Question paper for research methodology

Time: hrs. Maximum marks:100

1. Mrs. X is writing her daily observations of a student and writes, without interpretation, that the student is not completing the class work and is constantly speaking out of turn. Which of the following objectives does she appear to be using?a. prediction b. descriptionc. explanationd. exploration 2. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers, counselors, and other professionals to answer questions they have and to specifically help them solve local problems? a. action research b. basic researchc. predictive researchd. orientation research

3. How much confidence should you place in a single research study? a. you should completely trust a single research study.b. you should trust research findings after different researchers have found the same findingsc. neither a nor bd. both a and b

4. The development of a solid foundation of reliable knowledge typically is built from which type of research?a. basic researchb. action researchc. evaluation researchd. orientation research

5. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises?a. rationalismb. deductive reasoningc. inductive reasoningd. probabilistic 6. The idea that when selecting between two different theories with equal explanatory value, one should select the theory that is the most simple, concise, and succinct is known as ____________.a. criterion of falsifiabilityb. critical theoryc. guide of simplicityd. rule of parsimony

7. Research that is done to examine the findings of someone else using the "same variables but different people" is which of the following?a. explorationb. hypothesisc. replicationd. empiricism

8. ________________ is the idea that knowledge comes from experience.

a. rationalismb. deductive reasoningc. logicd. empiricism

9. According to your text, what are the five key objectives of science?a. prediction, summary, conclusion, explanation, descriptionb. influence, prediction, questions, exploration, answersc. exploration, description, explanation, prediction, influenced. questions, answers, prediction, explanation, summary

10. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence how well children learn spelling words. In this case, the main purpose of the study was:a. Explanationb. Descriptionc. Influenced. Prediction 11. There is a set of churches in the U.S. where part of the service involves snake handling. The researcher wants to find out why the people attending these churches do this and how they feel and think about it. In this case, the primary purpose of the study is:a. Explorationb. Descriptionc. Influenced. Prediction 12. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good theory or explanation?a. It is parsimonious

b. It is testablec. It is general enough to apply to more than one place, situation, or persond. All of the above are characteristics of good theories 13. Which of the following is not a basic assumption of science?a. Science cannot provide answers to all questionsb. It is possible to distinguish between more and less plausible claimsc. Researchers should follow certain agreed upon norms and practicesd. Science is best at solving value conflicts, such as whether abortion is immoral 14. What general type of research is focused on collecting information to help a researcher advance an ideological or political position?a. Evaluation research b. Basic researchc. Action researchd. Orientation research 15. Which “scientific method” follows these steps: 1) observation/data, 2) patterns, 3) theory?a. Inductiveb. Deductivec. Imductived. Top down 16. Rene Descartes is associated with which of the following approached to knowledge generation?a. Empiricismb. Rationalismc. Expert opinion

d. None of the above 17. Which scientific method is a top-down or confirmatory approach?a. Deductive methodb. Inductive methodc. Hypothesis methodd. Pattern method 18. Which scientific method is a bottom-up or generative approach to research?a. Deductive methodb. Inductive methodc. Hypothesis methodd. Pattern method 19. Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories?a. Deductive methodb. Inductive methodc. Hypothesis methodd. Pattern method 20. Which scientific method often focuses on generating new hypotheses and theories?a. Deductive methodb. Inductive methodc. Hypothesis methodd. Pattern method 21. Which research paradigm is based on the pragmatic view of reality?a. quantitative researchb. qualitative research

c. mixed researchd. none of the above 22. Which research paradigm is least concerned about generalizing its findings?a. quantitative researchb. qualitative researchc. mixed researchd. none of the above 23. Which of the following best describes quantitative research?a. the collection of non numerical datab. an attempt to confirm the researcher’s hypothesesc. research that is exploratoryd. research that attempts to generate a new theory

24. A condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories is called ___.a. a constantb. a variablec. a cause-and-effect relationshipd. a descriptive relationship

25. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):a. categorical variableb. dependent variablec. independent variabled. intervening variable

26. All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except:a. it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data

b. it can produce important knowledge about cause and effectc. it uses the deductive scientific methodd. it rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment 27. Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following characteristics except:a. it is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interestb. it relies on the collection of nonnumerical data such as words and picturesc. it is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the worldd. it uses the inductive scientific method 28. Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the existence of cause-and-effect relationships?a. nonexperimental Researchb. experimental Research

29. What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research?a. extraneous variables are never presentb. a positive correlation usually existsc. a negative correlation usually exists d. manipulation of the independent variable

30. In _____, random assignment to groups is never possible and the researcher cannot manipulate the independent variable.a. basic researchb. quantitative researchc. experimental researchd. causal-comparative and correlational research

31. What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?a. resistance to manipulation

b. manipulation of the independent variablec. the use of open-ended questionsd. focuses only on local problems

32.. A positive correlation is present when _______.a. two variables move in opposite directions.b. two variables move in the same direction.c. one variable goes up and one goes downd. several variables never change.

33. Research in which the researcher uses the qualitative paradigm for one phase and the quantitative paradigm for another phase is known as ______.a. action researchb. basic researchc. quantitative researchd. mixed method researche. mixed model research

34. Research in which the researcher uses both qualitative and quantitative research within a stage or across two of the stages in the research process is known as ______.a. action researchb. basic researchc. quantitative researchd. mixed method researche. mixed model research

35.. Research that is done to understand an event from the past is known as _____?a. experimental researchb. historical research

c. replicationd. archival research

36. ______ research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable.a. causal-comparative researchb. experimental researchc. ethnographyd. correlational research

37.. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?a. age, temperature, income, heightb. grade point average, anxiety level, reading performancec. gender, religion, ethnic groupd. both a and b38.. What is the opposite of a variable?a. a constantb. an extraneous variablec. a dependent variabled. a data set39. Which of the following is the type of nonexperimental research in which the primary independent variable of interest is categorical?a. causal-comparative researchb. experimental researchc. qualitative researchd. mixed research40. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?a. ageb. annual income

c. grade point averaged. religion 41.A good qualitative problem statement:a. Defines the independent and dependent variablesb. Conveys a sense of emerging designc. Specifies a research hypothesis to be testedd. Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find  42. The “tool” function of theory is to: a. Summarize existing knowledgeb. Summarize existing hypothesesc. Suggest new relationships and make new predictionsd. Suggest new theories 43. The statement of purpose in a research study should: a. Identify the design of the studyb. Identify the intent or objective of the studyc. Specify the type of people to be used in the studyd. Describe the study 44. Why is the statement “What are the effects of extracurricular activities on cognitive development of school age children” not a good statement of a quantitative research question?a. Because there is no connection between extracurricular activities and cognitive developmentb. Because there are not enough school age children engaged in extracurricular activities to conduct the studyc. Because the study would be too difficult to do given all the different extracurricular activities d. Because the statement was not specific enough to provide an understanding of the variables being investigated 

45. A qualitative research question:a. Asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be exploredb. Is generally an open-ended questionc. both a and b are correctd. None of the above 46. According to the text, which of the following orders is the recommended in the flowchart of the development of a research idea?a. Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research question, hypothesis b. Research topic, research purpose, research problem, research question, hypothesisc. Research topic, hypothesis, research problem, research question, research purpose 47. It is essential that you evaluate the quality of internet resources because information obtained via the internet ranges from very poor to very good.a. Trueb. False 48. One step that is not included in planning a research study is: a. Identifying a researchable problem b. A review of current research c. Statement of the research question d. Conducting a meta-analysis of the researche. Developing a research plan 49. Sources of researchable problems can include: a. Researchers’ own experiences as educators

b. Practical issues that require solutionsc. Theory and past research d. All of the above  50. A key characteristic of past research that guides researchers in new research questions is that: a. Extensive research conclusively and definitively answers research questions b. Studies typically generate more research questions than they answer.

51. Which of the following is a function of theory?a. Integrating and summarizing current knowledgeb. Making predictionsc. Explaining phenomenad. All of the above are important functions of theory 52. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to do which of the following?a. To become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest b. To identify potential methodological problems in the research areac. To develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of interest d. All of the above  53. Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is not recommended by grounded theorists. a. Trueb. False 54. What kind of ideas can’t be empirically researched? a. Effectiveness of different methods of instruction

b. Description of educational practicesc. Issues of values and morality such as the correctness of having prayer in schoolsd. Factors helpful in predicting future drug use  55. Which of the following is not a database containing information to be used during the literature review?a. ERICb. PsychINFOc. SocioFILE d. all of the above are potentially useful data bases 56. Computer database searches can be done: a. With a computer with CD-ROM driveb. At the library c. Online d. All of the above 57. The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of: a. Cost and time required to conduct the studyb. Skills required of the researcherc. Potential ethical concernsd. All of the above 58. A formal statement of the research question or “purpose of research study” generally ______.a. Is made prior to the literature review b. Is made after the literature reviewc. Will help guide the research process d. All of the above e. b and c 59. Is the following qualitative research purpose statement “well stated” or “poorly stated”? “The focus of the present study was to explore distressing and nurturing encounters of patients with

caregivers and to ascertain the meanings that are engendered by such encounters. The study was conducted on one of the surgical units and the obstetrical/gynecological unit of a 374-bed community hospital.” a. It is a well stated b. It is poorly stated 60. Which of the following quantitative research questions is superior?a. “What is the effect of participation in various extracurricular activities on academic performance?” b. “What effect does playing high school football have on students’ overall grade point average during the football season?”

61. A researcher does a study of students' phenomenological feelings about problem solving. One of her categories of codes involves positive affect. Two subcategories of that category of positive affect are smiles when solves the problem, and shouts hooray when finished. The relation between these subcategories and the overall category of positive affect is:a. a.       Spatialb. b.      Sequencec. c.       Strict inclusiond. d.      Function 62. In looking at the relationships between coding categories, the relation, "X is a place in Y; X is part of Y" in Spradley's taxonomy of semantic relations is labeled:a. Spatialb. Rationalec. Means-endd. Strict inclusion 

63. In looking at the relationships between coding categories, the relation X is a kind of Y in Spradley's taxonomy of semantic relations is labeled:a. Spatialb. Rationalec. Means-endd. Strict inclusion64. A researcher is doing a study of peer groups in middle school. She interviews 5 girls and 5 boys. She is doing a grounded theory study; hence, she decides to generate her codes as she scans through her transcriptions of her data. These codes are labeled:a. a.       A priori codesb. b.      Post hoc codesc. c.       Inductive codesd. d.      Master list codes  65. Sarah is a qualitative researcher studying how children and parents interact in Head Start Centers. As she examines her data (videotapes and transcripts), she jots down notes concerning the interactions, generating hypotheses, suggesting relationships among categories of information she is examining and so on. This process of jotting notes as she examines the data is called:a. a.       Memoingb. b.      Transcriptionc. c.       Facesheet codingd. d.      Drawing diagrams  66. Qualitative data analysis is still a relatively new and rapidly developing branch of research methodology.a. Trueb. False 67. The process of marking segments of data with symbols, descriptive words, or category names is known as _______.

a. a.       Concurringb. b.      Codingc. c.       Coloringd. d.      Segmenting 68. What is the cyclical process of collecting and analyzing data during a single research study called?a. Interim analysisb. Inter analysisc. Inter-item analysisd. Constant analysis 69. What is the recording of reflective notes about what you are learning from your data during data analysis called?a. Codingb. Segmenting c. Memoingd. Reflecting 70. Which of the following is one of Spradley’s types of relationships?a. Strict inclusionb. Sequencec. Cause-effectd. All of the above 71. Which of the following is not one of Spradley’s types of relationships?a. Strict inclusionb. Sequencec. Cause-effectd. Correlational 

72. Codes that apply to a complete document or case are called ________.a. Cover codesb. False sheet codesc. Factual codesd. Face sheet codes 73. A classification system generally used in the social sciences that breaks something down into different types or levels is called a ________.a. Diagram b. Flow chartc. Hierarchical category systemd. Category 74. When you have high consistency among different coders about the appropriate codes for a set of data, you have ____.a. High inter coder reliabilityb. High intra coder reliability 75. Codes developed before examining the current data being coded are called ______.a. Co-occuring codesb. Inductive codesc. A priori codesd. Face sheet codes 76. The process of quantifying data is referred to as _________.a. Typologyb. Diagrammingc. Enumerationd. Coding 

77. Which of the following refers to the cyclical process of collecting and analyzing data during a single research study?a. Memoingb. Segmentingc. Codingd. Interim analysis 78. An advantage of using computer programs for qualitative data is that they _______.a. Can reduce time required to analyze data (i.e., after the data are transcribed)b. Help in storing and organizing datac. Make many procedures available that are rarely done by hand due to time constraintsd. All of the above 79. _________ are codes that are developed during the process of coding.a. a.       Inductive codesb. b.      A priori codesc. c.       Co-occurring codesd. d.      Face sheet codes 80. Boolean operators are words that are used to create logical combinations.a. Trueb. False 81. __________ are the basic building blocks of qualitative data. a. Categoriesb. Unitsc. Individualsd. None of the above 

82. When a segment of textual data has overlapping codes, this is called a(n) __________. a. Inductive code b. Co-occurring codesc. Priori coded. Face sheet code 83. This is the process of transforming qualitative research data from written interviews or field notes into typed text.a. Segmentingb. Codingc. Transcriptiond. Memoing 84. Network diagrams show only direct links between variables or events over time.a. Trueb. False 85. A challenge of qualitative data analysis is that it often includes data that are unwieldy and complex; it is a major challenge to make sense of the large pool of data.a. Trueb. False

Answers key;1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. c 8. d 9. c 10. a11. a 12. d 13. d 14. d 15. a 16. b 17. a 18. b 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. b 25. c 26. d 27. a 28. b 29. d 30. d31. b 32. b 33. d 34. e 35. b 36. b 37. d 38. a 39. a 40. d41. b 42. c 43. b 44. d 45. c 46. a 47. a 48. d 49. d 50. b 51. d 52. d 53. a 54. c 55. d 56. d 57. d 58. e 59. a 60. b 61. c 62. a 63. d 64. c 65. a 66. a 67. b 68. a 69. c 70. d71. d 72. d 73. c 74. a 75. c 76. c 77. d 78. d 79. a 80. a81. a 82. b 83. c 84. b 85. a

1. When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected, this is called:a. A nonrandom sampling methodb. A quota samplec. A snowball sampled. An Equal probability selection method 2. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?a. Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participateb. Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within each ethnic group at random.c. Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number table to pick cases from the table.d. Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school. 3. Which of the following is not true about stratified random sampling?a. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroupsb. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population proportionsc. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be doned. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample  4. Which of the following statements are true?

a. The larger the sample size, the greater the sampling errorb. The more categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger the sample neededc. The fewer categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger the sample neededd. As sample size decreases, so does the size of the confidence interval 5. Which of the following formulae is used to determine how many people to include in the original sampling?a. Desired sample size/Desired sample size + 1b. Proportion likely to respond/desired sample sizec. Proportion likely to respond/population sized. Desired sample size/Proportion likely to respond 6. Which of the following sampling techniques is an equal probability selection method (i.e., EPSEM) in which every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected?a. Simple random samplingb. Systematic samplingc. Proportional stratified samplingd. Cluster sampling using the PPS techniquee. All of the above are EPSEM 7. Which of the following is not a form of nonrandom sampling?a. Snowball samplingb. Convenience samplingc. Quota sampling d. Purposive samplinge. They are all forms of nonrandom sampling 8. Which of the following will give a more “accurate” representation of the population from which a sample has been taken?

a. A large sample based on the convenience sampling techniqueb. A small sample based on simple random samplingc. A large sample based on simple random samplingd. A small cluster sample 9. Sampling in qualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in quantitative research? a. Simple random samplingb. Systematic samplingc. Quota samplingd. Purposive sampling 10. Which of the following would generally require the largest sample size?a. Cluster samplingb. Simple random samplingc. Systematic samplingd. Proportional stratified sampling 11. How often does the Census Bureau take a complete population count?a. Every yearb. Every five yearsc. Every ten yearsd. Twice a year 12. People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling method called ______.a. Simple random samplingb. Cluster samplingc. Systematic samplingd. Convenience sampling 

13. Which of the following types of sampling involves the researcher determining the appropriate sample sizes for the groups identified as important, and then taking convenience samples from those groups?a. Proportional stratified samplingb. Quota samplingc. One-stage cluster samplingd. Two-stage cluster sampling 14. A type of sampling used in qualitative research that involves selecting cases that disconfirm the researcher's expectations and generalizations is referred to as _______________.a. Extreme case samplingb. Typical-case samplingc. Critical-case samplingd. Negative-case sampling 15. Using Figure 6.6 (pg. 178), how many participants will you need for a research study with a population of 120,000?a. 242 b. 331c. 377 d. 384

16. In which of the following nonrandom sampling techniques does the researcher ask the research participants to identify other potential research participants?a. Snowball b. Conveniencec. Purposive d. Quota 

17. Which of the following is the most efficient random sampling technique discussed in your chapter?a. Simple random samplingb. Proportional stratified samplingc. Cluster random samplingd. Systematic sampling

18. If we took the 500 people attending a school in New York City, divided them by gender, and then took a random sample of the males and a random sampling of the females, the variable on which we would divide the population is called the _____.a. Independent variableb. Dependent variablec. Stratification variabled. Sampling variable

19. A number calculated with complete population data and quantifies a characteristic of the population is called which of the following?a. A datumb. A statisticc. A parameterd. A population

20. The type of sampling in which each member of the population selected for the sample is returned to the population before the next member is selected is called _________.a. Sampling without replacementb. Sampling with replacementc. Simple random samplingd. Systematic sampling

21. Which of the following is not a type of nonrandom sampling?a. Cluster samplingb. Convenience samplingc. Quota sampling d. Purposive samplinge. They are all type of nonrandom sampling 22. Which of the following would usually require the smallest sample size because of its efficiency? a. One stage cluster samplingb. Simple random samplingc. Two stage cluster samplingd. Quota sampling 23. A technique used when selecting clusters of different sizes is called _____.a. Cluster samplingb. One-stage samplingc. Two-stage samplingd. Probability proportional to size or PPS 24. The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as _________.a. Samplingb. Censusc. Survey researchd. None of the above 25. It is recommended to use the whole population rather than a sample when the population size is of what size?a. 500 or lessb. 100 or lessc. 1000 or lessd. you should always use a sample

 26. Which of the following is not an example of a nonrandom sampling technique?a. Purposiveb. Quotac. Convenienced. Cluster 27. Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of people for a study if you are interested in making statements about the larger population?a. Convenience samplingb. Quota samplingc. Purposive samplingd. Random sampling 28. ___________ is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain rules.a. Sampleb. Populationc. Statisticd. Element 29. Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a number between 1 and k, and including each kth element in your sample are the steps for which form of sampling?a. Simple Random Sampling b. Stratified Random Sampling c. Systematic Sampling d. Cluster sampling 30. The nonrandom sampling type that involves selecting a convenience sample from a population with a specific set of characteristics for your research study is called _____.

a. Convenience sampling b. Quota sampling c. Purposive sampling d. Snowball sampling  Answers:1. d 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. e 7. e 8. c 9. d 10. a11. c 12. d 13. b 14. d 15. d 16. a 17. b 18. c 19. c 20. b21. a 22. b 23. d 24. a 25. b 26. d 27. d 28. a 29. c 30. c

1. Analysis of covariance is: a. A statistical technique that can be used to help equate groups on specific variablesb. A statistical technique that can be used to control sequencing effectsc. A statistical technique that substitutes for random assignment to groupsd. Adjusts scores on the independent variable to control for extraneous variables 2. To determine whether noise affects the ability to solve math problems, a researcher has one group solve math problems in a quiet room and another group solve math problems in a noisy room. The group solving problems in the noisy room completes 15 problems in one hour and the group solving problems in the quiet room completes 22 problems in one hour. In this experiment, the independent variable is ____________ and the dependent variable is _____________.a. The number of problems solves; the difficulty of the problemsb. The number of problems solved; the noise level in the roomc. The noise level in the room; the number of problems solvedd. The noise level in the room; the difficulty of the problems

 3. The posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups is likely to control for which of the following threats to internal validity:a. Historyb. Differential selectionc. Additive and interactive effectsd. Differential attrition 4. When all participants receive all treatment conditions, the study is susceptible to:a. Order effectsb. Carryover effectsc. Analysis of covarianced. a and b 5. A researcher is interested in the effects of a preschool program on later school performance. Because she is concerned that socio-economic-status (SES) is a potential extraneous variable in her study, she picks children to study who are only from low SES homes. The control technique she used in this study was:a. Matchingb. Random assignmentc. Holding the extraneous variable constantd. Statistically controlling the extraneous variable 6. Which of the following terms best describes an interaction effect?a. The effect of one independent variable (on a DV) depends on the level of another independent variableb. Eliminating any differential influence of extraneous variablesc. Sequencing effect that occurs from the order in which the treatment conditions are administeredd. The effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable

 7. Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can be used to statistically equate groups on a pretest or some other variable? a. Experimental controlb. Differential influencec. Matchingd. Analysis of covariance 8. Which of the following is not a way to manipulate an independent variable?a. Presence techniqueb. Amount techniquec. Type techniqued. Random technique

9. Which of the following designs permits a comparison of pretest scores to determine the initial equivalence of groups on the pretest before the treatment variable is introduced into the research setting.a. One-group pretest-posttest designb. Pretest-posttest control group designc. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groupsd. Both b and c 10. Counterbalancing is _________.a. a.       Usually based on random selection of participantsb. b.      Only used when one pretest variable needs to be controlledc. c.       Chosen to control for such things as order and carryover

effects*d. d.      All of the above 11. The group that receives the experimental treatment condition is the _____.

a. Experimental groupb. Control groupc. Participant groupd. Independent group 12. Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher controls for both known and unknown variables?a. Building the extraneous variable into the designb. Matching c. Random assignmentd. Analysis of covariance 13. The group that does not receive the experimental treatment condition is the ________.a. Experimental group b. Control group c. Treatment groupd. Independent group 14. There are a number of ways in which confounding extraneous variables can be controlled. Which control technique is considered to be the best? a. Random assignmentb. Matchingc. Counterbalancingd. None of the above 15. Which of the following could be used for randomly assigning participants to groups in an experimental study? a. Split-half (e.g., first half versus second half of a school directory)b. Even versus odd numbersc. Use a list of random numbers or a computer randomization program

d. Let the researcher decide which group will be the best 16. Which term is not a related to counterbalancing?a. Carryover effectb. Order effectc. Sequencing effectsd. Matching 17. A cell is a combination of two or more ____ in a factorial design.a. Research designsb. Research measurementsc. Dependent variablesd. Independent variables 18. Which of the following designs does an excellent job of controlling for rival hypotheses that threaten the internal validity of an experiment? a. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groupsb. Posttest-only control-group designc. Pretest-posttest control-group designd. Both b and c are excellent designs 19. Manipulating the independent variable by varying the type on the independent variable that is presented to the different comparison groups is known as _____.a. Amount techniqueb. Absence techniquec. Type techniqued. Presence technique

20. Which of the following terms is a sequencing effect that occurs from the order in which the treatment conditions are administered?

a. Carry-over effectb. Order effectc. Sequencing effectsd. None of the above

21. When manipulating the independent variable in an educational experiment, which of the following describes this method?a. An independent variable is manipulated using the presence or absence techniqueb. The researchers varies the amount of the independent variable that is administeredc. The researcher varies the type of the independent variabled. All of the above are possible 22. Which method of controlling confounding extraneous variables takes precedence over all other methods?a. Matching individual participantsb. Holding extraneous variables c. Building the extraneous variable into the research designd. Counterbalancing e. Randomly assign research participants to the groups 23. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect produced by the ____.a. Dependent variableb. Extraneous variablec. Independent variabled. Confounding variable 24. This type of design is one where all participants participate in all experimental treatment conditions.a. Factorial designb. Repeated measures design

c. Replicated designd. Pretest-posttest control-group design 25. A factorial design is one in which ____. a. Only one independent variable is studied to determine its effect on the dependent variable b. Only two independent variables are simultaneously studied to determine their independent

and interactive effects on the dependent variablec. Two or more independent variables are simultaneously studied to determine their independent

and interactive effects on the dependent variabled. Two dependent variables are studied to determine their interactive effects 26. The design in which one group of research participants is administered a treatment and is then compared, on the dependent variable, with another group of research participants who did not receive the experimental treatment is ____. a. One-group posttest-only design b. One-group pretest-posttest design c. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groupsd. time series design 27. _____ refers to the influence of a single independent variable.a. Interaction effectb. Reactive effectc. Main effectd. Proactive effect 28. A sequencing effect that occurs when performance in one treatment condition is influenced by participation in a prior treatment condition is known as ____.

a. Counterbalancing effectb. Carryover effectc. Treatment effectd. Order effect

29. Which of the following is possible in a factorial design with two independent variables?a. There is only one main effect present b. There are two main effects presentc. There are two main effects and an interaction effect presentd. All of the above are possible 30. Which of the following is a factorial design where different participants are randomly assigned to the levels of one independent variable but participants take all levels on another independent variable?a. One-group pretest-posttestb. Pretest-posttest control-group designc. Factorial designd. Factorial design based on a mixed model Answers:1. a 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. c 6. a 7. d 8. d 9. b 10. c11. a 12. c 13. b 14. a 15. c 16. d 17. d 18. d 19. c 20. b21. d 22. e 23. c 24. b 25. c 26. c 27. c 28. b 29. d 30. d