ipm for pearl millet in the sahel: augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the...

19
IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmenta5ve onfarm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel. Malick Ba ICRISAT Niger

Upload: icrisat

Post on 16-Apr-2017

86 views

Category:

Government & Nonprofit


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

IPM  for  Pearl  Millet  in  the  Sahel:  Augmenta5ve  on-­‐farm  releases  of  parasitoids  to  control  the  millet  head  miner  in  the  Sahel.  

Malick  Ba  ICRISAT  Niger  

Page 2: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

Pearl  millet,  Pennisetum  glaucum  (L.)  R.  Br.,  is  the  staple  crop  of  the  dry  regions  of  Africa.    

Pearl  millet  

3/26/15, 2:17 AM

Page 1 of 1https://www.google.com/blank.html

Page 3: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

The  millet  head  miner,  Heliocheilus  albipunctella    (de  Joannis)  (Noctuidae),    

Page 4: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

The  millet  head  miner  damage  

Ø  Damage  to  the  crop  is  due  to  larvae  that  feed  on  the  panicle  and  prevent  grain  formaFon.    

Ø  As  the  larvae  chew  between  the  rachis  and  flowers,  they  liJ  the  destroyed  flowers  or  developing  grains,  leaving  a  characterisFc  spiral  paKern  on  the  millet  head.  

Page 5: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

Ø  Typical  yield  losses  range  from  40  to  85%  

Ø  Almost  every  year  outbreaks  of  the  MHM  are  observed  in  the  Sahel  especially  on  early-­‐planted  millet  or  early  maturing  material    

The  millet  head  miner  damage  

Page 6: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

Management  op5ons  •  Control  with  insecFcides  is  not  realisFc  for  subsistence  farmers  because  of  prohibiFve  cost  and  risk  to  health  and  the  environment.    

•  Cultural  management  has  limited  applicability  

•  Host  Plant  Resistance  is  sFll  under  invesFgaFon  

•  EffecFve  biocontrol  agents  are  available  

Page 7: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

Biological  control  

•  The  braconidae  parasitoid  wasp  Habrobracon  (=Bracon)  hebetor  Say  naturally  inflicted  significant  mortality  to  MHM.    

•  But  parasiFsm  occurs  late  in  the  season  when  most  of  the  panicle  are  damaged  

H.  Hebetor  developing  on  larvae    of  the  MHM  

Page 8: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

Augmenta5ve  biological  control  •  Colony  of  H.  hebetor  are  established  and  maintained  in  the  

laboratory  on  an  alternate  host,  the  rice  moth  Corcyra    cephalonica    

•  C.  cephalonica  is  reared  on  a  mixture  of  millet  flour  and  millet  grains    

•  The  parasitoids  are  released  in  15  cm  ×  25  cm  jute  bags  (+200  g  of  millet  grains  +  100  g  of  millet  flour  +  25  larvae  of  the  rice  moth  Corcyra  cephalonica  (Stainton)  +  two  mated  H.  hebetor  females)  

•  The  jute  bags  are  suspended  to  the  ceiling            of  tradiFonal  straw  granaries  

Page 9: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

How  augmenta5ve  releases  are  made?  

§  Parasitoid  offspring’s  escaped  through  the  jute  meshes  and  straw  granaries  and  dispersed  to  millet  fields  

•  A  set  of  15  bags  are  used  to  cover  5km2  area    

•  Roughly  an  iniFal  number  of  1000  parasitoids  are  released  

Page 10: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

30  

6   7   8   9   10   11   12   13   14  

Num

ber  o

f  parasito

ids  e

merging  from

 the  

jute  bags  

Days  aKer  confinement  

Daily H. hebetor adults emerging from the jute bags

Total:  70  parasitoids  Emerging  5me:  8  days  

Page 11: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

Effec5veness  in  controlling  the  head  miner  

0  

20  

40  

60  

80  

100  

120  

Burkina  Faso   Mali   Niger  

%  parasi5zed  larvae    

H.  hebetor  releases  villages   Control  (no  releases)  

0  

20  

40  

60  

80  

100  

120  

Burkina  Faso   Mali   Niger  

%  parasi5zed  larvae    

H.  hebetor  releases  villages  Control  (no  releases)  

2007  

2008  

Page 12: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

Challenges  

•  Place  of  deployment  of  jute  bag  for  communiFes  where  granaries  are  made  of  clay,  which  could  not  enable  parasitoids  to  escape?  

•  The  quanFty  of  millet  flour/grain  needed  for  formulaFng  the  parasitoid  bags?  

•  Thus,  we  invesFgated:  –  effects  of  placing  jute  bags  directly  within  millet  fields  on  the  

parasiFsm  of  MHM.    –  Reducing  the  seize  of  the  jute  bag  

Page 13: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

Reduc5on  of  bags  size  by  80%  

0

4

8

12

16

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Num

ber o

f em

ergi

ng H

. heb

etor

per

ba

g

Number of days after confinement within jute bags

15 cmx25cm bags

7 cmx10cm bags

T=57  T=70  

Ba  et  al.,  2014  Biocontrol  

Page 14: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

Ba  et  al.,  2014  Biocontrol  

         Type  of  bag  

Number  parasitoids  emerged  (Mean  ±  SE)    

%  Parasi5sm    C.  cephalonica    (Mean  ±  SE)    

H.  Hebetor  development  5me  (Mean  ±  SE)    

25  x  15  cm   57.10  ±  5.01     80.77  ±  0.17     12.15  ±  0.34    

10  x  7  cm   69.80  ±  5.57     87.19  ±  0.08     11.64  ±  0.31    

T=  -­‐1.69  DF=  38  P=  0.10  

T=  -­‐1.72  DF=  38  P=  0.09  

T=  -­‐1.08  DF=118  P=0.27  

Reduc5on  of  bags  size  by  80%  

Page 15: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

A B

C

a b

c

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

7x10cm jute bags 15x25cm jute bags Control (no parasitoid released)

% M

HM

larv

ae p

aras

itize

d

by H

. heb

etor

Burkina Faso Niger

Ba  et  al.,  2014  Biocontrol  

Reduc5on  of  bags  size  by  80%  

Page 16: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

Displaying  bags  within  millet  fields  

A  

A  

B   B  

0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90  

100  

2011   2012  

%  M

HM  larvae  parasi5zed  by  H.  h

ebetor  

Years  

Parasitoid  bags  directly  placed  within  millet  crop  

Control  (no  parasitoid  released)  

Ba  et  al.,  2014  Biocontrol  

Page 17: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

Completely  damaged  panicles   Saved  panicles  

Economic  advantages  Up  to  30%  grain  yield  gain    

Baoua  et  al,  2013.  J.  Appl  Ento  

Page 18: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

Way  Forward  

•  Establish  parasitoid  coKage  industry  

•   Use  of  egg  parasitoids  for  enhancement  of  the  biocontrol  program  

•  Use  of  pearl  millet  tolerant  varieFes        

Page 19: IPM for Pearl Millet in the Sahel: Augmentative on-farm releases of parasitoids to control the millet head miner in the Sahel

Thank you!