iraq war 2003. republic of iraq government: arabic socialist ba’ath party regime of saddam...
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IRAQ WAR 2003
REPUBLIC OF IRAQ• Government: Arabic Socialist Ba’ath party
Regime of
Saddam Hussein
• Official Language:
Arabic and Kurdish
• Population:
27.5 million(2007)
IRAQ WAR 2003
• 2003 Mar. 20th ~2011 Dec. 18th
• Reason: A Nation with Weapons of Mass Destruction
• Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld: 1. Eliminate Saddam Hussein’s regime
2. Search and destroy WMD
3. Provide humanitarian assistance
4. Protect Iraq’s oil and other natural resources
TIME LINE 1: BEFORE IRAQ WAR
Sep. 12th
2002
• Bush addressed the general assembly of the UN to outline the complaints of the U.S. government against the Iraq government
Oct. 10~1
1th 2002
• The U.S. house of Representatives and the Senates pass the authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution
Nov. 8th
2002
• UN Security Council passed Resolution 1441
Feb. 6th
2003
• Security of the State Colin Powell claims Hussein is making nuclear weapons and developing missiles
Mar. 7th
2003
• The Chief UN weapons inspector and the IAEA tell the UN Security Council they have found no evidence of biological weapons and nuclear weapon
TIME LINE 2: DURING IRAQ WAR
Mar. 17th 200
3
• Bush gives Hussein 48 hours to leave Iraq or face war
Mar. 20th 200
3
• The US-led war on Iraq begins
Mar. 30th 200
3
• ABC News: Donald Rumsfeld is asked whereabouts of Iraq supported WMD: “We know where they are, they’re in the area around Tikrit, and Baghdad and east, west, south, and north somewhat”
May 1st
2003
• The invasion period ends and the military occupation period begins
TIME LINE 3: AFTER IRAQ WAR
Dec. 13th 200
3
• Saddam Hussein is captured alive by the U.S. troops in Tikrit, Hussein’s hometown
Jan. 30th 200
5
• Iraqis vote in the first democratic, multi-party parliamentary elections in 50 years. Shiites and Kurds vote in large numbers. Sunnis do not
Oct. 19th 200
5
• Saddam Hussein’s trail begins in Bagndad
Dec. 30th 200
6
• Saddam Hussein is executed by hanging
Dec. 15th
2011
• U.S. declares the Iraq war over
RESOLUTION 1441*
• Adopted date: 8 November 2002
“Recognizing the threat Iraq’s non-compliance with Council resolutions and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles poses to international peace and security…”
• Gave Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the UNMOVIC and the IAEA
PROS: MULTI-NATIONAL FORCE
• United States of America (148,000)
• United Kingdom (45,000)
• Australia (2000)
• Poland (194)
• With the support of Korea, Denmark, Japan, Italy, Ukraine…49 other countries.
AGAINST
• The invasion of Iraq was strongly opposed by France, Germany, New Zealand, and Canada
• Former Secretary-General of United Nation Boutros Boutros-Ghali*:
• “The invention is illegal” because there is not authorized by the United Nation
• “Other countries may use this argument in the future to intervene on the basis of this precedent”
FAILURES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
Stop US and UK.
CONSPIRACY THEORY
Oil
Military
•US Base Out of Saudi Arabia•US Base Closer to IRAN!!
OIL
Before the 2003 War
• Iraq National Oil Company (INOC) nationalised all oil projects in 1972.
• Started to allow foreign investment since 1997.• But only 3 projects were allowed.
After the 2003 War
• The Oil reconstruction was planned to be led by USAID. *1
• Iraq Ministry of Oil plans to boost it oil production led by EP, EXXON, Shell.
MILITARY (SAUDI ARABIA)
US Needed to move the base away from Saudi Arabia as it is the Islamic Religious Centre (MECCA and MEDINA).
• Anti US feeling within the Islamic World.• The government in Riyadh depends on the United States for its defence, but has found itself walking a tightrope, with increasing uneasiness among many Saudis over the presence of US troops.
• US citizens act as if there in the US.
MILITARY (IRAN)
Surround Iran to PRESSURE them.
• Get Afghanistan• Get Iraq
WHEELER’S CRITERIA 1
CriteriaEvaluatio
nNotes
Supreme Humanitarian Emergency
דby the time of the March 2003 invasion, the government’s killing has ebbed.” *1
Necessity or Last Resort דall alternative options had not been exhausted,”*2
Proportionality ×Period of Major Combat:19 March 2003 – 1 May 2003*3
BUT the tragedy is continuing.
Positive Humanitarian Outcome
×Civilian Death toll: 106,695-116,548*4
Destabilised Iraq
WHEELER’S CRITERIA 2
CriteriaEvaluatio
nNotes
Humanitarian Motives ×President Bush“our mission is clear, to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people.”*1Humanitarian
Justification×
Legality ו Lack of UN Mandate•Kofi Annan, has said he believes the American-led invasion of Iraq last year was illegal*2
Selectivity × US most likely had other objectives.
WHEELER’S CRITERIA 3
Criteria Evaluation
Supreme Humanitarian Emergency ×
Necessity or Last Resort ×
Proportionality ×
Positive Humanitarian Outcome ×
Humanitarian Motives ×
Humanitarian Justification ×
Legality ×
Selectivity ×
CURRENT IRAQ
Government
• President TALABANI (Kurdish)• Prime Minister MALEKI (Shiite)
Killing and the Disorder Continues
• The Iraq war: No clean break
US troops have now left Iraq, but the war's ghosts will haunt the world for many years to come.
• Deadly Iraq blasts hit several cities
Refugees(Mostly after 2003)
• Domestic:1,900,000 people• Aboard: 2,000,000 people
FUTURE CONCERNS
Relation with other Arab world.
• Iraq is now a Shiite Government• Split of Iraq• Kurds in
Turkey
and Iran
Intervention for Humanitarian
Purpose OR
Stability?