iraq biotechnology conference abstracts 7-9 may 2013

Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq

Proceedings

May 7-9, 2013

Baghdad, Iraq

Iraq Biotechnology Conference (May 7-9) – Baghdad, Iraq 2

CONTENTS

I. AGENDA ..................................................................................................................................... 5

II. INTERNATIONAL SPEAKERS ................................................................................................. 10

NISREEN D. AL-HMOUD, PH.D.

RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH IN LIFE SCIENCES: BIOETHICS .......................................................... 10

NISREEN D. AL-HMOUD, PH.D.

A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO STRENGTHENING BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS:

A SUCCESS STORY FROM THE ROYAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY OF JORDAN ................................... 11

ALI ATOUI, PH.D.

MYCOTOXINS: BIOSECURITY AND IMPROVING FOOD SAFETY ................................................... 11

DAVID R. FRANZ, DVM, PH.D.

GLOBAL NETWORKS OF ENLIGHTENED LEADERS IN OUR

BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES: POWERFUL CATALYSTS FOR PRODUCTIVITY

SUSTAINABILITY, SAFETY AND SECURITY ..................................................................................... 12

GAVIN MACGREGOR-SKINNER BVSC, MSC, MPH, MRCVS

ONE HEALTH AND SYSTEMS-BASED APPROACHES TO BIOSECURITY ...................................... 13

GAVIN MACGREGOR-SKINNER BVSC, MSC, MPH, MRCVS

U.S. NATIONAL CENTER FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION

(NCBI): DATABASES AND RESOURCES ....................................................................................... 13

STEPHEN S. MORSE, PH.D., FAAM, FELLOW AAAS

BIOTECHNOLOGY: COMMUNICATE, COLLABORATE, CONNECT ................................................. 14

CRAIG VANDERWAGEN, MD

A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO DEVELOPING NEW BIOTECHNOLOGY

CAPACITY AND CAPABILITIES ....................................................................................................... 14

III. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE ............................................................................................... 15

HARB ADEL ABED, PH.D.

APPLICATIONS OF DNA AND MOLECULAR MARKERS: TECHNIQUES IN AGRICULTURE .......... 15

SAHAR AHMED AL-BAYATTI, PH.D.

APPLICATIONS OF GENE AND GENOME-BASED TECHNOLOGIES FOR

IMPROVING ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH ........................................................................ 15

SALAM ABBAS HUSSEIN, PH.D.

APPLICATIONS OF BIOFERTILIZERS AND BIOPESTICIDES ........................................................... 16

SUHAILA AIED BRAHEEM, PH.D.

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURES ................................. 17


TAMARA ADNAN, PH.D. CANDIDATE

CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

APPLICATIONS IN MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE .......................................................................... 17

IV. MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY AND MINERALS ............................................................. 19

ABBAS FADHIL ABBAS

RAPID LABORATORY TESTS: A LEADING TECHNOLOGY IN IRAQ ............................................... 19

ABBAS FADHIL ABBAS

AL-RAZI CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC KIT PRODUCTION .................. 19

V. MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ............................................................ 20

HUSSEIN. OD. KREADY, PH.D.

INFANT DIARRHEA: USING RT-PCR TO IDENTIFY THREE

HEMORRHAGIC BACTERIAL STRAINS ........................................................................................... 20

INAAM N. ALI

WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING BIOFILM SLIME LAYER TECHNOLOGY .............................. 20

MAHDI FALIH AL-JEWARI

BIOLOGICAL WEAPON CONVENTION PERSPECTIVE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, IRAQ NATIONAL

MONITORING AUTHORITY ............................................................................................................. 21

MOHAMMED W. KHUDHAIR, MSC AND HUSSAIN F. AL RUBEAI, PH.D.

ESTABLISHING A MOLECULAR LABORATORY: IDENTIFYING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS

AND THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ....................................................................................... 21

MOHAMMED W. KHUDHAIR, MSC AND HUSSAIN F. AL RUBEAI, PH.D.

INTEGRATED PEST CONTROL RESEARCH CENTER: FOOD SECURITY AND BIOLOGICAL

CONTROL PROGRAMS ..................................................................................................................... 22

RIYADH UTHAFA, PH.D., RAFAH RASHEED ISMAIL, EMMAN MOHAMMED KATHEM, MSC, SANA ISMAIL

AHMMAD, SUHA ABED ALHAMMED, MSC, FAEEZA AHMMAD

EVALUATION OF BREAST CANCER ANTIGEN 15.3, COPPER,

ZINC, CALCIUM AND IRON IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS.......................................................... 22

SAMIA KHALIL MAHMOOD, PH.D.

THE EFFECT OF CYCLAMEN PERSICUM EXTRACTS ON FOOD

POISONING BACTERIA AND THE SHELF LIFE OF FRESH MINCED MEAT .................................. 23

ZAHRA N. AL HATTAB, PH.D. AND WAJIDA KH. AL-QAUDHY , MSC

APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE CROP PRODUCTION UNDER

ABIOTIC STRESS AND INCREASE SECONDARY PRODUCTS IN MEDICINAL PLANTS .................. 23


ZAINAB MOHAMMED TAHER JAAFAR, PH.D.

THE ROLE OF BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF POLYSACCHARIDES (B-D GLUCAN)

EXTRACTED FROM FOOD SOURCES AS INHIBITORY CELL

PROLIFERATION ON CANCER CELLS .............................................................................................. 23

VI. UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD ................................................................................................... 25

SILVA A.YAKOUB ZOKIAN, PH.D., ABED AL-JASIM M. AL-JIBOURI, PH.D., AND ALI H.AL-MUSAWI, PH.D.

RAPD-PCR ANALYSIS OF GENOMIC DNA OF SOME SPECIES OF

EUPHORBIA GROWN ON THE UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD CAMPUS IN JADIRIYAH ..................... 25

VII. UNIVERSITY OF MUSTANSIRIYAH ........................................................................................ 26

AHMED AL-SHAMMARI, PH.D.

IMMUNO-PHOTOSENSITIZING ONCOLYTIC MEASLES VIRUS FOR IMMUNO-

PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDY ....................................................... 26

AMER TAWFEEQ, PH.D.

CHRONIC IMPACT OF BACTERICIDAL DOSE OF PULSE LASER ABLATION IN

LIQUID SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON HEMATOLOGICAL,

LIVER, AND KIDNEY FUNCTION OF WHITE RATS ......................................................................... 28

VIII. UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY .......................................................................................... 29

RANA MUNTHER BADRI, MSC

ESCHERICHIA COLI USED FOR GENE CLONING .............................................................................. 29

ZINA NOOR, MSC

EFFECT OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS ON THE CORROSION

BEHAVIOR OF IMPLANT BIOMATERIALS IN HUMAN BODY FLUID ............................................. 30

SALIH A. AL-BAKRI, PH.D. AND INAS S. MOHAMMED, MSC

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDY OF BRUCELLA

SPECIES CAUSING MALTA FEVER .................................................................................................. 30

IX. INTERNATIONAL SPEAKER BIOGRAPHIES ........................................................................... 31


I. Agenda

Iraq Biotechnology Conference

Al-Nahrain Center for Strategic Studies

Baghdad, Iraq

May 7 – 9, 2013

Advancing Safe and Secure Biotechnology Research and Applications in Iraq

DAY 1, TUESDAY, MAY 7, 2013 Objective: Brief participants on current advancements in biotechnology

08:00 – 09:00 Registration of Participants and Coffee

Opening of the Conference

09:00 – 09:10 Mr. Hamza Hasan, Director General, Nahrain Center for Strategic Studies

09:10 – 09:20 Mr. Steve Zate, U.S. Minister Counselor of Economic Affairs, U.S. Embassy

Baghdad

Welcome Remarks

09:20 – 9:25 Ms. Shawn Garcia, U.S. Embassy Baghdad

09:25 – 9:30 Dr. Ahmed Al-Shammari, Facilitator, Experimental Therapy Department, Iraqi

Center for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research, Mustansiriyah University

09:30 – 9:40 Dr. Hamid Ali Hadwan, Director General, National Center for Organic Farming,

Ministry of Agriculture (MOA)

09:40 – 9:50 Dr. Hassan H. Baker Al-Kazzaz, Director General, Public Health Directorate,

Ministry of Health (MOH)

09:50 – 10:00 Ms. Anwar Abdulkareem Abdulwahhab, Director, Occupational Health and

Safety Center, Ministry of Industry and Minerals (MIM)

10:00 – 10:10 Dr. Hussain F.M. Ali Al-Rubeai

Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)

10:10 – 10:40 COFFEE BREAK

10:40 – 10:55 Introduction of International Presenters and Vendors

Dr. Ahmed Al-Shammari, Facilitator, Experimental Therapy Department, Iraqi



Overview of Conference Objectives



10:55 – 11:05 Ministry of Agriculture Biotechnology Update

Dr. Tamara Adnan Al-Khateeb, National Center for Organic Farming, Department

of Biotechnology

11:05 – 11:15 Ministry of Health Biotechnology Update

Dr. Hassan H. Baker Al-Kazzaz, Director General, Public Health Directorate

11:15 – 11:25 Ministry of Industry and Minerals Biotechnology Update

Dr. Amir Moosa Yassin, General Director, Al Kindi Company

11:25 – 11:35 Ministry of Science and Technology Biotechnology Update

Dr. Hussain F.M. Ali Al-Rubeai


12:00 – 12:45 Global Networks of Enlightened Leaders in our Life-Sciences Laboratories

Dr. David R. Franz, DVM, PhD., SBD Consulting

12:45 – 13:00 Q&A: Global Networks of Enlightened Leaders in our Life-Sciences

Laboratories

13:00 – 13:45 One Health and Systems-Based Approaches to Biosecurity

Dr. Gavin Macgregor-Skinner, BVSc, MSc, MPH, MRCVS

Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine

The Pennsylvania State University

13:45 – 14:00 Q&A: One Health and Systems-Based Approaches to Biosecurity

14:00 – 14:30 Biotechnology Company Presentations

Dr. Atheer Alsheikly, Executive Manager, Advanced Scientific Bureau (ASCO)

Sana Kamal, Iraq Biotechnology Company

Abdulrahman Hasan Jabur, General Manager, Olom Alibtikar Co Ltd.

14:30 – 15:30 LUNCH/ ROUND TABLE

15:30 ADJOURN


DAY 2, WEDNESDAY, MAY 8, 2013 Objective: Review implementation and use of biotechnology


09:00 – 09:15 Welcome and Review of Previous Day



09:15 – 10:00 A Holistic Approach to Strengthening Biotechnology Programs: A Success Story

from the Royal Scientific Society of Jordan

Dr. Nisreen DaifAllah Al-Hmoud, Director, Center for Excellence in Biosafety,

Biosecurity and Biotechnology, Royal Scientific Society (RSS), Jordan

10:00 – 10:15 Q&A: A Holistic Approach to Strengthening Biotechnology Programs: A

Success Story from the Royal Scientific Society of Jordan


10:45 -11:30 A Systematic Approach to Developing New Biotechnology Capacity and

Capabilities

Dr. Craig Vanderwagen, Martin, Blanck, and Associates

11:30 – 11:45 Q&A: A Systematic Approach to Developing New Biotechnology Capacity and

Capabilities

11:45 – 12:30 Biotechnology: Communicate, Collaborate, Connect

Professor Stephen Morse, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University

Mailman School of Public Health

12:30 – 12:45 Q&A: Biotechnology: Communicate, Collaborate, Connect


13:15 – 13:45 Mycotoxins: Biosecurity and Improving Food Safety

Dr. Ali Atoui, Research and Development Department, Lebanese Atomic Energy

Commission- National Council for Scientific Research

13:45 – 14:00 Q&A: Mycotoxins: Biosecurity and Improving Food Safety

14:00 – 14:15 Biological Weapon Convention Perspective of Biotechnology

Mr. Mahdi Falih Al-Jewari, Iraq National Monitoring Directorate, Ministry of

Science and Technology

14:15 – 14:30 Epidemiological and Molecular Study of Brucella species causing Malta Fever

Dr. Salih A. Al-Bakari & Ms. Inas S. Mohammed, Environmental Research Center,

University of Technology


14:30 – 14:45 Immuno-Photosensitizing Oncolytic Measles Virus for Immuno-Photodynamic

Therapy, In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Dr. Ahmed Al-Shammari, Experimental Therapy Department, Iraqi Center for

Cancer and Medical Genetic Research, Mustansiriyah University

14:45 – 15:45 LUNCH/ROUND TABLES

15:45 ADJOURN

DAY 3, THURSDAY, MAY 9, 2013 Objective: Identify challenges and barriers using biotechnology


09:00 – 09:15 Welcome and Review of Previous Day



09:15 – 09:45 CRDF Global: Science Engagement in Iraq

Mr. Phill Starling, Science Engagement Program Director, CRDF Global

09:45 – 10:00 Q&A: CRDF Global: Science Engagement in Iraq

10:00 - 10:30 Responsible Research in Life Sciences: Bioethics

Dr. Nisreen DaifAllah Al-Hmoud, Director, Center for Excellence in Biosafety,

Biosecurity and Biotechnology, Royal Scientific Society (RSS), Jordan

10:30 – 10:45 Q&A: Responsible Research in Life Sciences: Bioethics


11:15 – 11:45 U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Databases and

Resources

Dr. Gavin Macgregor-Skinner, BVSc, MSc, MPH, MRCVS

Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine

The Pennsylvania State University

11:45 – 12:00 Escherichia Coli Used for Gene Cloning

Ms. Rana Munther Badri, Environmental Research Center, University of

Technology

12:00 – 12:15 Infant Diarrhea: Using RT-PCR to Identify Three Hemorrhagic Bacterial Strains

Dr. Hussein Od. Kready, Agricultural Research Directorate, Ministry of Science

and Technology


12:15 – 12:30 Applications of Gene and Genome-Based Technologies for Improving Animal

Production and Health

Dr. Sahar Ahmed Al-Bayati, State Company for Animal Resources Services,

Ministry of Agriculture


13:00 – 13:15 Rapid Laboratory Tests: A Leading Technology in Iraq

Mr. Abbas Fadhil Abbas, Al Razi Center, Ministry of Industry and Minerals

13:15 – 13:30 RAPD-PCR Analysis of Genomic DNA of Some Species of Euphorbia Grown in

University of Baghdad Campus in Jadiriyah

Dr. Silva A.Yakoub Zokian, Mr. Abed Al-Jasim M. Al-Jibour, and Mr. Ali H. Al-

Musawi, Department of Biology, Baghdad University

13:30 – 13:45 Chronic Impact of Bactericidal Dose of Pulse Laser Ablation in Liquid

Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Hematological, Liver and Kidney Function

of White Rats

Dr. Amer T. Tawfeeq, Molecular Therapy Department, Iraqi Center for Cancer

and Medical Genetic Research, Mustansiriyah University

13:45 – 14:00 The Role of Bioactive Components of Polysaccharides (B-D Glucan) Extracted

From Food Sources as Inhibitory Cell Proliferation on Cancer Cells

Dr. Zainab Mohammed Taher Jaafar, Agricultural Research Directorate, Ministry

of Science and Technology

14:00 – 14:15 Application of Biofertilizer and Biopesticides

Dr. Salam Abbas Hussein, National Center for Organic Farming,


14:15 – 14:30 CLOSING CEREMONY

14:30 – 15:30 LUNCH/ ROUND TABLE

Rapporteurs: Dheyaa Abdul Salam Al Sallami, University of Baghdad

Ahmed Ayad Hamza Al-Salman, University of Baghdad


II. International Speakers

Responsible Research in Life Sciences: Bioethics

Nisreen D. Al-Hmoud, Ph.D.

Modern biotechnology, with its focus on molecular biology and its concern for increasing

human health and life spans, is all about the future. The revolution in life sciences has at its core

information and techniques that can be used to change humanness itself as well as the concepts

of what it means to be human.

For the last 50 years, it has been essential to reflect on ethical behavior because

throughout the world we do have the same objective: safeguard the human being in all situations

where he/she faces a menace. Bioethics developed most prominently in the fields of life sciences

and health due to the rapid progress in biological research and advanced medical techniques.

Although the research in the field of human genetics is very thorny, it could be very informative

and used to predict, change or select the useful trait. The misuse of human genetic and

reproductive technologies could exacerbate existing disparities, create new forms of

discrimination and inequality, and open the door to high-tech eugenic practices. All that can be

attained scientifically is not necessarily desirable for the human being because it can have the

potential to dehumanize him/her.

The major breakthroughs in molecular biology and genetic engineering raised many

serious legal, ethical and social questions, which should be taken into consideration when

adopting these techniques. Religious perspectives have a significant role in the ethical use of

genetics and biotechnology to connect autonomous choices with larger communal concerns.

Religious views help ensure that scientific advances not only expand choices and produce

benefits but do so without undermining our humanity and dignity in the process. There is no

reason that people of different nations, cultures, religions and philosophies cannot work together

in support of policies needed to protect our common human future.

The exploration and development of bioethical practices and regulations encourage

pluralistic debate since bioethics in its nature interdisciplinary and is of such great concern and

importance to all societies. It should be kept in mind that Islam is the state religion in the

majority of the Arab countries and that Islamic bioethics are rooted in Sharia and Fiqh, which

find their justification in the precepts of the Qur’an and Hadith. It is in the light of these above

two sources that all ethical dilemmas have to be examined.

The socio-economic situation demands that in view of these breathtaking scientific

developments, the situation is examined in our own societies. Appropriate social oversight and

regulation need not impede potentially beneficial medical research and applications.

Consequently, addressing these questions require a continuing dialogue, debate and discussion

between academicians, religious scholars and researchers within Islamic countries.

In conclusion, the future of human genetics and biotechnology is not only scientifically

sophisticated and medically productive but also truly humane. Bioethics could familiarize

people with technical realities by outlining the basic approach and guiding principles that can be

used to address the questions that come up from time to time and to avoid the risks of these

powerful biotechnologies.


A Holistic Approach to Strengthening Biotechnology Programs:

A Success Story from the Royal Scientific Society of Jordan

Nisreen D. Al-Hmoud, Ph.D.

In 2004, upon the request of His Majesty King Abdullah II, an initiative was launched to

draft recommendations for the leadership in Jordan to advance the Kingdom’s biotechnology

sector, attracting global recognition, regional leadership, and capitalizing on the strengths and

competitive advantages of Jordan’s research universities, healthcare institutions and industries.

Biotechnology offers solutions to global challenges from healthcare drug diagnosing and

innovative medicines, to efficient agriculture usage and new energy modalities. When

developing countries explore creating an ecosystem, which supports the advancement of science

and technology, initial questions regarding the status of their academic institutions, regulatory

infrastructure and protection of Intellectual Property (IP) are raised.

To date, in the public sector, there are a number of initiatives underway in the

development of the biotechnology sector within the Kingdom of Jordan. His Majesty King

Abdullah II launched a series of committees and numerous biotechnology programs within the

academic institutions, including an analysis of the regulatory and legal infrastructure, and policy

recommendations. In 2008, the Royal Scientific Society (RSS) of Jordan started its

Environmental Biosafety Unit, which included research work and services on molecular biology,

microbiology and virology. Recently, El Hassan Science City of Jordan recognized the

importance of developing a national and regional experience through the establishment of a

Center for Excellence in Biosafety, Biosecurity and Biotechnology in order to address

potential bio-risks arising from new biotechnologies.

The Center for Excellence in Biosafety, Biosecurity and Biotechnology rests on the

following premise: 1. desired advances in the science and applications of Biotechnology and 2.

Synthetic Biology potentially raises the threat to the safety and security of public as a result of

exposure to bio-risk agents. Thus, the Center’s mission is to strengthen national security by

reducing the risks posed by misuse of life sciences, epidemics, and other destabilizing biological

events, and to improve the nation’s resilience in the face of such events through excellence in

training, education and research of advanced biotechnology and through the engagement of

policy-makers to ensure optimal preparedness and planning at the national level. The work of

the Center will start with focus on the national level. However, the future scope is to develop and

extend the activities on the regional and international levels. This certainly requires national,

regional and international support. Thus, the Center will serve as a unique platform for national

and regional experts to excel in their duties for preserving human health and the environment.

Mycotoxins: Biosecurity and Improving Food Safety Ali Atoui, Ph.D.

Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced mostly as secondary metabolites by fungi that

grow on agricultural products in the field, during storage or processing under specific

environmental factors (particularly temperature, humidity and rainfall). The major mycotoxin

producing fungi include species of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium and the most

important mycotoxins are aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, deoxynivalenol/nivalenol, T2


mycotoxin, patulin and zearalenone. Mycotoxin contamination has been a serious concern for

human and animal health. They have been reported to be carcinogenic, teratogenic,

tremorogenic, hemorrhagic and dermatitic to a wide range of organisms. According to the Food

and Agriculture Organization (FAO), more than 25% of the world’s agricultural production is

contaminated with mycotoxins, leading to severe economic losses. This situation has prompted

many countries to conduct research projects for all mycotoxin aspects. Activities for these

research projects include identification and characterization of agriculturally important toxigenic

fungi using all available techniques in chemistry and molecular biology.

Another research strategy includes the isolation of genes responsible for mycotoxin

biosynthesis and the characterization of their products and modes of action. The identification of

such mycotoxin biosynthetic gene permits the development of new molecular techniques

targeting these genes for early detection of toxigenic fungi in agricultural commodities.

Studies are also carried out to investigate the genetic regulatory mechanisms that control

toxin production. The biosynthesis of mycotoxin is often found to be genetically linked to

morphogenesis, including sexual and asexual development. Consequently these enable to

establish integrated strategies in order to manage and to prevent mycotoxin contamination before

harvest.

Global Networks of Enlightened Leaders in our Biological Laboratories:

Powerful catalysts for productivity, sustainability, safety and security

David R. Franz DVM, Ph.D.

Humanity has made enormous strides in biological technologies and knowledge in the

last 20 years. The powerful coming together of biology, chemistry, physics and information

technologies holds enormous promise for improving the lives of all people. We see positive

implications for health, agriculture, energy, food and even financial prosperity. Furthermore, the

tools and knowledge are now global; we might say ‘proliferation is over’. Yet, the tools we have

developed are still just tools to be used by humans, for good or for harm. The vast majority of

scientists will use their powerful tools and knowledge for good. Each of us can contribute to the

‘good’ and reduce the likelihood of ‘harm,’ whether accidental or intentional, from our

laboratories by working toward a culture of trust and responsibility. Laboratory communities of

trust will demonstrate greater loyalty, stronger collaboration, more innovation and more

productivity and prosperity. Enlightened leaders hire the best people and delegate a balance of

responsibility and authority. Great leaders have a vision and share it with their colleagues. They

give their subordinates opportunities to succeed at every turn. Effective leaders make thoughtful

and principled decisions and accept responsibility for their decisions. They give credit to their

colleagues for good work and accept responsibility when they miss the mark. While they may

possess great authority, they temper it with humility and even a sense of humor. For these

reasons they are worthy of their employees’ trust and they constantly seek to expand the

networks of trust within their spheres of influence. Organizations with exceptional leadership

are more productive, safer and more secure; the potential for contribution to their society is

unlimited. Each of us, no matter what level we find ourselves in an organization or network of

organizations, can be ‘enlightened leaders,’ We can make this kind of difference for our

organization and for the people of all nations.


One Health and Systems-Based Approaches to Biosecurity

Gavin Macgregor-Skinner BVSc, MSc, MPH, MRCVS

Biosecurity is a strategic and holistic integrated approach to analyzing and managing

relevant risks to human, animal and plant life and health and associated risks for the

environment. It is based on recognition of the critical linkages between sectors and the potential

for hazards to move within and between sectors, with system-wide consequences. Reviewing

national capacity provision for biosecurity as a whole helps identify any gaps in regulations and

monitoring. Also, technologies for the detection of pests and disease have developed, that

illustrate synergies between sectors in areas such as virology or detection of low levels of

chemical contaminants. Ultimately, the aim is to enhance national ability to protect human

health, agricultural production systems, and the people and industries that depend on them.

U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Databases and

Resources

Gavin Macgregor-Skinner BVSc, MSc, MPH, MRCVS

Understanding the elegant natural language of living cells is the quest of modern molecular

biology. From an alphabet of only four letters representing the chemical subunits of DNA,

emerges a syntax representing the life processes required to build and maintain a human being.

The unraveling and use of this "alphabet" to understand new "words and phrases" is a central

focus of the field of molecular biology. The staggering volume of molecular data and the subtle

patterns that encode biological information have led to an absolute requirement for computerized

databases and analysis tools. The challenge is in finding new approaches to deal with the volume

and complexity of data, and in providing researchers with better access to analysis and

computing tools in order to advance understanding of our genetic legacy and its role in health

and disease.

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) has four major tasks:

• Perform research into advanced methods of computer-based information processing for

analyzing the structure and function of biologically important molecules.

• Create automated systems for storing, retrieving, and analyzing knowledge about

molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics.

• Facilitate the use of databases and software by biotechnology researchers and medical

personnel.

• Coordinate efforts to gather biotechnology information worldwide.

NCBI maintains GenBank®, the NIH genetic sequence database. NCBI staff with advanced

training in molecular biology build the database from sequences submitted by researchers,

individual laboratories and by data exchange among other members of the International

Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration including the European Molecular Biology

Laboratory (EMBL) and the DNA Database of Japan (DDBJ). Arrangements with the U.S.

Patent and Trademark Office enable the incorporation of patent sequence data.


Biotechnology: Communicate, Collaborate, Connect

Stephen S. Morse, Ph.D., FAAM, Fellow AAAS

There is momentum on biotechnology finding solutions in agriculture, food production,

and medicine, with many distinct, successful projects that serve as examples. However, there are

comparatively few opportunities for scientists in the field to meet, share accomplishments,

identify common challenges, and consider new approaches. Biotechnology not only draws on the

pure biological sciences but is also dependent on knowledge and methods from outside the

sphere of biology, commonly thought of as the life sciences industry.

A Systematic Approach to Developing New Biotechnology Capacity and

Capabilities

Craig Vanderwagen, MD

Establishing an Enterprise is Critical to Progress

• Discovery Science;

• Advanced Development;

• Manufacturing; and

• Real World Usage

Primary Skills Needed Exceed Technical Knowledge

• Technical;

• Programmatic;

• Managerial;

• Fiscal; and

• Political

Establish a Strategic Enterprise

• Establish Vision/Mission and Oversight/Governance Body;

• Establish Strategic Goals (Identify Needs/Uses and Prioritize);

• Identify Institutions and Capabilities and Gaps; and

• Identify Funding Streams

Establish Defined Process for Development

• Analyze Discovery science for Promising efforts against needs (“Techwatch”);

• Establish Advanced Development Center to assist in later clinical research and

production efforts;

• Meet quality standards for safety and efficacy of products and process; and

• Strengthen educational institutions and global linkages


III. Ministry of Agriculture

Applications of DNA and Molecular Markers: Techniques in Agriculture

Harb Adel Abed, Ph.D.

Our current work and research emphasis includes:

1. Detection of DNA fingerprints and molecular polymorphisms for several

organisms and bacteria using RAPD, AFLP & SSR- PCR techniques;

2. Study on markers link to stem rust resistance genes (SrR genes) in wheat

lines; and

3. Identification of DNA fingerprint for some crops by protein electrophoreses.

The future goals of our research include

1. Quantitative and qualitative detection of GMO using traditional PCR and Real

time-PCR techniques and other low-technical methods;

2. Detection of pathogens using PCR techniques;

3. Detection of genetic variations in plants derived from tissue cultured plants by

DNA fingerprinting;

4. Detection of molecular markers for genes and corresponding enzymes

associated with bioherbicide compounds;

5. On seed improvement, somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seeds;

6. Conservation genes and chromosomes in gene banks; and

7. Transfer of disease-resistant genes to plants.

Applications of Gene and Genome-Based Technologies for Improving Animal

Production and Health

Sahar Ahmed Al-Bayatti, Ph.D.

Genomic and gene-based technologies proved to have a strong impact on livestock

productivity and can offer new solutions to problems and revolutionize the entire livestock

production process. The Ministry of Agriculture realized this potential and took steps for its

utilization. It is our hope these technologies will be widely used in the future to enhance

livestock productivity and maintenance utilization.

The current utilization status is the conservation of animal genetic resources via a gene

bank that will preserve animal genetic resources currently under construction.

Its objectives are to:

1. Cryopreserve animal germplasm for long-term security;

2. Breed rescue; and

3. Genetic improvement programs

Our work to date includes:

1. Study of the genotypes of the Iraqi Buffalo Kappa Casein gene;

2. Study of the cytogenetic differences between swamp and river buffaloes in Iraq;

and


3. Study of the genetic structures and diversity of local animal breeds.

The genetic and health improvements include embryo transfer of highly productive

imported cattle breeds and increase use of molecular tools, such as PCR, in disease diagnosis and

control.

Our future work includes:

1. Animal cloning for endangered breed rescue;

2. Genomic selection (superior animals are selected based on total genome

information, improving fast and effective selection);

3. Gene transfer technology for the production of disease resistance genes;

4. Recombinant DNA vaccine production; and

5. In-vitro fertilization and embryonic division technology for multiplying highly

productive breeds.

Application of Biofertilizer and Biopesticides

Salam Abbas Hussein, Ph.D.

Biofertilizers, as microbial inoculants, are preparations containing strains of

microorganisms that can augment the microbiological process, nitrogen fixation, phosphate

solubilization or mineralization and excretion of plant growth promoting substances. The term

biopecticide means that living organisms, or natural products derived from these organisms or

extracted, are used to suppress pest population. These beneficial microorganisms or biocontrol

agents represent an environmentally friendly alternative control measure to chemicals and offer

different modes of action for combating pathogens.

Our current work includes:

1. Isolation, purification and diagnostic testing of microorganisms used in

biofertilizer production from plant roots nodules and Iraqi soil;

2. Production of bacterial and fungal bioagents as biofertilizers and biopesticides

(Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Izospirellum, and Beaveria bassiana) in a two-form

liquid and solid biofertilizer for research and field experimental trials. This

can be extended for field-scale in the future; and

3. Quality control on imported biofertilizer and biopesticides on both a lab and

field scale.


1. an increase in storage capacity for biofertilizer and biopesticide products,

especially in liquid form, and extend the integrated farm pest;

2. Study on the application and adoption of imported biofertilizers and

biopesticides to local environmental conditions;

3. Detection of genetic variation between bioagents; and

4. Introduction to a type culture collection for beneficial microorganisms.


Plant Biotechnology: Applications of Plant Tissue Cultures

Suhaila Aied Braheem, Ph.D.

Recent advances in biotechnology provide good opportunities for immediate benefit. The

use of cell and tissue culture of plants, key components of plant biotechnology, introduced

considerable power and potential in the genetic modification and improvement of plants that

cannot be accomplished by conventional genetic methods.

In order to have any meaningful impact on agriculture, developing tissue culture has to be

equally and readily applicable to improve plant species.

Our current application of tissue cultures includes:

1. Production of free-virus plants, including potato (plants and micro tubers) and

elite varieties of strawberry for greenhouses;

2. In vitro micro propagation of Aloe Vera;

3. In vitro micro propagation of some ornamental plants (carnations); and

4. Development of doubled haploid plants via (anther and microspore culture)


1. Manipulation of other double haploid techniques for agricultural purposes;

2. Studies on somatic cell hybridization (protoplast fusion) to produce somatic

hybrids between sexually incompatible plants;

3. Studies on the genetic transformation of plants to introduce foreign genes and

produce transgenic plants;

4. Cryopreservation for the long-term preservation of useful germplasm and

strengthening of germplasm banks;

5. Studies on Somatic embryogenesis, which include true-to-type mass

multiplication of heterotic F1 hybrids and other elite genotypes through

artificial seeds.

Current Status and Future Prospects in Biotechnological Applications in


Tamara Adnan, Ph.D. Candidate

Some agricultural biotechnological techniques were introduced over the last several years.

Researchers in the subject were able to identify cultivars with higher disease and/or insect

resistance, weed resistance, and nutritional levels such as higher amino acids contents in animals or

plants. They can splice, hybridize and multiply DNA and clone entire animals with existing

instrumentation and expertise. With better understanding of DNA-marker techniques, it was

possible to identify many plant cultivars, animals and microorganisms using different DNA-

markers techniques such as RAPD, SSR and AFLP-PCR-based techniques.

A lot of attention is devoted to more advanced techniques, whereas simple biological

systems that could be better exploited by agriculture may be overlooked or neglected. Some of

these include the utilization and enhancement of symbiotic associations between microorganisms

and plants. Considerable work is available on various aspects of using biofertilizer and biopesticide

applications in organic agriculture.


Biological solution minimizes the perceived hazardous impacts from herbicides and

insecticides in agriculture production. Biological weed management is a system that incorporates

the use of diverse biological organisms and biologically based approaches including

allelochemicals and other cultural practices to significantly reduce weed densities in a manner that

is similar to use of chemical herbicides alone. Although many biologically active compounds have

been found and used in agricultural management systems such as bioherbicides and insecticides,

reducing environment/soil pollution and hazardous for health, but continuous study on the isolation

and identification of allelochemicals from plant or microorganisms are still needed to provide new

strategies in maintaining and increasing future agricultural production. Important research areas

must continue to develop biotechnological techniques for incorporating controlling genes into

crops for their own production of allelochemicals as weed and disease management.

Plant tissue culture techniques offer several advantages over conventional propagation

methods. For example, these techniques help in rapid plant multiplications toward large-scale

micro propagation, and, in addition, a large number of virus-free plants can be obtained by

meristem culture such as potato plants and other plant species (strawberry, date palm) depending

upon the objectives. In vitro gametic embryogenesis is an efficient means of producing haploids by

another culture in a growing number of plant species such as wheat.

In recent years, with the tremendous increase in population and pressure on the forest,

livestock and land resources increased, resulting in a decline in the population of economically

important animal and plant species. Thus, attempts have been recently made to protect and

preserve plant and animal species by preserving the genetic material through various approaches

such as germplasm preservation by cryopreservation.

This article briefly discusses the status of agricultural biotechnology and future areas of

study in the related technical summaries.


IV. Ministry of Industry and Minerals

Rapid Laboratory Tests: A Leading Technology in Iraq

Abbas Fadhil Abbas

Rapid laboratory tests are important because they provide highly accurate, sensitive and

quick results at a low cost and low resource use. These tests are characterized by their steadiness

at different temperatures, are easy to transport and store, do not require much experience to use

and do not require much time to conduct. One of the most important advantages is the simplicity

of testing by the patient, without the need for much training, experience or precision. In addition,

rapid laboratory tests do not require complicated techniques, electrical energy, freezing, or any

other sensitive devices. Furthermore, the collection of pathological specimens is easy and does

not require professional or technical training. The samples rapid laboratory tests deal with are

usually urine, saliva or capillary blood specimens, all of which are easy to collect by the patient

or medical staff.

Al-Razi Center for Research and Medical Diagnostic Kit Production

Abbas Fadhil Abbas

The development of the diagnostics industry in the world with the introduction of

modern techniques, such as biotechnology and genetic engineering, creates future plans for the

use of these technologies to develop and invest in the scientific and technical capacities available

in the Al-Razi Center. These techniques include: 1. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies used in

the preparation of diagnostic kits, such as blood grouping rapid test strip for hepatitis HBs and

acquired immune deficiency syndrome, HIV, pregnancy, cancer, syphilis and TB. Many types of

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PRC) techniques such as rapid detection of pathogens, especially

genetic diseases that cannot be detected by conventional methods. In addition to designing

primers in these ways, the introduction of these technologies to the Center requires concerted

efforts from several institutions such as the Ministry of Health and Iraqi universities, as well as a

need for continuous training on these technologies.


V. Ministry of Science and Technology

Infant Diarrhea: Using RT-PCR to Identify Three Hemorrhagic Bacterial

Strains

Hussein. Od. Kready, Ph.D.

My research work is in the field of infant diarrhea. To date, the main aspects of

completed work are infection rate and type of bacteria. The objectives of my research are to

develop certain protection measures against the most threatening diseases for infants in rural

areas of Iraq. Some of the most prominent results obtained were three hemorrhagic bacterial

strains successful isolation for first time in Iraq. These isolates were confirmed by using a PCR

device.

Wastewater Treatment Using Biofilm Slime Layer Technology

Inaam N. Ali

Biofilm slime layer is one of the advanced biological treatment technologies for industrial

and municipal wastewater treatment with the capacity to reuse treated water for agricultural

purposes. Bacterial, fungal and algal biofilm slime layer were grown on the interior surfaces of

polyethylene pellet (carrier) and suspended in municipal wastewater for the removal of organic

pollutants. Bacterial species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus megaterium, Sphingobacterium

thalpophilum), fungal species (Penicillium citrinum,Aspergillus niger,Trichoderma harzianum)

and algal species (Nostoc linkia, Scendesmu sdimorphus) were used separately for biofilm slime

layer growth under controlled laboratory conditions (pH, temperature, and aeration). In addition,

microbial mixtures were grown on other pellets and suspended in the glass cylinders for

wastewater treatment under controlled laboratory conditions. Bacterial biofilm layer thickness

was measured and recorded at 9, 6 and 5mm respectively as compared with 3mm for the control

group throughout a retention time of 16 days. Bacterial (P. aeruginosa) biofilm slime layer

showed an efficiency for COD, TOC, NO3 and PO4 removal after 24 hours of 75%, 65% , 69%

and 56% respectively while the removal rates of the same factors using the fungal biofilm layer

of P. citrinum was 83%, 78%, 53% and 60% after 48 hours respectively. The algal biofilm

reactor with S. dimorphus showed that the highest removal rate of total nitrogen (93%) as

compared to control group (87%) occurred after 72 hours of treatment due to the biofilm slime

thickness of S. dimorphus (7.5mm) as compared to the thickness of the N. linkia slime layer

(5.3mm). A mixture of microbial species biofilm layer was used for wastewater treatment over

18 and 24 hours, using aerobic and anoxia. This microbial biofilm layer showed removal rates

for TOC, COD, and TN of 90%, 83%, and 59% respectively in an aerobic condition and removal

rates of 66%, 52%, and 84% in an anoxic condition. From the above results, one can conclude

that controlling the biofilm slim layer is a promising technology for municipal wastewater

treatment, as long as it is used under suitable conditions.


Biological Weapon Convention Perspective of Biotechnology

Iraq National Monitoring Authority

Mahdi Falih Al-Jewari

The objective of this presentation is to present a brief overview of the Biological Weapon

Convention (BWC) and emphasize obligations of state parties under the BWC to strengthen

international security. The presentation will also highlight the relationship between biological

sciences and the BWC, more specifically biotechnology and adopting effective measures and

procedures for biosafety and biosecurity in connection with hazardous microorganisms or

genetic techniques.

The importance of using Article X of the BWC, which calls on and encourages state

parties to transfer advanced science and technologies for peaceful purposes. I will present the

pathogen microorganism lists according to WHO classifications, which were adopted by the

BWC, as well as a definition of the Security General Mechanism to investigate alleged use of

chemical and biological agents.

Establishing a Molecular Laboratory: Identifying Biological Control Agents

and the Effect of Climate Change

Mohammed W. Khudhair, MSc, and Hussain F. Al Rubeai, Ph.D.

I gained biotechnology experience when I did my master’s degree in the University of

Queensland, Australia. I learned how to use molecular techniques in identifying, diagnosing, and

screening pests, and I worked on investigating the effect of climate change, especially CO2 on

plant pathogens. The study was conducted at CSIRO-Brisbane in Australia to investigate the

effects of increasing CO2 levels on one of the most important diseases that causes high yield loss

in wheat, barley in many countries and regions including Australia, crown rot caused by

Fusarium species. The study found increasing CO2 concentrations boosts the selective

enrichment among Fusarium species under elevated CO2, thus increasing pathogenic populations

and reducing saprophytic and changing the genotypic diversity after five cycles of monoculture

of wheat varieties.

We are establishing a molecular lab that can be used for detecting and studying the

genotypic diversity of important pest populations such as plant pathogens and insects, and

identifying some microorganisms that can be used as a biological control agents

(entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria) in order to improve controlling programs. Moreover,

studying the effect of climate change on the genotypic diversity of crucial pests in Iraq is another

important target of our future work.


Integrated Pest Control Research Center: Food Security and Biological

Control Programs

Mohammed W. Khudhair, MSc, and Hussain F. Al Rubeai, Ph.D.

Climate is an important factor that can affect plant pests in terms of growth and

distribution. Food security, crop production, disease management, crop distribution, biological

control programs, and human and animal safety are all postulated to be effected, mostly

adversely, as a consequence of climate change. Atmospheric CO2 concentration increased by

31% since the pre-industrial revolution and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has

projected it will increase between 445ppm and 710ppm by the year 2050. Increasing CO2

concentration in the atmosphere influences the physiology, morphology and biomass of plants

and their interactions with plant pathogens, insects and other microorganisms. Therefore, it is

important to study the effect of climate change, especially CO2 concentration, on important pests

on crucial economic crops in Iraq such as plant pathogens and insects in terms of their genotypic

diversity, pathogenicity, aggressiveness, and distribution using molecular techniques such as

gene screening, gene sequencing, and gene isolation. This can explain many essential changes in

pest distribution, density, and virulence in most of the important crops such as wheat, date palm

and citrus, consequently improving breeding programs, disease management host plant

resistance, IPM programs and food security.

Evaluation of Breast Cancer Antigen 15.3, Copper, Zinc, Calcium and Iron in

Breast Cancer Patients

Riyadh Uthafa, Ph.D., Rafah Rasheed Ismail, Emman Mohammed Kathem, MSc,

Sana Ismail Ahmmad, Suha Abed AlHammed, MSc, Faeeza Ahmmad

In the present study, the levels of cancer antigen (CA15.3) and serum for Calcium (Ca),

Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) in breast cancer for 200 healthy Iraqi women, age 30-65.

The 200 women were divided into four groups of 50, including breast cancer patients 30-59

years old, breast cancer patients 60-75 years old, milking nodules groups 30-60 years old and a

control group. The result of this study showed significant (P<0.05) increase in the CA15.3 level

and copper concentration in the milking nodules group and both breast cancer patient groups.

Results also showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in Fe concentration in the milking nodules

group and both breast cancer patient groups, significant decrease in the Zn concentration in both

breast cancer patient groups, significant decrease in Ca concentration and increase in Zn

concentration in milking nodules group and an increase in Ca concentration in both breast cancer

patient groups. These results compared with control group.


The Effect of Cyclamen persicum Extracts on Food Poisoning Bacteria and the

Shelf Life of Fresh Minced Meat

Samia Khalil Mahmood, Ph.D.

The activity of Cyclamen persicum alcoholic and aqueous extracts (hot and cold)

determined in the three concentrations, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0 .3%, to inhibit bacterial growth which

caused food poisoning like E.coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staph

aureus by using minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). The effects of concentrations to

reduce the growth number of fresh meat under refrigerated temperatures to increase the shelf life

of minced fresh meat was also evaluated.

The results show that the hot alcoholic extracts increased the shelf life of minced meat for

seven days. However, hot aqueous extracts were the best when compared with the cold.

Therefore, this study indicated the significant activity of Cyclamen persicum extracts decreased

in all types of bacteria in treated fresh meat in comparison to untreated fresh meat.

Applications of Biotechnology to Improve Crop Production Under Abiotic

Stress and Increase Secondary Products in Medicinal Plants

Zahra N. Al Hattab, Ph.D. and Wajida Kh. Alqaudhy, MSc

Biotechnology is the application of scientific knowledge to the management of

microorganisms, or of cells and tissues of higher organisms, so these supply products can be of

use to human beings. Tissue culture is used to improve crop production in saline soils. Several

improved germplasms of wheat, barley, beans and alfalfa with high salt tolerance were produced

In Vitro. These plants were tested in a hydroponic culture and in the field. They showed stable

growth and production for several generations in saline soil.

Tissue culture was also used to improve the production of secondary products and

medicinal compounds in Datura plants. Recently, we used SSR markers to identify wheat

germplasms.

The Role of Bioactive Components of Polysaccharides (B-D Glucan) Extracted

From Food Sources as Inhibitory Cell Proliferation on Cancer Cells

Zainab Mohammed Taher Jaafar, Ph.D.

B-D glucan is considered a potent bioactive compound and present as a principle

component of the cell wall in mushrooms and yeast. These substances are known as biological

response modifiers because they exhibit modulation in the humeral and cellular immunity and

thereby have beneficial effects in fighting infections. In addition, they also exhibit

hypocholesterolemic and anti-coagulant properties as well as antitoxic and anti-tumorigenic

properties, making them promising candidates as pharmacological properties of health.

The goals of the study were to 1. Study the effect of extracted glucan on inhibitory cell

proliferation on cancer cells to benefit the development of new drugs in cancer treatment and 2.

Decrease the side effects of chemotherapy on normal cells.


The study included extracted glucan from two food sources, edible mushrooms and

barley. The glucan extracted from mushrooms was added to the cultured heparinized human

blood cells obtained from leukemia patients of three types (CML, ALL, AML); all previously

treated with chemotherapy. The other study was done on purified glucan from barely added to

breast cancer cell lines (LLL-9, Mcf-7 and Mcf-10A) to examine the cytotoxic effects of glucan

on cancer cells by using the BrdU incorporation test.

The results provided an idea about the cytotoxic effects of the extracted glucan from

mushrooms and barely on the cancer cells. The effect of glucan on leukemic blood cells from

patients of (CML, AML, ALL) by using cytogenetic parameters showed a decrease in the mitotic

index (MI), which was 60% in AML and ALL. The MI was 40% in CML when compared with

the untreated leukemia cells. The blast index (BI) was decreased to 50% in AML and ALL and

33% in CML. The values of sister chromatid exchange give reduced values, it was 18.82 in

untreated ALL, 22.4 in untreated AML and 26.66 in untreated CML. In treated cells it reduced to

10.45 in ALL, 12.47 in AML, and 10.49 in CML. The results of purified glucan from barely also

showed anticancer activity on the breast cancer cell lines (MCF-10A, MCF-7, LCC-9). The

results indicated that B-glucan may be useful in inhibitory endocrine resistant breast cancer cell

proliferation and may enhance cellular sensitivity to endocrine therapies.

The study demonstrates the inhibitory cell proliferation effect of the extracted B-glucan

on cancer cells, which possess biological properties that can lead to more perspectives regarding

mass production through biotechnology methods. For example, supporting treatments of cancer

submitted to chemotherapy to improve the immunologic status and reduce the side effects of

chemotherapy.


VI. University of Baghdad

RAPD-PCR Analysis of Genomic DNA of Some Species of Euphorbia Grown

in University of Baghdad Campus in Jadiriyah

Silva A.Yakoub Zokian, Ph.D., Abed Al-Jasim M. Al-Jibouri, Ph.D.

and Ali H. Al-Musawi, Ph.D.

There was an attempt to identify species of Euphorbia (E.peplus, E.helioscopia, E.

granulata and E.hirta) that grew at the University of Baghdad Campus in Jadiriyah and to find

the genetic polymorphism among them by using DNA markers by using Polymerase Chain

Reaction (PCR) technique.

The total genomic DNA of species was studied and extracted from dry seeds by using a

commercial kit. Molecular analysis was performed by using nine random markers in the Random

Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) technique. RAPD-PCR analyses based on three

primers A13, C05 and D20 gave results in terms of amplification and polymorphisim for the four

species studied. The value of genetic polymorphisms for each primer was determined, ranging

between 47-84%. Primer A13 produced the highest percent of genetic polymorphism as

compared with primer C05. RAPD-PCR technique confirmed the isolation of the four species of

Euphorbia.


VII. University of Mustansariyah Iraqi Center for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research

Immuno-photosensitizing Oncolytic Measles Virus for Immuno-photodynamic

Therapy, In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Ahmed Al-Shammari, Ph.D.

This project seeks to generate a recombinant measles virus that combines viro-

immunotherapy with photodynamic therapy so the virus will express ALA synthase and one of

the different cytokines for cancer treatment. The main idea behind this study is that cancer cells

infected with this measles virus will express high levels of ALA synthase, the rate-limiting

enzyme for the formation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a precursor in the synthesis of

endogenous porphyrins, which have previously been shown to sensitize tumor tissues in

photodynamic therapy (PDT). We created two variants of the ALA that overexpressed the ALA

dependently from presence of heme; these variants were created by site directed mutagenesis.

Light was delivered to the sensitized tumor cells in two ways: by the application of a laser beam

or by exploiting the second gene that inserted into the viral genome, which codes for blue

Gaussia luciferase. Infected cancer cells expressing Gaussia luciferase were able to convert

luciferin into blue light, which is the right wavelength for porphyrin activation. It is hoped that

this will bypass the need for application of a laser beam to kill the light sensitive cancer cells.

The virus expressed at the same time is one of the different cytokines genes that were inserted

like IL-18, TNF-alpha and Interferon gamma, along with the presence of the photosensitizer. The

virus will help kill the tumor cells through oncolytic activity and photosensitization while

secreting the cytokines that activate and attract the immune system cells to the tumor site. Here,

the tumor cell antigens are exposed to the immune system due to tumor cell destruction, which

will help for more tumor cell recognition by the immune system and destroy the remaining cells.

Inefficiency and the side effects caused by current classical cancer therapies created a

pressing need for new treatment tools with novel mechanisms of action and without cross-

resistance to currently available treatments (1). The immune system plays a major role in

rejecting transformed cells and it is apparent that the tumor-bearing host’s immune system failed

to control the proliferation of malignant cells, so the augmentation of the host’s natural immune

defenses will provide an effective modality of anticancer therapy (2). Immunotherapies

combined with gene therapy can modulate the host’s immune system to provide either a

therapeutic or a preventive antitumor response via in situ or ex vivo genetic manipulation, and

transfer genes with the aim to elicit an immune response against tumors (3). Cancer gene therapy

is aimed at the destruction of malignant cells, whereas ‘conventional’ gene therapy frequently

establishes or restores a long-term function in target cells. Therefore, the requirements for

viruses used against cancer are fundamentally different from conventional vectors. Host cell

death, immune response, and the spread of replicating viruses can all contribute to oncolytic

efficacy (4, 5). Virotherapy uses the replication of competent oncolytic viruses to kill tumor cells

(6). Oncolytic viruses are able to selectively replicate in tumor cells and kill them. A major

advantage of such replication-competent viruses is this in situ amplification and subsequent

spread within the tumor (7, 8). The measles virus (MV), an enveloped paramyxovirus, has been


shown to have oncolytic activity in cancer cells (9). There have been reports about the regression

of malignant lymphomas after a natural measles infection (10). The vaccine strain infects by

targeting the CD46 receptors that are overexpressed in human tumors (11). Live attenuated

measles virus is used to treat different implanted tumors in mice human lymphoma, pancreatic

tumors, Myeloma, mesothelioma and oral cancers and demonstrated promising results,

particularly by enhancing tumor cell recognition (12, 13, 14, and 15). This enhanced recognition,

if combined with virus secreting immunostimulant cytokines, may be more effective in

enhancing anti-tumor immunity.

Combination therapies have shown promising results as we can attack tumor cells and the

tumor microenvironment through multiple mechanisms, where we combine oncolytic measles

viruses encoded for cytokines for immunomodulation with photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approved anticancer therapy that kills cancer cells by the

photochemical generation of reactive oxygen species following the absorption of the appropriate

wavelength of light by a photosensitizer, which selectively accumulates in tumors [16].

Photosensitizers are initially administered, usually systemically (i.v., i.p. or intratumoral), and

given time to localize into the target tissue. Then, using a monochromatic light source or laser, a

specific wavelength of non-thermal, visible light (in the red or infrared region of the

electromagnetic spectrum) is subsequently delivered to excite the sensitizer. The sensitizer in

turn undergoes a sequence of photo oxidation reactions that culminate in the generation of highly

cytotoxic-free radical ions and oxygen-derived species, most notably singlet oxygen [17, 18]. In

a type I reaction, once excited to a triplet state energy, the photosensitizer can either undergo

intermolecular transfer of electrons with nearby cellular membranes or amino acids and/or

nucleic acids. More commonly, the photosensitizer transfers energy to ground-state molecular

oxygen in a type II reaction. Either reaction can result in significant intracellular damage of

membranes and organelles, although the relative contribution of each will depend largely on the

type of sensitizer being used as well as the intracellular environment; i.e. the availability of

molecular oxygen [19, 20].

Protoporphyrin IX generated from 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been widely used as

an endogenous photosensitizer in PDT. However, the hydrophilic nature of the ALA molecule

limits its penetration through the stratum corneum of the skin and cell membranes (21). To

increase PDT selectivity, we developed a gene therapy approach through the generation of a

recombinant measles virus that express high levels of ALA synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme

for the formation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a precursor in the synthesis of endogenous

porphyrins which previously has been shown to sensitize tumor tissues in photodynamic therapy

(PDT) (21). It was then combined with a photosensitizing oncolytic virus with

immunomodulation, where we inserted immunostimulation cytokines like IL-18, TNF-alpha and

Interferon gamma (which are known for their antitumor activities 22 and 23), along with the

presence of the photosensitizer. The virus helped to kill the tumor cells through oncolytic activity

and photosensitization while secreting the cytokines that activate and attract the immune system

cells to the tumor site. Here, the tumor cell antigens are exposed to the immune system due to

tumor cell destruction, which will help for increased tumor cell recognition by the immune

system and destroy the remaining cells.

Our aim was to develop a new novel approach for tumor immuno-virotherapy in

combination with photosensitization, to create an immuno-photosensitizing oncolytic virus and

to study this combination with immunostimulation cytokines like IFN-gamma, IL-18 or TNF-

alpha.


Chronic Impact of Bactericidal Dose of Pulse Laser Ablation in Liquid

Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Hematological, Liver and Kidney

Function of White Rats

Amer T. Tawfeeq, Ph.D.

Silver nanoparticles (SNP) have a distinguished antibacterial activity, which makes it a

candidate to replace the chemically synthesized antibiotic that bacteria have developed resistance

against. In order to assess this potential, SNP toxicity has to be tested in vivo. In this research we

have synthesized SNP by pulse laser ablation method in liquid (PLAL) and characterize it shape

and nano size with atomic force microscope (AFM). The surface plasmon resonance for the

synthesized SNP was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of the

synthesized SNP was assessed against locally isolated Escherichia coli on nutrient agar media in

vitro. Bacterial cell challenged with SNP was further characterized with scanning electron

microscope. In order to explore the toxicity of the antibacterial dose used of the synthesized

SNP, we studded this impact in vivo. Four groups of white rats were used. Liver and kidneys are

major organs of rats that SNP accumulated in. During this study, we assign the impact of

intreperitoneal injected SNP on blood parameters (complete blood picture), liver and kidneys

functions of white rats. Blood ALP, GOT, GPT, serum urea, and serum creatinine were analyzed

in 15, 30, and 60, days post the daily injection of 200 mg/KgBW of PLAL synthesized SNP.

Results indicate that there were no statistically significant differences between the control group

and treated groups in the blood picture and levels of tested enzymes that indicate proper liver

function, as well as compounds that indicate proper kidneys functions during time intervals in

rats’ blood. These results indicated that PLAL synthesized SNP was capable of inhibit E.coli

growth and possess minimal impact on blood parameters, liver and kidneys function in white

rats.


VIII. University of Technology

Escherichia coli Used for Gene Cloning

Rana Munther Badri, MSc

The microorganism Escherichia coli (E. coli) has a long history of use in the

biotechnology industry and is the microorganism of choice for most gene cloning experiments.

Several reasons contribute to why E. coli became widely used and remains a common host for

recombinant DNA, including:

1. Genetic Simplicity

Bacteria are useful tools for genetic research because of its relatively small

genome size compared to eukaryotes. E. coli cells only have about 4,400 genes

whereas the human genome project determined that humans contain

approximately 30,000 genes. In addition, bacteria, including E. coli, live their

entire lifetime in a haploid state, with no second allele to mask the effects of

mutations during protein engineering experiments.

2. Growth Rate

Bacteria typically grow much faster than organisms that are more complex. E. coli

grows rapidly at a rate of one generation per twenty minutes under typical growth

conditions. This allows for preparation of log-phase (mid-way to maximum

density) cultures overnight and genetic experimental results in mere hours instead

of several days, months or years. Faster growth also means better production rates

when cultures are used in scaled up fermentation processes.

3. Safety

E. coli is naturally found in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals where it

helps provide nutrients (vitamins K and B12) to its host. There are many different

strains of E. coli that may produce toxins or cause varying levels of infection if

ingested or allowed to invade other parts of the body.

4. Conjugation and the Genome Sequence

The E. coli genome was the first to be completely sequenced. Genetic mapping of

E. coli was made possible by the discovery of conjugation. E. coli is the most

highly studied microorganism and an advanced knowledge of its protein

expression mechanisms makes it simpler to use for experiments where the

expression of foreign proteins and selection of recombinants is essential.

5. Ability to Host Foreign DNA

Most gene cloning techniques were developed using this bacterium and are still

more successful or effective in E. coli than in other microorganisms. E. coli is

readily transformed with plasmids and other vectors, easily undergoes

transduction, and the preparation of competent cells (cells that will take up

foreign DNA) is not complicated. Transformations with other microorganisms are

often less successful.


Effect of Anti-inflammatory Drugs on the Corrosion Behavior of Implant

Biomaterials in Human Body Fluid

Zina Noor, MSc

Our work involves studying the corrosion behavior of surgical implant biomaterials (SS

316L and Co–Cr–Mo alloy) in vitro during electrochemical method by using a potentiostat in

human body fluid (HBF) in the absence and presence of anti-inflammatory drugs Aspirin

(C9H8O4), Paracetamol (C8H9NO2), and Mefenamic acid (C15H15NO2). The three

concentrations of each drug were 0.00303, 0.00606, and 0.01212; 0.0086, 0.0172, and 0.0344;

and 0.00111, 0.00156, and 0.00201 gm/300ml respectively at 37 degrees Celsius.

The corrosion parameters measured included corrosion potential (E/mV), corrosion

current density i (mA.cm-2), Tafel slopes b (mV.decade-1), polarization resistance Rp (ohm.cm-

2) and rate of corrosion CR (mm.y-1). The results of the corrosion resistance test indicate that,

in general, the anti-inflammatory drugs act as inhibitors for SS 316L and corrosive materials for

Co-Cr-Mo alloy.

Epidemiological and Molecular Study of Brucella Species Causing Malta

Fever

Dr. Salih A. Al-Bakri, Ph.D., and Inas S. Mohammed, MSc

Our completed work includes:

1. Isolation and identification of the Brucella species from human and animal

blood and confirmation by using different bacteriological, biochemical and

molecular methods;

2. Investigation of the potential role of direct detection by PCR technique in the

diagnosis of human and animal brucellosis;

3. Conduction of a molecular study with traditional method of isolation:

serological tests (Rose Bengal test, ELISA test and Milk Ring test) and culture

study in the diagnosis of brucellosis in humans and animals; and

4. Conduction of epidemiological studies in Iraq.


IX. International Speaker Biographies

Nisreen Al-Hmoud, Ph.D., is head of the Biosafety Unit and Division Head of Environmental

Laboratories at the Royal Scientific Society of Jordan (RSS). She is involved in the

development and execution of a number of programs and initiatives related to bioethics,

biosecurity, and biosafety. She serves as a member of the Jordan National Committee for

Science and Technology Ethics, where she is currently working on developing a standardized

bioethics curriculum for Jordan with plans to expand throughout the Middle East region.

Ali Atoui, Ph.D., is a professor at Saint Joseph University in Beirut, Lebanon where he teaches

master level courses on food analysis, food microbiology, and food shelf life. In addition to

teaching, he conducts research on food safety, genetics and physiology of mycotoxin

biosynthesis, and cyanotoxins at the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research. He has

authored over a dozen published papers in international peer reviewed journals such as The

International Journal of Food Microbiology and The Journal of Food Science.

David Franz DVM, Ph.D., has a long history of research and management of programs related

to infectious diseases, medical research, and the role of life sciences in global security policy.

Dr. Franz has worked for the United Nations, the U.S. Department of Defense, and is currently

a Professor in the Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology at the College of

Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University.

Gavin Macgregor-Skinner BVSc, MSc, MPH, MRCVS, is senior public health and laboratory

consultant with 18 years of international experience in practical applications and strategies for

public health programs. Dr. Macgregor-Skinner has held U.S. and international public health

leadership positions, and has provided extensive management and technical advice to

governments, non-governmental organizations, multilateral and bilateral organizations, and the

private sector throughout the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. He currently works

as an assistant professor in the Department of Public Health Sciences at Pennsylvania State

University.

Steven Morse, Ph.D., FAAM, Fellow AAAS, is a clinical epidemiology professor at Columbia

University, focusing on epidemiology of infectious diseases and improving early warning

systems. Dr. Morse is also the founder of PROMED (the program to monitor emerging

infectious diseases). He also works internationally in scientific collaboration to help build

surveillance and early warning systems for infectious diseases in developing countries.

Craig Vanderwagen, MD, is a senior partner at Martin, Blanck, and Associates, where he

advises on issues related to medical response systems, public health delivery systems, cross

cultural health systems, and biosecurity issues. Dr. Vanderwagen has served in high level

leadership positions for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, managed the U.S.

National Disaster Medical System, and pioneered ways to counter new and emerging infectious

diseases, including the development and use of preventive countermeasures (e.g., vaccines),

treatment interventions (e.g., monoclonal anti-bodies against various threats, antibiotics, and

devices such as ventilators), and diagnostics.

iraq biotechnology conference abstracts 7-9 may 2013

Documents