Consortia is a Strategic Alliance of Institutions that have
Common Interests
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So……..
There is a need for striking the balance between cooperation
and competition both among libraries and among publishers.
Both publishers and libraries should look for sustainable
economic models based on values.
This is where Consortia can play a major play.
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Consortia Challenges
Access control and portals New price models Transition to e-only Perpetual access Archiving Tight budgets
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Consortia Goals
Increase the access base
More e-Journals
Rational utilization of funds
A little more pays a lot
Ensure the continuous subscription
Qualitative resource sharing
Effective document delivery service
Avoid price plus models
Pay for up-front products not for R&D
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…Continued
Consortia Goals
Improved infrastructure Enhanced image of the library
Visibility for smaller libraries Improve existing library services
Boosting professional image Harness developments in IT
Facilitate building digital libraries Cost sharing for technical and training support
Access from desktops of users Increase user base
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Consortia Services
Union catalogues
Books, Journals, Technical Reports and Conference Proceedings
Shared library systems
Hardware, Software and other infrastructure
Shared professional expertise
Develop and realize consortia goals
Human resource development
Training staff and users
Electronic contents licensing for providing access to
Bibliographic databases, e-Journals, Full test reports, Conference Proceedings etc.
Inter Library Lending and Document Delivery ….contd.
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…ContinuedConsortia Services
Electronic content loading Contents generated by members and acquired on common server
Physical storage for archiving Old back volumes and less used documents Seminar/training programmes Professional development to serve user community Development of enabling technologies IR systems, Portals and other web interfaces
Evolve standards for techniques, hardware, software and services
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Consortia Models Participants Oriented Models
Geographical location linkedEx: - Bangalore Special Libraries Group
Libraries in the same discipline
Ex: - Aerospace Libraries Group
Libraries belonging to the same parent organization
Ex: - CSIR LICs Libraries of academic organizations
Ex: - INFLIBNET
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Consortia for accessing electronic journals
Consortia for avoiding duplicate collection
Consortia for training and library workshops
Consortia Models Purpose Oriented Models
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Consortia Models Client Oriented Models
Clients according to their age
Ex: - Children, Senior Citizen
Clients according to their interest
Ex: - sports, game
Clients according to their educational background
Ex: - Technical, Professional
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Consortia Negotiation Objectives
Discounts for electronic journals Ideally, choice of electronic-only Added value Standardised licensing Single year agreements Extended electronic access Capped annual inflation Price including Back files Maintain existing spend level Limit on cancellations Print optional at deep discount
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Consortia Values Libraries Vs Publishers
Libraries Publishers Usefulness Members driven Lower price Full text access Expert vs. Student Accessing Internet resources Combined purchasing power Simplify purchase procedure Distribute financial and other risk Increase participation of members No storage & documentation problem Instant Access Quality of services Free flow of information Sharing – ideas, information Contribution – time, resources
Pricing/Education Usage Reporting Linking/Delivery Interface options Indexing/Filtering Gain credibility with libraries Increased marketing Reduced cost of production Reduced surcharges like mailing Less extra efforts and expenditure for new customers Get consortium tool
o Gather library informationo Invoice librarieso Products support
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Pricing Models
Influencing Factors Publishers Issues Quantum of business Number of consortia members Types of institutions Contract period Number of IP enabled nodes Number of campuses Value added services Rights to archive Perpetual access Training facilities Multi year agreement
Free titles on Internet Free access against print subscription All titles of a publisher for fixed fee Surcharge on print subscription Discounts for electronic journals Capped annual inflation Discounts on non-subscribed titles Access to subject clusters Protection of current revenue Uncertainty of new subscription Single point payment E-Only not all publishers ready
“No universally acceptable pricing models, but ongoing experimentation with lot of scope for negotiation”
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Innovative Initiatives
Academic self publishingJournal of High Energy Physics - SISSA e-prints (see arXiv.org)Open Archives Initiative (OAI)
Library initiativesHighWire Press - U Stanford Library
‘Digital’ Press Ingenta, HighWire
Government-funded initiativesPubMedCentral (NIH), SPARC (ARL)
Archival approachesJSTOR
Creating online communities, portalsChemWeb, optics.org, NanoTechWeb
Journal deconstruction ‘Virtual’ Journals
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E-prints Archives
Physics E-Print Archive (www.arxiv.org)
- started by Paul Ginsparg (high energy physicist) in 1991
- hosted by Los Alamos National Lab and recently moved to Cornell U - supported by academic, government funding Free at point of use, very popular
>167,000 submissions since launch in August 1991 Subject based
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A Lot More for a Little Extra
Access to all titles of publishers for little surcharge
Multi year agreements with fixed annual price cap
Users happy – Wider access
Publishers happy – Guaranteed revenue, greater visibility of titles
But what about non-major publishers?
Discount on multiple print copies
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Pricing Models: Issues
Underlying Prices should be publishers’ responsibility.
Pricing should be market- based not formulaic.
Senior scientists/ librarians may resistant to the transition from print to electronic.
Small publishers like professional societies not enthusiastic about consortia pricing.
Publisher – Customer disconnect
Perception: Electronic Costs less than Print
Reality: Electronic + Print costs more than Print
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Trends in Pricing Models
Increasing numbers offer electronic-only version Virtual Journals Continued experimentation of models More publishers to offer consortia pricing More subject specific packages Price decreasing More will offer pay-per-view/transactional allowance Print as ‘add on’: Optional at discounted price Choice of format and added functionality Pricing based on size (FTEs, research activity) Ongoing access to core and occasional to peripheral
material The increasing archive will have a price on it
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Strong Links make Strong Consortia
Tactical
Consortia Issues
Strategic
Practical
Mission
FundingGeographical
Coverage
Library Types
Programs
Service
Technology Governance
Staffing
Payment
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Indian Consortia Initiatives
INDEST (IISc, IITs, IIMs, …..)…MHRD Consortia of IIMs CSIR Consortia RGUHS: HELINET FORSA (Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy and Astrophysics) ICICI- Knowledge Park ISRO Initiative INFLIBNET Initiative
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Lack of awareness about consortia benefits
Slow acceptance of e-information by the users.
Difficulties in changing the mind setup of librarians
Maintenance and balancing both physical and DL
Inadequate funds
Single point payment
Rigid administrative, financial and auditing rules
Problems of defining asset against payment
Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries
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Pay-Per-View not yet acceptable
Uncertainty about the persistence of digital resources.
Lack of infrastructure for accessing electronic sources
Unreliable telecom links and insufficient bandwidth
( But lot of developments in pipeline)
Lack of appropriate bibliographic tools
Lack of trained personnel for handling new technologies
Absence of strong professional association Big brother attitude
Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries
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Pricing
develop more, workable models develop models that can be understood identify pricing incentives subscription/site vs. transactional choices Prices commensurate with value being added? shouldn’t the electronic environment be more affordable than print?
Difficult Issues
Perpetual Access and Archiving What does customer get at end of contract? is there a residual product? Is it a useful residual? Is there any ownership of a physical artifact (cd, tape, etc.)? Is backup allowed? Who does all this and at what cost? What do we all really want/need here?
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Strong Links Make for Strong Chains
Mission&
Vision Sponsor
Funding
Governance
Programs
Geography
Services
Technology
Staffing
Payment
Type ofLibrary
Consortium
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