ipc report for uganda_sept 2014.pdf

REPORT OF THE INTEGRATED FOOD SECURITY PHASE CLASSIFICATION

ANALYSIS FOR UGANDA

PR EPA R E D B Y

U G A ND A IPC T E C H NI C A L W O R K IN G G R O UP

September 2014

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Table of Contents

Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 2

FOOD SECURITY ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE ............................................................................. 4

1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 4

1.2 IPC Approach ....................................................................................................................................... 4

1.3 Acute Food Insecurity Analysis-‐ September 2014-‐Feburary 2015 ...................................................... 5

1.4 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 5

1.5 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................... 7

1.6 Summary Findings ............................................................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 9

REGIONAL FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................................... 9

2.1 KARAMOJA REGION ............................................................................................................................ 9

2.2 TESO REGION .................................................................................................................................... 14

2.3 ACHOLI REGION................................................................................................................................. 20

2.4 WEST NILE REGION ........................................................................................................................... 25

2.5 EAST CENTRAL AND ELGON REGION ................................................................................................. 32

2.6 LANGO REGION ................................................................................................................................. 38

2.7 CENTRAL 1 AND 2 REGION ................................................................................................................ 43

2.8 SOUTH WESTERN REGION ................................................................................................................ 48

2.9 WESTERN REGION ............................................................................................................................. 54

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Acronyms ACF Action Against Hunger

ACTED Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development

ARI Acute Respiratory Infection

BMI Body Mass Index

BBW Banana Bacterial Wilt

CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

CBSD Cassava Brown Streak Disease

CMV Cassava Mosaic Virus

CCPP Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)

CMR Crude Mortality Rate

ECF East Coast Fever

FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation

FCS Food Consumption Score

FEWSNET Famine Early Warning Systems Network

GAM Global Acute Malnutrtion

HA Humanitarian Assistance

HDDS Household Dietry Diversity Score

IDDS Individual Dietry Diversity Score

IPC Integrated Food Security Phase Classification

IRC International Rescue Commitee

MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industries and Fisheries

MOH Ministry of Health

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NGOs Non Governmental Organisations

NUSAF Northern Uganda Social Action Fund

OPM Office of the Prime Minister

SAM Severe Acute Malnutrition

U5MR Under Five Mortality Rate

UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statisitics

UNICEF

URCS Uganda Red Cross Society

WFP World Food Programme

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CHAPTER ONE

FOOD SECURITY ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE

1.1 Background The IPC is a set of protocols (tools and procedures) to classify the severity of food insecurity and provide actionable knowledge for decision support. The IPC consolidates wide-ranging evidence on food-insecure people to provide core answers to the following questions: i) How severe is the situation? ii) Where are areas that are food insecure? iii) How many people are food insecure? iv) Who are the food-insecure people in terms of socio-economic characteristics? v) Why are the people food insecure?. The IPC has four functions: (1) Building Technical Consensus; (2) Classifying Severity and Causes; (3) Communicating for Action; and (4) Quality Assurance. Each function includes protocols to guide the work of food security analysts. By systematizing these core aspects of food security analysis, the IPC contributes to developing standards and building capacity for food security professionals. The IPC approach is designed to be applicable in any context irrespective of the type of food insecurity, hazard, socio-economic, livelihood, institutional or data context. The IPC is developed around field realities and enables this plethora of diversity to be brought together in a systematic manner for decision-makers.

1.2 IPC Approach The approach of the IPC is to draw together all available food security information (or

multiple data sources and methods. Classification is based on convergence of evidence of current or projected most likely conditions, including effects of humanitarian assistance -analysis, of the overall food security situation. The outcomes of the process are several communication tools specifically a map that conveys the key messages about the severity and magnitude of food insecurity. The IPC standardized scale categorizes the severity of acute food insecurity into five

insecure, Stressed, Crisis, Emergency, and Famine. Table 1.1 below indicates the general descriptions of these phases.

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Table 1: General Descriptions of IPC Phases

1.3 Acute Food Insecurity Analysis- September 2014-Feburary 2015 This analysis was compiled at a workshop held at Ridar Hotel -Seeta Mukono from 8-12th September 2014. It was attended by 50 participants: 30 from Districts representing all regions of Uganda, and 20 were members of the IPC Technical Working Group representing relevant NGOs, UN Agencies and Ministries that handle food security, water and sanitation, health and nutrition related activities. The objectives of the analysis were:

To update the Acute IPC food security classification for Uganda for the period of September 2014 to February 2015.

This acute food insecurity gives a snapshot in time of the current or projected severity of the situation, regardless of the causes, context, or duration. The purpose is to inform short term strategic interventions for the communities facing food insecurity issues in all regions of Uganda.

1.4 Methodology The approach drew together all available food security information from reliable data sources. Classification was based on convergence of evidence of current or projected most likely conditions, including effect

-analysis, of the overall food security situation. The -

Phase Classification (IPC). It follows a sequential process in order to arrive at the final IPC map.

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Step 1: Literature Review The literature review included documents, reports, studies and data on food security, poverty, water and sanitation nutrition and hazards related to key reference outcomes and indirect supporting evidence. This information was derived from various sources published by the government, donors, UN Agencies and NGOs. The literature review allowed the team to identify the relevant indicators and other supporting evidence that could be used for the exercise. These documents were also used as quantitative reference materials for the overall synthesis of sections on food availability, access and utilization, as well as livelihoods. Step 2: Indicator Selection The selection of key reference outcomes (direct evidence) generally depended on the available data. After thoroughly scrutinizing all the relevant data that could be collated from various sources and stakeholders. The following indicators were selected for the analysis: Crude mortality rate and under five mortality rate (U5MR), Malnutrition, Disease, Food Access/Availability, Dietary diversity, Water access/availability, Coping, Structural Issues (Road accessibility), Hazards and vulnerabilities, Livelihood Assets (5 capitals). After a review of the available data, the IPC analysis was undertaken at a regional level. Many indicators, though very relevant for the overall analysis, were used as indirect, because direct evidence was not available. The IPC color coding, therefore, became green for Phase 1, yellow Phase 2, orange for Phase 3, red for Phase 4 and red dark for Phase 5. Step 4: Filling up the IPC Analysis Template (Part One) for each region Each key reference outcome was analyzed separately and the appropriate phase for each indicator was determined. To support the analysis, information from literature review for each indicator was recorded in detail in the provided IPC temperate, indicating the source of data, collection dates and geographic coverage. The templates also captured the evidence and reliability score for each piece of evidence by the analysts. Step 5: Assigning Phase Classification and Mapping Results After the templates were filled in with the data/information, each region was assigned a food security phase as reflected from the data. The overall impact of the combined information (direct indicator, indirect indicator) was considered while assigning an overall phase classification to each region. The resulting classification is illustrated in the map below with color codes for each Phase. as derived during the analysis, including the population in each phase per region Relevant information on population, trends was also included.

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1.5 Limitations

Inadequate and obsolete data at the time of the analysis on some indicators

1.6 Summary Findings The whole country is generally food secure (phase 1) with the exception of the Karamoja region which is majorly stressed with some eastern and central areas of the region in crisis (phase 3). Teso and Northern Uganda also present a few pockets of stress in areas that are prone to flooding (IPC analysis September, 2014).

89 percent of the population in Uganda is minimally food insecure (phase 1). This population still has normal access to food from own production and in the market following average harvests from first season 2014. Food prices in the market are affordable. They have acceptable food consumption score; can afford at least three meals per day of a diversified diet and have low GAM rates. They also have adequate energy intake. The available food stocks at household level is expected to last them up

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to December, with supplementation from the second season crop which is likely to be good. 10 percent of the total population in the country is in phase 2 (stressed). These are scattered across the country with the majority in Karamoja, Teso Acholi and central 1 and central 2 regions. This has been attributed to poor rainfall performance during the first season 2014, which was characterized by long dry spells, fires, hailstorms, windstorms, flooding and water logging. These had a significant impact on all crop harvests especially for cereals and pulses in terms quality and quantity, and post-harvest losses. The prevalence of livestock diseases is high in these regions, especially FMD and CBPP. Crop diseases such as Banana Bacterial Wilt and Cassava Brown Streak Disease are affecting crop production in Central and Western Uganda were bananas and cassava are major staple crops. The food security prospects of Karamoja are thus expected to get worse in the months to come if the current rains continue while the rest of the county will maintain minimal to no food insecurity (phase 1) for the period October to December 2014. Table 2:Estimated Affected Population (Source: IPC September 2014)

Name of Region Population (UBOS

projections 2014)

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

% of No.

% of No.

% of

Acholi 1,701,600 88 1,497,408 12 204,192 6 102,096 Central 1 &2 9,980,009 82 8,183,607 18 1,796,402 0 East Central + Elgon

7,397,300 94.5 6,990,449 5 369,865 0.5 36,987

Karamoja 1,453,000 40 581,200 47.6 691,628 12.4 180,172 Lango 2,115,002 95 2,009,252 5 105,750 0 South Western 4,202,004 95 3,991,904 5 210,100 0 Teso 2,241,194 92 2,061,898 8 179,296 0 Western 4,725,005 97 4,583,255 1.05 49,613 1.8 85,050 West Nile 3,439,902 94 3,233,508 6 206,394 Total

37,255,016 89 33,132,481 10 3,813,239 1 404,305

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CHAPTER TWO

REGIONAL FINDINGS

2.1 KARAMOJA REGION 2.1.1 Brief Area and Livelihood Description

Karamoja region is located in North Eastern Uganda and is divided into three belts majorly agro-pastoral, agricultural and pastoral. Livestock keeping is a major livelihood for the region. However, there is a substantial shift of livelihoods from purely pastoral to agro-pastoral as a result government interventions and social economic changes since 2008. The men are more involved in pastoral activities while the women do more of subsistence agriculture. The major animals kept include; cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, donkeys, camels and poultry. The major crops produced in the region are sorghum, maize, figure millet, bulrush millet, simsim, beans, cow peas, groundnuts, rice, sun flower, cassava, pumpkins and assorted vegetables. The region comprises of seven districts namely Nakapiripirit, Amudat, Napak, Moroto, Abim, Kotido and Kaabong. It has an approximate population of 1,456,400 people (UBOS projection 2014). Karamoja region borders with the Republic of Kenya in the east and South Sudan in the North. While internally it boarders with Acholi sub region in the west and Kween and Teso in the south and south east respectively. The area receives unimodal rainfall which averages between 500mm-1,200mm pa. It is a semi arid area with erratic and unpredictable rainfall.

2.1.2 Hazards and Vulnerability

Rainfall variability: The region has been experiencing heavy rains reaching flooding levels in nearly all the districts since the month of August to date. This has led to flooding which has greatly affected the harvest (in terms of delaying the drying) and submersion of most road networks in the region hence cutting off the region from neighboring districts, which usually act as sources of food supplementing local production. There are high chances for normal to above normal rains over this region up to November. There is therefore a very high likelihood of the region experiencing food insecurity in case the rains intensify as predicted.

Livestock disease: The outbreak of Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) in the region and subsequent quarantine restrictions imposed on movement of livestock and livestock products has greatly affected cash income sources for households in the region. The prevalence of livestock diseases, especially FMD has lead to closure of all livestock markets, constrained the sale and movement of livestock thus reducing incomes and

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limiting the available draught power that can be used for cultivation. Nearly 80 percent of the population derive their income from sale of livestock and livestock products. The reported cases of PPR and Trypanosomiasis may also make the situation worse. Quarantine restrictions are expected to continue for at least, the next three months in most districts hence impacting greatly on the livelihoods of the population.

2.1.3: Food Availability and Access

Availability: A delayed start of the rains and prolonged dry spell suffered by the region in April greatly affected early planting and even delayed planting in some areas, however an improved rainfall pattern from May to date has resulted in considerable production in some parts of the region. Food is available to a limited extent, especially from own production in some districts like Nakapiripirit and Abim which supply neighboring districts of Moroto and Kotido. Typically households would have a green harvest by July and dry harvest crops in August but the harvest has been delayed to at least November and is expected to be below average affecting household stocks negatively. With lower than normal stocks households are expected to face an early start to the lean season for the second year in a row. The food security prospects of the region are thus expected to get worse in the months to come if the current rains continue. This is likely to cause flooding of farmland, reduce yields, enhance post- harvest losses, as well as cut off supply of food from the neighboring districts due to bad road networks.

Food access : The percentage of homesteads falling into the poor and very poor wealth groups is 54 percent and the better off homesteads make up less than 20 percent of the region. This implies that, the purchasing power of most households is low, hence affecting access to food. The current quarantine restriction on movement and sale of livestock and livestock products has greatly affected access to cash income for nearly 80 percent of the population that relies on animal sales for livelihood. Market prices of foodstuffs have remained relatively stable as a result of some green harvests currently coming from own production, however the food supply situation is likely to drastically change if the current trend of heavy rains continues, as it risks affecting the yields and the limited harvest of already matured crops (especially grains) which is usually expected in November and December. For the population that is still reliant on the market, the low purchasing power and the prevailing quarantine restrictions due to FMD outbreak and the poor road networks due to heavy rains limit their access to food.

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2.1.4 Food Utilization

The Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) registered in June 2014 (WFP and UNICEF FSN assessment) was worse than what has been previously observed in all Karamoja districts with Amudat showing better score and Napak being the worst in the region. Household Dietry Diversity Score, has however improved since June 2014 due to own production and the green harvest. It should however be noted that, this is still poor since most of the harvest is expected by October and November. Generally, food consumption is poor in the region partly due to poor dietary diversity with heavy reliance on cereals, pulses and assorted vegetables as the main components of diet. Animal proteins are rarely consumed in the region, unless an animal dies of natural causes and with the continuation of FMD quarantine little change is expected in the nutrition status.

Forty percent (40 percent) of the population percent with food consumption. In other words, two-thirds of the households across Karamoja region depict inadequate food consumption. Despite some slight improvement in the FCS, since June 2014 due to the green harvest, more than 50 percent of households still fall within poor and borderline consumption, implying that, any deviation from the norm is likely to tilt the situation to a worse situation.

Water and sanitation: Water coverage in the region is improving considerably with boreholes being the main source of water for most households. Latrine coverage, however is still low in Karamoja region with over 90 percent of the households in Amudat and Napak; and over 80 percent of the households in Moroto and Nakapiripirit using the open bush. Water and sanitation are still underlying factors hindering proper food utilization in the region; malnutrition rates continue to remain above the alert threshold of 10 percent (13.4 percent) in most of the Karamoja districts except Abim District (WFP and UNICEF FSN Assessment, June 2014).

2.1.5 Nutrition and Mortality

The GAM rate of 13.4 percent is above emergency threshold of 10 percent (WFP, UNICEF FSN assessment June 2014). The GAM in Moroto has been the highest while Abim has continued to have the lowest GAM. Some of the drivers of the high GAM rate in Moroto include the fact that Moroto has the poorest sanitation indicators, has the second highest morbidity, second lowest MCHN coverage and lowest Vitamin A and deworming coverage. It is also important to note that GAM in Karamoja has persisted above the alert threshold of 10 percent in most of the Karamoja districts except Abim District.

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2.1.7 Livelihood change

Despite the challenges being experienced, the ability of the household to cope, has remained relatively stable with no distress strategies being employed. Coping strategies employed in the region include begging, borrowing and engaging in casual labour.

2.1.8 Overall food security situation

Karamoja was classified as phase 2 (stressed) situation but with hot spots (Crisis -Phase 3) being identified in the livelihood zones that are mainly dependent on the agro pastoral production system - the Central Sorghum and Livestock zone, the Mountain foothills maize and cattle zone and the South Eastern Cattle Maize zone.

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HotSpots: Moroto District (Rupa- and Tapac); Napak District (Ngoleriet, Lotome, Lokopo and Lopei); Amudat (Karita and Loroo); Nakapiripirit (Lorengedwat- Kamaturu, Naweet and Narisae Parishes and Morita especially Katabok); Kotido (Kacheri and Nakapelimoru); Kaabong (Kaabong East Lokolia,Kalongor and Morulem parishes, Loyoro subcounty- Toroi,Lomerima,Lokanayona parishes; Lodiko subcounty Sakatan, Kajir, Karugios parishes; Kalapata Morukori,Moroto,Lotim,Kalapata Parishes); Abim (Nyakwae- Opopongo, Rogom,Kobulin,Oretha and Pupukamuya Parishes)

Table 3: Classification Conclusions and Justification for Karamoja Region

Phase Current Situation June/July Projected Situation up to March 2014

Est. pop % pop.

Justification

Est. pop % pop

Justification

1 Minimal Food Insecurity

581,200 40 When FCS was analyzed, 40% of the population had

hence falling in phase one.

581,200 40% Better off people expected to remain food secure up to February 2015

2

Stressed

691,628 47 The majority of the population (47.6%) however falls in phase 2.

757,328 52% Majority of the population will remain stressed as a reult of low harvests that are anticipated.

3

Crisis

180,172 12 About 12.4% of the population has GAM rates of above the threshold of 10% hence falling in phase 3.

116,512 8% The proportion of the population in this phase is expected to decline momentarily as some green harvest comes in however this may be short lived as harvests are expected to be low and subsequently affect level of stocks that households will posses leading to an early start to the lean season.

Humanitarian Assistance: Supplementary feeding Programme for children under 2 years, Mothers and Expectant Mothers by World food Programme is going on in the Region. This assistance is expected to continue up to December 2014.

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2.1.9 Causal factors

Food access is the major limiting factor. Food is physically present in the local markets coming from neighbouring districts and own production, but this is inaccessible because of high Poverty levels, FMD Quarantine restrictions and poor road network and market infrastructure.

Food availability in the region is close to normal, though not in all households .This is because of the beginning of own harvest in some districts in the region and inflow of food from neighbouring districts available in the markets. Improved security allows free movement of people in search of food.

2.1.10 Risk factors to Monitor

1. Livestock diseases and subsequent quarantine restrictions

2. Markets Prices

3. Household Food Stocks

4. Rainfall amounts/flooding

5. Road condition

6. Crop performance

2.2 TESO REGION 2.2.1 Brief Area and Livelihood Description

Teso sub-region covers the districts of Soroti, Kaberamaido, Katakwi, Amuria, Bukedea, Kumi, Ngora and Serere in the Eastern part of Uganda. The community of this sub-region derive their livelihood from mixed farming involving crop production and livestock keeping and experience a bimodal type of rainfall of about 1000-1200mm per annum, with two cropping seasons. In addition to the main farming livelihood, the communities are involved in trade of both crop and livestock products together with other merchandise. The vegetation in the sub-region can best be described as grassland savannah. The soils are mainly sandy loam with a variation from sandy to loamy soils depending on the terrain. The area is endowed with lakes, rivers and vast wetlands. The region is composed of one livelihood zone Eastern-Central Low Land, Cassava, Sorghum and Groundnuts zone. The crops are grown include cassava sweet potatoes, sorghum, finger millet, peas, groundnuts and rice. Livestock- cattle, shoats, pigs, poultry

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are kept by households. Population of the region is estimated at 2,207,800 (UBOS Population Projections,2014).

In addition to the traditional livelihood strategies, a number of off-farm activities have evolved BododaAjono


Incidence of water logging in some sub counties caused crop losses to an estimated 10, 000 households in Kumi (Ongino and Kumi sub counties), Katakwi (Ngariam Ongongoja, Magoro and Palam sub counties), Amuria (Obalanga, Okungur, Acowa sub counties) and Bukedea (Malera and Kolir sub counties). Water logging has caused rotting of root crops in the gardens and death of premature cereals and pulses and rotting of harvested grains. The FMD Quarantine (in all districts except Amuria) has restricted the movement and cross regional trade in all cloven hoofed livestock and has thus limited incomes from livestock sales. Sickness of oxen limits their capacity to offer labour for production and cash.

2.2.3 Food Availability and Food Access

The food is adequately available from the 1st harvest to the majority of the population except for those affected by water logging. Average to above average first season 2014 harvests were realised. Normal onset of second season rains in July to August enabled timely planting and will potentially support crop production and normal yields. Over all, there will be adequate food supply for the next 3 months. However situation in the waterlogged sub counties needs to be monitored. Households are able to have 3 meals a day in the region. However in the sub-counties affected by water logging on average adults and older children eat slightly less (2.2 meals per day) compared to 2.6 times for children under 5 years of age. Food access currently remains stable as a result of current harvest stocks and the relatively stable market prices. Trade within and outside the region remains active facilitating exchange.

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI ) for Teso is Normal save for some parts of Kumi with low biomass cover. The NDVI for the year 2014 reflected from January to August depicts the normal annual pattern for the region with peak appearing in August. This implies availability of crop and pasture for livestock. However with progression of rains to peak level, the pastures may not be easily accessed by livestock due to water logging accompanied by prevalence of livestock parasites and diseases. In order to improve on biomass cover, Kumi District is promoting tree planting and fruit tree

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production under the agricultural extension services resulting in the establishment of three tree nurseries in the District.


Food utilization is affected by the high disease burden especially among the under 5 and infants. The region has more than average safe water coverage with safe water access at 68 percent slightly above the national average of 65 percent. Functionality of water sources in the region averages 91 percent.

20.4 percent of households have border line food consumption in the region and average dietry diversity of 4.9 which is just one more food group above acceptable levels of more than four food groups. Dietary diversity remains traditionally limited to the available food staffs since consumption is largely from own sources and not likely to change much even at crop harvest. The dietary diversity is lacking in terms of protein intake because of reduced supply of meat and low household incomes. Not all food groups are consumed in right proportions with more of starchy food being consumed in the region and this affects the children under 5 years. There is particularly low intake of animal protein as a result of quarantine affecting all the districts of the region except

Mukenefish types, chicken whose prices have more than doubled in the last 2 months.

2.2.5 Nutrition status and Mortality

Although there is generally above average access to clean water, the budden per source in Teso subregion is 314 persons per water source which just a little above the required standard of 300 persons per water source. Access to safe water sources in Teso Sub-region is 68 percent slightly above the national average of 65 percent while functionality of water sources in the region averages 91 percent. Sanitation coverage is at 77 percent with Amuria and katakwi scoring lowest in the region at 58.5 percent and 59 percent respectively. The reason for Katakwi scoring lowest (10.9 percent) is damage of pit latrines and contamination of water sources due to water logging and which affects the two districts more than the others in reagion. However general hand washing is also not widely practiced (39 percent) in the region thus predisposing the population to diahorial diseases.

Teso has under 5 mortality rate of 0.024 per 10,000 children per day, while child mortality rate is 0.011 per 10,000 children per day. The mortality rates in the region are not alarming and within manageable level. The situation is not expected to change.

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Currently there is no major livelihood change as communities(over 85 percent) in the region continue to rely on the traditional agricultural production as the major source of livelihood. The current quarantine has resulted in the loss of income from livestock value chain. Over that last few years, there is a slow rise in petty trade and boda-boda cycling, as a response to joblessness, declining land availability due to increasing population that has also led to migration to neighbouring Abim and Napak districts. Trading of agricultural produce (maize, sorghum and millet) in the markets in Kampala, South Sudan, Kenya,has increased


The region was generally classified in phase 1(minimal food insecurity) with some areas especially those that are prone to flooding being classified in phase 2 (stressed).

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Table 4: Hot spots identified in Teso region

District Sub-‐county Parish

Kumi Ongino Akide, Aakum, Kapolin, Oseera

Kumi Omatenga, Agule, asinge

Bukedea Kolir Kamutur, Aminil, komongomeri, kofeng

Katakwi Magoro Opeta Amenu, Omasia, Angisa, Magoro

Palam Palam Olilim, Alengo

Ongongoja Ongongoja

Amuria Acowa

Obalanga

Kapelebyong Obalanga, Akileng

Okungur Agonga, Akodokodoi, Aridai

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Table 5: Classification Conclusions and Justification in Teso Region

Phase Current Situation Projected Situation up to end of December 2014

Est. pop % pop.

Justification Est. pop % pop

Justification


2,031,176 92 Communities can afford food with at least 3 meals a day with food available from first season harvest. 79.6 percent of the community have adequate food diversity; however the quarantine on livestock in the District has negatively impacted on protein availability especially for the poor households who have limited capacity to afford fish and chicken whose prices have more than doubled. The mortality rate is 0.025 per 10,000 per day which is within the range of Phase 1. No major livelihood change observed in the region except a slow general trend of increasing petty trade and

2,031,176 92 The situation is projected to remain stable for the next 3 months

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Stressed

176,624 8 The population here has stressed and deteriorating food security affording only 2 meals on average a day with low dietary diversity. The majority of the population in this category lives in low lying terrain prone to water logging/flooding. The same areas also experience long dry spells

177,520 8 The situation projected to remain stable with a likelihood minimal deterioration in the water logged areas in the next 3 months

Humanitarian Assistance: None

Projected Humanitarian Assistance: None


Availability is a minor limiting factor as most food types are readily available from the on-going first season harvest, access to animal protein is limited as a result of livestock

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quarantine and hiked prices of fish and chicken among these largely low income households. Water logging is not wide spread to limit food availability.

The prevalence of illnesses like diarrhoea and malaria, slightly affect utilization. Safe water is available for food preparation; however the community is not conscious about a balanced diet and continue to eat limited food groups in most cases linked to the available food from own sources of production.


1. Household food stocks

2. Market prices and food access due to increasing cross border trade.

3. Weather pattern because of the water logging/flooding in the low lying areas.

2.3 ACHOLI REGION 2.3.1 Brief Area and Livelihood Description

Acholi sub region is located in the Northern part of Uganda comprising seven Districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Nwoya and Pader. It lies between Latitude 40 0 0 0

from 150C-320C. The sub-region has a generally flat topography, with predominantly sandy loam soils. The current population of the Sub region stands at 1,701,600 people (UBOS population projection mid 2014). Majority of the population (95 percent) depend on agriculture as a source of livelihood with majority engaged in crop production followed by livestock rearing and other non agricultural livelihood sources like; charcoal burning, sale of wood fuel, brewing, quarry works, mental fabrication, hand crafts, boda boda ridding, sports betting, masonry, and wild gathering. The Sub region has a bi-modal rainfall pattern from March to June (1st season) and July to November (2nd season). Rainfall amount range between 800 mm to 1,500mm per annum.


Water logging affected 4,000 people in Kitgum and 10 Sub Counties in Agago district (13,800 people) are affected with an estimated 3,904 acres of crops affected for beans, maize, sorghum, groundnuts and cassava. In Pader District the Sub Counties of Atanga, Laguti, Awere, Lapul, and Pajule are water logged (estimated 8,000 people) and in Gulu, the sub-counties of Odek, Awach, Palaro and Paicho (estimated 5,000

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people) have been affected. There were high incidences of FMD and CBPP covering 6 sub counties in Lamwo district. CBPP caused death of 134 heads of Cattle and more cattle are still dying in Agoro and Lokung sub Counties of Lamwo district.

A dry spell in April affected the performance and yield of finger millet, maize and groundnuts. Too much rain in June anaffecting Simsim, cassava ground nuts and beans leading to below yield expectations for the crops these crops. Poor households in Acholi sub region continue to be vulnerable to food insecurity and tend to derive their livelihoods from exploitation of natural resources, hence leading to environmental degradation. The Nodding disease is still heavily affecting lives and livelihood in the affected areas.

Normal to above normal rains are predicted for the region during the second season and are likley to lead to water logging thus impacting greatly on the food security situation in the next three months.

Table 6: Hot spots identified in Acholi region

District Vulnerable /affected sub-counties Hazard

Pader Pader Town Council CBPP

Lamwo Agoro, Madi Opei, Paloga, Padibe East CBPP and FMD

Nwoya Anaka TC, FMD

Pader , Atanga, Laguti, Awere, Lapul, and Pajule Flooding

Agago Patongo, Lamigo, Omot, Lira Palawo, kotomol, Agago TC, Arum, Paimol, Omiya Pachwa

Flooding

Kitgum Akwang, amida, Lagoro Flooding

Gulu Odek, Awach, Palaro, Paicho Flooding

African swine fever is endemic in the region because there is no vaccine. It is expected to remain a problem as quarantining pig movement is not being done. With less than 90 percent vaccination coverage of the cattle against CBPP and FMD and improper enforcement of the quarantine, the diseases are likely to spread to Kitgum, neighbouring districts and South Sudan.

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2.3.3 Food Availability and Access

Food Availability: about 95 percent of households in Acholi sub region depend on their own food production including purchasing. However, household food stocks have been affected by too much rain received during the months of August to October, and sale of food items to Southern Sudan. Households affected by water logging are likely to experience continued food shortage.

Food Access: Access to food from own production is expected to be affected by reduced crop performance caused by above normal rains. Currently, the staple food prices in the markets are still affordable. In the next three months food access is expected to remain stable for most households because of good harvests expected from the second season within Acholi and other regions. These are expected to improve food stocks in markets. The food prices might increase especially for simsim and cereals at the beginning of first season of 2014 as stocks decline.


Food utilization in the region is affected by poor health (nodding syndrome, malaria, and Diarrhoea), lack of knowledge on appropriate food preparation methods and use of unsafe water. This has impacted on nutrition causing stunting, underweight and wasting.

An estimated 35 percent of households in the region have low dietary diversity; 6 percent have poor food consumption and 16 percent have borderline food consumption while majority (78 percent) have an acceptable food Consumption Score. Number of meals per household in the region range from one meal per day for 12 percent of the population to two meals per day for 47 percent and three or more meals per day for 40 percent of the population. About more than half (59 percent) of the population are energy deficient. Food consumption is expected to improve in the next three months.

2.3.5 Stability

The food security situation in the region is still unstable due to unreliable rains, low household incomes, high prevalence of livestock and human diseases, low safe water coverage and low household dietary diversity.

2.3.6 Livelihood Change

Generally 74 percent of households in the region are subsistence farmers. Women are the majority in agricultural production and some households especially those that are

23

female headed are coping by selling assets. However no significant change in livelihoods is expected in the next three months.

2.3.7 Nutrition Status and Mortality

The nutrition status for the region (UDHS 2011) indicates that GAM is at 4.4 percent (below emergency threshold at <5 percent, the region is in an acceptable range), SAM at 1.4 percent, and MUAC at 89.3 percent . Other indicators are underweight at 18 percent, stunting at 30 percent and wasting at 7 percent. The nutrition situation is expected to improve as a fairly good harvest is expected this 2nd season.

Mortality is attributed to non-food security factors like nodding syndrome outbreak, malaria, diarrhea, acute respiratory infections and/or fever incidences.


Acholi region was classified majorly as phase 1 (minimal or no food insecurity) with some sub-counties in Gulu, Kitgum and Amuru in phase 2 (stressed) as indicated in the map below.

24

Table 6: Classification Conclusions and Justification in Acholi region

Phase Current Situation Projected Situation

Est. pop % pop. Justification Est. pop % pop

Justification


1,497,408 88 88% of total populations in the sub region have acceptable food consumption score.

1,497,408 88 For the next three months food availability is expected to improve due to expected good second season harvest; access is expected to also improve as a result of the expected good food prices in December. With 74% of the population producing their own food, the livelihoods of the people is not expected to change drastically within the next three months.

2 Stressed

204,192

12

Up to 12% of the population in Northern Uganda can only afford one meal per day and given the actual context of Life in the region, where a normal family have at least 2 meals per day, those having one meal per day are considered living in a stressed situation and the same population share calories in kind.

204,192

12

expected to improve if second season harvests are good given the prevailing rainfall being received in the sub-region and on condition that the current Livestock disease outbreaks are contained. In situations of too much rains and escalation of pests and diseases, the condition of these people may be worsened. Overall, the conditions are expected to improve.

Humanitarian Assistance: Support to nodding syndrome affected persons, and some supplementary feeding is ongoing. This assistance is likely to continue up to February 2014.

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2.3.9 Causal factors Food access and utilization are the major limiting factors to attaining food security in this region. As far as access is concerned, households have low purchasing power to enable them acquire different food groups that they cannot produce on their own from the markets. Poor utilisation is essentially due to the fact that households have limited knowledge on food preparation; there is poor food hygiene and sanitation. Cultural practices and beliefs are also still a big problem as households only feed on nutritious foods when they get a visitor. 2.3.10 Risk factors to Monitor

1.Waterlogging

2.Livestock diseases

3.Human Diseases(Nodding syndrome, Malaria, Diorrhoea)

2.4 WEST NILE REGION 2.4.1 Brief Area and Livelihood Description

West Nile Region is composed of the following Districts: Adjumani, Arua, Koboko, Maracha, Moyo, Nebbi, Yumbe and Zombo. The region shares boarders with the Acholi region to the East, DRC to the West, South Sudan to the North and Bunyoro region to the South. The population of the region is projected at 3,439,902 people as at September 2014.

The main economic activities in the region are agriculture (crop farming and livestock keepig), fishing and trading in various commodities. The cross border trade with South Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo is on the increase. The main staple crops cultivated are Cassava, Maize, Beans, ground nuts, sweet potatoes, rice and sorghum, among others. Cash earning crops include tobacco, coffee, banana, Simsim, beans, cassava, ground nuts, sun flower, cotton, soya beans and Irish potatoes. Other cash earners are mangoes, citrus and avocados. The cattle are mainly local zebu and Ankole breeds kept for beef however the introduction of the Ankole breeds has improved milk production and consumption in the region.

The region has four livelihood zones namely;

Arabica coffee banana zone .

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Albertine Low land cattle zone. Tobacco, cassava, sorghum zone i.e is the mid plateau. Simsim, sorghum livestock zone . Fishing communities .

The region receives bimodal rainfall which supports crops and livestock farming throughout the year. Its bimodal production calendar is such that March to June is first season and July to November is the second season. The first season rainfall as been observed to becoming shorter and more unreliable in the last 3-5 years. The second rains for the year 2014 are already established. Second rains started in July 2014 and are evenly distributed and have now peaked with thurnder storms being experienced in some areas.the region has a refrugee influx from southern sudan as result of a civil conflicty that erupeted in December 2013. By Feburary 2014, 60,000 new refugees were located in reception centres and settlements in Adjumani district . some of these refugees have been transferred to the rhin camp in Arua district and other to Kirayandongo district in mid western Uganda. The imapct of the refugee population o serives is heavy and intervention in health care and food provision are reuired and are currently being provided through the OPM, and UN agenciies such as UNHCR, UNICEF and WFP.


Livestock Pests and Diseases: Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and Black Quarter disease, tsetse flies, and ticks have reduced productivity. The current measures to control the spread of FMD such as the restricted movement of livestock in Moyo district will continue, however any laxity in the these measures may result in the spread of the disease to neighbouring districts.

Crop Pests and Diseases: Cassava Brown Streak Disease, Banana Bacterial Wilt have affected about 2-5 percent of the crops.


The main source of food throughout West Nile region is own food production which is mainly from subsistence farming. Other food sources include food purchases from markets. 1st and 2nd season rains have been well distributed with good intensity. The cereal food stocks are expected to last for the next 3 months with 2nd season harvest expected by December 2014. A variety of food is available in all markets. Protein from livestock products, meat, milk and eggs are available. Livestock cattle, goats and chicken are also sold for cash. Food storage is a challenge in the region: cassava is in

27

the field and is harvested piece meal, while cereals and pulses are stored in houses because the traditional granaries are no longer being used. Among the refugee population in Arua and Adjumani district there is food insecurity. According to UNICEF FSN assessment (March 2014) 35.2 percent of refugee households in 3 refugee sites of Arua, Adjumani and Kiryadongo experienced poor food consumption while 27 percent had borderline food consumption. Refugee households in Rhino camp were experiencing more severe food insecurity than those in Adjumani. Majority of refugees (65.3%) in the Rhino camp in Arua have poor food consumption compared to 21.2 percent with poor consumption on Adjumani. Food Access The current food security situation is stable. Households are now accessing fresh beans, cassava, and maize among others from own production. There is a reduction in prices of the food crops as compared to 6 months ago. Households are supplementing their protein diet with meat, fish, eggs and milk from markets.. There is adequate food in the region and households still have some food in the stores enough to take the region to second season harvests expected in November to December period. Farmers are expected to continue accessing food from their farms and surplus is expected by December 2014. For refugee populations in Arua, Adujumani and Kiryandongo 89.2 percent had food ration cards and duration of food ration was approximately 15 days for 20 percent of households that had received full rations compared to 7.8 days for 53.1 percent that received half rations (UNICEF, March 2014).


The average safe water coverage of the region is 61.9 percent, which is below national average of 67 percent. Most households, access adequate amounts of water from streams and treat it by boiling. However water borne diseases like diarrhoea are prevalent.

In West Nile people consume at most 4 types of foods (staple foods like cassava, maize, millet, sorghum, sweet potatoes, rice, beans , ground nuts, simsim, cow peas and leafy vegetables). The wealthier people especially those in urban centres eat considerably more fruits, meat, fish, eggs, milk, oil and sugar than the rural poor who are more dependent on cereals and pulses and root crops. The current food security situation indicates adequate food stocks at household level.

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Nutrition indicators are worse than they were for 2011 for the refugees. The GAM amongst the refugee population is above 10 percent threshold (19.6 percent) indicating a critical/emergency situation. GAM rates are highest in Adjumani (20.1percent) when compared to Rhino camp in Arua (15.2%)( UNICEF, March 2014). Poor dietary diversity in refugee settlements is linked to a lack of income, limited capacity for own food production and lack of knowledge; as well as attitudes & perceptions related to food preparation. Anaemia rates remain a public health problem among refugees in Uganda, with rates as high as 71.9 percent among the new South Sudanese caseload. Anaemia is largely linked to poor diet diversification. The Individual Dietary Diversity (IDDS) of children 6-23 months is low, 99 percent of children have low IDDS and only 43.3 percent of children receive the required number of meals per day. Water and sanitation among refugee populations is fair; refugee households in Adjumani and Arua use close to 12 litres per person per day indicating a stressed situation. Latrine coverage is lowest in Rhino camp at 63.7 percent lacking pit latrines compared to 23.2 percent in Adjumani. 2.4.5 Stability

The food security situation in West Nile is stable. Good rains and fertile soils have enabled farmers to produce own food. Food harvests have been on-going since June 2014 and are likely to continue up to December 2014. Households tend to sell own food produced to earn income and also to meet their food, health, social and educational demands. The common items sold are small ruminants, chicken, and crop produce. The Government has taken appropriate steps to contain the constraints that affect productivity by restricting the movement of livestock and supplying Cassava Brown Streak Disease resistant cuttings. There is stable food security in the region. Excessive food sales may arise because of the huge cash opportunities in S. Sudan. and DRC.

Refugee populations in Arua, Koboko and Adjumani are receiving food aid and non food items from OPM, WFP and UNHCR and this is expected to continue in the months to come as the civil conflict has not subsided yet.


Though the region was classified as phase one (none or minimal food insecurity) the refugee populations in Arua, Koboko and Adjumani are experiencing crisis food security situation.

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Table 8: Classification Conclusions and Justification


Est. pop % pop. Justification

Est. pop % pop Justification


3,233,508 94 Food is adequate in the region but then people need education on how to prepare this food and how to diversify their diets and livelihoods. Over 80% of the hhs rely on own produced foods. The crude mortality rates have been attributed to diseases like malaria and weakly linked to food insufficiency

3,439,902 100 Food situation in West Nile region is stable and vulnerabilities and hazards in the region have minimal effect on food production and accessibility and likely not to be persistent. Assets are expected to remain stable over the next 3-6 months.

2

Stressed

206,394 6 6 percent of the population have Poor Food consumption score .

Food security situation is stable and expected to become better with the second season harvests

3 Crisis 106,548 Refugee population from S. Sudan in koboko, Arua and Adjumani and not included in the UBOS population projections

150,000 More refugees expected by the close of the year unless conflict Situation may improves




1. Food availability :generally food production at household level is sufficient for staple foods like cassava, maize, rice, ground nuts and beans. Though food production levels are good across the region, poor post harvest handling practices are the limiting factors. Uneven distribution of rains in June 2014, hail storms, Vermin, crop pests and diseases and livestock diseases (FMD) have

31

minimal effect on productivity of crops and livestock in the region. There is exportation of staple foods to regional markets of DRC and South Sudan.

2. Food access: Over 80 percent of households get food from their own production and percentage expenditurpopulation has access to food from markets. However due to high poverty head count at 42 percent some households cannot access food from markets. The road network in the region is fairly good and this allows movement of food from high producing areas to markets however some areas are still not accessible to vehicles due to bad roads.

3. Utilization: Food preparation is poor and adults and children tend to feed on the same foods prepared. The food consumed is limited in diversity with cassava, ground nuts, vegetables and beans being the major foods. Households produce more than six crops annually and keep at least chicken and goats. Limited Knowledge at Household level on nutritional balance limits them to few food sources. Households lack adequate energy for food preparation due to heavy depletion of forests for charcoal and timber. Safe Water coverage is very low at 62 percent resulting in water born diseases like diarrhoea cases, worms and occasionally Cholera. Food utilisation is poor amongst the refugee populations because of poor dietary diversity in refugee settlements


Rainfall amounts (October- November2014)

Market prices and cross border trade (Dec 2014- January 2015)

Pests and diseases of crops & livestock (October- December 2014)

Human diseases (October- December 2014).

Refugee influx into the region(continuously)

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2.5 EAST CENTRAL AND ELGON REGION 2.5.1 Brief Area and Livelihood Description

Brief Area and Livelihood Description

The Eastern region- East Central and Elgon region comprises the following districts; Mbale, Sironko, Manafwa, Bududa, Kapchorwa, Bukwa, Tororo, Bulambuli, Kween, Busia, Butaleja, Bugiri, Namutumba, Iganga, Mayuge, Kaliro, Jinja, Kamuli, Buyende, Luuka, Namayingo, Budaka, Pallisa, Kibuku, with a total population of 7,397,300 people. The total land area is 26,614.70 sq km. Of this area 3720.6 sq km is open water, 6148.6 sq km is permanent and semi-permanent wet lands. The land available for farming is 16,745.50sq km (source: statistical Abstract 2013). The region is mainly mountainous in the Mount Elgon region and low land plains in the East central region, with relief rainfall between 800mm-2500mm per annum. The area normally experiences a bi-modal rainfall pattern with two cropping seasons. Majority of the population (91 percent) are predominantly subsistence farmers growing mainly bananas, irish potatoes and vegetables for food crops and Arabica coffee as a traditional cash crops for the Elgon zone; and cassava, millet, rice, sweet potatoes, maize and beans for food crops and robusta coffee and sugar cane as cash crops in the East Central area. The main livestock kept in the region include cattle, goats, sheep and poultry. Fishing activities along the lake shores and river banks is also another income generating activity. Other economic activities include sale of labour, cross-border trading, and internal trade within gazetted markets and during market days.

Market access in the region is good due to better road networks with an exception of a few seasonal roads that link to larger trading centres. At times crops are sold at farm gate to buyers while some are sold through middlemen who exploit the farmers by paying them low prices. The middlemen export crops to as far as South Sudan and Kenya which in the long run exposes the region to food insecurity.


Fires, Floods and Hailstorms: Report from OPM in May 2014 shows that 3,915 households were affected by hailstorms and 597 Households were affected by fires. These hazards resulted in deaths and destruction of schools in the region. New vision report of 12 Sept 2014 indicates that over 2,000 people in Butaleja district were affected by floods. It is expected that incidences of floods and landslides will be experienced in low-lying areas and around the slopes of Mt. Elgon respectively. This is due to the projected rainfall outlook which predicts peak levels of rainfall in October/November.

33

The hailstorms destroyed crops in gardens thus disrupting food production in the affected areas

Foot and Mouth Disease: 7 districts in the region have been put under quarantine and beef / goat meat was banned from markets due to FMD outbreak. It is expected that by December this year, this outbreak will be contained with the quarantine in place, thus improvement of the food security situation by December expected.

Crop Diseases: Incidences of Maize Lethal Necrosis disease are expected to rise in the second season maize crop as a result of expected increase in rainfall and humidity.

2.5.3 Food Availability and Access The first season rains were favourable for crop production throughout the region. The on-going quarantine due to FMD compromises the availability of food from livestock. Favourable rainfall coupled with surplus food production from the first season harvest in the region means there is sufficient food supply in the region which is expected to be sustained up to December 2014.

Food Access: Prices for key food crops in Iganga and Mbale district declined due to a There is surplus

food production and good road access leading to a general decline in food prices in the region and improved food access by the population. The food security situation looks favourable and is likely stay the same unless road access is disrupted by the projected heavy rains during the month of October and November .

2.5.4 Food Utilization and Consumption

Food Utilization

The population in the region has adequate access to water and sanitation facilities which enables good food utilization. There is adequate access to water and sanitation facilities in the region with 87 percent of the households having improved drinking water sources and 93 percent having toilet facilities. The region has however experienced hailstorms which have affected sanitation facilities. The OPM report (may 2014) on disasters showed that 21 pit latrines were destroyed by hailstorms in Butaleja district which affected sanitation of the affected households on the districts. The hailstorms also affected post-harvest handling techniques of crop produce (drying and storage) which compromises the quality of food.

34

2.5.5 Nutrition Status and Mortality The GAM rates in Eastern region for under 5 year are 4.3 percent and SAM is 0.4 percent which are within acceptable range. These figures indicate that the effect of feeding practices and health have moderate effect on the food security in the region. 2.5.6 Livelihood Change The use of livelihood capitals is not sustainable. However, population pressure has contributed to increase land fragmentation; declining soil fertility associated with intensive cultivation, soil erosion which has adverse effects on food availability and access.

The main strategy employed in case of hazards like floods, hailstorms and landslides and disease is seeking relief aid from the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) and also relying on remittances from friends/relatives.Landslides, floods, dry spell, hail storms and disease outbreak remain the main shocks that affecregion.

2.5.7 Stability Stability of food availability, food access and food utilization in the region is

lity and exposure to inherent risks and shocks periodically experienced in some parts of the region mainly landslides, floods, pests and diseases like Cassava Brown Streak, BBW, NCD, malaria, cholera, and typhoid. Uncontrolled sale of foods to neighbouring districts/regions and countries may also destabilise food availability.

35


The East Central and Elgon region was classified in phase 1 (minimal food Security).

36

Table 9: Classification Conclusions and Justification for East Central and Elgon region


Est. pop % pop.

Justification

Est. pop % pop

Justification


6,990,449

95

First season harvests have markedly improved the food stocks levels in the region thus having a positive impact on food consumption. People in this phase have adequate energy intake and on average consume 3 meals per day

6,657,570 90 Projected rainfalls due to peak in October / November are expected to affect the consumption of food in households.

2 stressed

369,865

5

People in this phase have adopted insurance strategies including;

-Reducing meals / day to 1 meal / day.

-Selling labour to richer families

-Remittances from relatives

-Gathering wild foods like Malewa

665,757 9 Disruptions in road access are expected to affect physical access to food whilst destruction of farms, gardens and sanitation facilities due to heavy rains, floods and landslides will affect food availability and utilisation.

These hazards will therefore impact on the general livelihoods of people in the region.

3 Crisis 36,987

0.5 Hazards in the region like floods, fires and hailstorms have affected the livelihoods of the affected population in the region. Over 2 000 people have been displaced in Butaleja district due to floods, hailstorms have destroyed homes, farms, schools and pit latrines affecting 3 915 households while fires have affected 597 households.

73,973 1 The proportion of people affected by hazards in the region is projected to increase, moving some of the population that is currently in phase 2 to phase 3. This is due to the vulnerability of the region during the projected heavy rains as landslides are expected in the area around Mt. Elgon and more floods will occur in low lying areas. This will drive these people to crisis strategies like fleeing their homes.

37

Humanitarian Assistance: 451 households in 8 districts were affected by the hailstorm and fires and they received relief food aid from OPM. This was a onetime supply to the affected households in the months of March to May 2014. Currently the after effects of the disasters still prevail in these households which are using crisis strategies to cope with the food insecurity they are facing. The humanitarian assistance was short lived. In September 2014 it was reported that 2 000 people from 400 Households in Butaleja district were displaced by floods and these expected to suffer acute food security now and the months to come unless humanitarian aid is provided. Projected Humanitarian Assistance: None 2.5.9 Limiting Factors Major limiting factor is food access mainly caused by low purchasing power and roads which have been rendered non-motorable after rain that caused floods. Improper food storage practices, poor dietary diversity and food preferences within households and prevalence of diseases like ARI and malaria affect the utilization of food but are considered to have a minor effect on food security.

2.5.10 Risk Factors to Monitor The main risk factors to monitor in the next six months include:

1. Landslides in the districts within the slopes of Elgon areas such as those in Bugisu, Sebei sub regions, and floods in the low lying districts of Bukedi and Busoga sub-regions during the peak rains (late September, October and early November).

2. Waterborne and water associated human disease out breaks and animal diseases such as FMD (late September, October and early November) .

3. Pests and diseases for crops like maize, cassava pulses, bananas and horticultural crops during the peak rain period (late September, October and early November).

4. Destruction of infrastructure especially road network and bridges which act as food supply routes (late September, October and early November).

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2.6 LANGO REGION 2.6.1 Brief Area and Livelihood Description

The region is comprised of the districts of Apac, Lira, Dokolo, Amolatar, Kole, Oyam, Alebtong and Otuke. It has an estimated population of 2,050,900 people.

People in the region mainly depend on mixed farming as their livelihood strategy. Other income generating activities include trade, agro-processing, fishing, quarrying and mining, metal fabrication and black smithing among others. However, mineral exploitation will soon begin, particularly for uranium, petroleum and gold.

Majority (95 percent) of the population in the region is in phase 1. This portion of the population has access to available food and is able to generate good levels of income due to skills development in entrepreneurship and improved agricultural practices. About 5 percent of the population is in phase 2 and this is the population that is usually lazy and not taking advantage of various interventions provided by NGOs and government in agricultural production, health, nutritional, water, sanitation and hygiene that improve on their livelihood.

The food security situation in the region is expected to remain good because the majority of communities are expected to be more creative and developmental

Lack of effective transport means, few extension officers, lack of funding/budget line for main stream extension, low turn-up during trainings, slow technology adoption rate by farming community are among the challenges in improving agricultural production.


Human Diseases: Nodding disease is still prevailing in Aromo Sub-county but no new cases have been reported over the period. Diarrhea is prevalent due to exposure to and use of contaminated water and poor hygiene in food preparation and disposal of excreta. The poorest in this region are likely to be affected with Malaria as incidence is high. Diarrhea and chicken pox outbreaks have been reported in some of the sub-counties in Apac.

Degradation of wetland systems: Okole wetland is 28 percent degraded, Olweny wetland is 16.6 percent degraded and Moroto wetland system is 12.2 percent degraded. Eight local forest reserves are 90 percent degraded and settled. There is low productivity due to land degradation and agricultural production is shifting to wetlands. The problem of land degradation is expected to continue because mitigation measures for are not yet in place.

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Livestock Diseases: Ticks and tick-borne diseases are expected due to the on-going Threats of

Foot and Mouth Disease and African swine fever is eminent. There are high incidences of dog bites reported in the region, but clinical signs of rabbis and death have not been reported. The on-going restrictions on livestock movements and intense dog vaccinations are expected to reduce disease spread.

Crop Diseases: Cassava in the region is susceptible to CMD and CBSD, which is affecting the overall production and productivity of cassava crop as well as food security. This will continue to affect the food security in the region because cassava is a major staple food for the region


Animal products are available at fairly constant price. There is adequate food from own production and stocks available. Availability of food in the market is being affected by hoarding of the produce by traders. A variety of crops have been planted for the second season: Cassava, maize, Beans, Soybeans, Groundnuts, sunflower, Simsim, Rice, Banana, Finger millet, Pigeon pea, Cow pea, and vegetables including tomatoes, cabbages, pumpkins, kale, okra, eggplant, hibiscus subdarica (malakwang) are among the crops grown. Crop performance so far is good. However, CBSD is the biggest threat to cassava production. Pasture and water are adequate for livestock. Grazing land is available across all sub-counties/districts especially in Lira and Apac districts. Livestock body conditions are average across all districts. Most livestock are local breeds with low production and productivity.

The forecasted rains are likely to cause flooding in low lying areas, thus affecting the pasture for grazing and causing crop losses. With various crops being grown in the region and adequate pasture for livestock, the region is generally food secure and will remain stable in the coming 3 months.

Food Access: Majority of rural households in this region access food from their own production. Most of people in peri-urban areas access food through market purchases and less than 1 percent get food through exchange of labour in the region. There is adequate food that can be accessed by households throughout the remaining quarter of the year. Local market prices have remained fairly stable `and food commodities are affordable by most households.

2.6.4 Food Utilization and Consumption

Safe drinking water access on average in the region is 77 percent. The trend in access to water has greatly improved over the years, but the issue of non-functionalities of the

40

different water sources due to thefts and vandalism has continued to affect access to safe water. It has been projected that the overall distance to water sources will reduce to about less than 0.5 km by close of the year 2014. Average latrine coverage is about 83 percent and is expected to increase by about 1.5 percent.

2.6.5 Nutrition status and Mortality

In northern Uganda, the prevalence of wasting or Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) is at 7.2 percent. Overall, 15 percent of under-fives are underweight, with the prevalence being higher in rural than urban areas.

Six percent of households in the region have poor food consumption of an extremely unbalanced diet, devoid of protein and mainly comprised of starchy maize, cassava, and sweet potatoes with some vegetables. Fifty four percent (54%) of the population are energy deficient compared with an average of 48 percent nationally.

There has been a general decline in mortality levels over time as a result of functional health centres (Health Centres 2/3) across the region. Prevalence of diarrhoea (2.2 percent), Malaria prevalence (29 percent), acute respiratory tract infection and cough (0.6 percent), severe acute malnutrition (13 percent), HIV (8.3 percent) all have reduced. There has not been any serious diseases outbreak apart from nodding disease which is in Aromo Sub-county but no new cases have been reported over the period. The expected harvests from a variety of food crops may improve the nutrition status across the region; health status will improve with low levels of infant mortality. There will be further reduction on the infant mortality and under five mortality rate is expected in the coming months within the region.

2.6.6 Stability

The availability, access and utilisation of food in the region are good but the dietary diversity is low. It is expected that food security will remain fairly stable since a variety of crops have planted in the region.


There has been improved change in the livelihoods of the community in the region due to improved adoption of technologies like use of animal traction, improved seeds and entrepreneurship development like Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLA), formation of cooperatives/SACCOS, keeping fewer but more productive animals such as crosses for dairy and beef cattle. This has improved household incomes, living standards and food security. As a result, production and productivity have greatly

41

improved and also there is noticeable change from subsistence to commercial agriculture.


The region was classified as phase 1 (minimal food security).

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Table 10: Classification Conclusions and Justification for Lango Region


Est. pop % pop. Justification Est. pop

% pop Justification

1 1,849,745 95 A great population is now engaged in income generating activities which has led to improved livelihoods. With improvement in the dietary diversity, the sub-region has experienced improved nutrition and health with a relatively low GAM and low levels of infant mortality

96 2,030,402 Since the production levels are projected to improve, communities will have better livelihoods, improved nutrition and health. The GAM rate is also expected to continue to decline.

2 105,750 5 This is the population that are food energy deficient and has poor food consumption score. They mainly grow starchy food and their low income level cannot enable them purchase diversified diet especially proteins.

4 84,600 The population that is energy deficient and with poor food consumption score will reduce slightly because of the expected harvest. income levels may also improve in the months to come improving access.




Food utilization is a minor limiting factor to food security as water acess and sanitation are improving. The region has a population (6 percent) with unacceptable food consumption although the trend has greatly improved over the years. However, there has been a general increase in therapeutic feeding centre admissions (Lira) between January to July, 2014 mainly because of poor breast feeding practices especially in young rural mothers and medical conditions like malaria and HIV/AIDS.

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There is adequate food in terms of production and storage. Most of the population in the rural areas produce their own food (99 percent) while those in peri-urban areas rely on market purchase (98 percent) and a minimal percentage get food through exchange of labour. This therefore, means that the available and adequate food can be accessed by most households since the prices have relatively remained stable and are affordable. This is favoured by the increased mean per capita expenditure and reduced poverty levels.

The availability of pasture is also good and animals are exhibiting good body condition resulting in improved production and productivity.

2.6.9 Risk factors to monitor

1. Prevalence of human diseases especially nodding disease (September December in neighbouring sub-counties to Acholi sub-region)

2. Prevalence of pests and diseases of livestock (Tick borne diseases and FMD in Amach, Agali, Barr, Agweng sub-counties in Lira) and CBSD in all districts) (September November 2014)

3. Food prices ( September December 2014 )

4. 4. Rainfall and Floods (September November 2014)

2.7 CENTRAL 1 AND 2 REGION 2.7.1 Brief Area and Livelihood Description

Central Region is composed of the following districts: Rakai, Lyantonde, Masaka, Ssembabule, Kalangala, Wakiso, Mpigi, Lwengo, Bukomansimbi, Butambala, Buvuma, Kalungu, Gomba, Kampala, Luwero, Nakaseke, Nakasongola, Mubende, Mukono, Mityana, Kayunga, Kiboga, Kyankwanzi and Buikwe with a total population of 9,810,301 people. According to the recent livelihood zoning, these districts have been grouped as follows:

Pineapple, Banana, Robusta Coffee and Cassava Zone -Kayunga, Masaka, Luwero;

Robusta Coffee, Banana, Maize and Cattle Zone Midwest Central and Lake Victoria Crescent Kalangala- Fishing, Oil Palm, and

Cassava Zone Lakeshore and Riverbank Fishing Zone Central and Southern: Cattle, Cassava and Maize Zone

44

Agriculture is the main source of livelihoods in the Central 1 and 2 regions. Households rely on crops, livestock and fisheries to meet their food and income needs. The poor households sell their labour to obtain most of their annual food and income requirements.. The main food crops are bananas, maize, cassava, beans, sweet potato and rice. Cash income comes from coffee, banana, maize, pineapple, tea, sugarcane, apiary, oil palm, charcoal, fish, livestock and livestock products, small to medium industries and petty trading. The rainfall type is bimodal, ranging from 1200-1450mm per year. Access to the main markets in most towns and trading centers is good throughout the year, allowing smooth market transactions. However, the rains have made some feeder roads impassable of late in some areas. There is also a general lack of post harvest and storage structures leading to losses and low prices at peak harvest seasons. 2.7.2 Hazards and Vulnerability

The main hazards reported in the region that affected food security were mainly crop and livestock pests and diseases, hailstorms, water logging and flooding. Water borne diseases are likely to continue especially malaria, cholera and diarrhea. Feeder roads may become impassable thus limiting trade for produce from the country side. Crop diseases like BBW, CWD, CBSD and CMD are prevalent. Lumpy Skin Disease in livestock, Newcastle in poultry and hailstorms are the main hazards affecting households in the region. Losses resulting from the above hazards are likely to affect

food items. Good harvests are expected in the region because of well distributed rains. Flooding took place in Kampala and other low lying areas. Hailstorms were reported in the districts of Luwero, Nakaseke, Nakasongola, Masaka, Kayunga, Mukono, Kiboga and Kyankwanzi were the major disasters in the Central zone. 2.7.3 Food Availability and Access

Major food crops grown are Bananas, maize, Beans and Cassava. Bananas are available in sufficient amounts, though the prices are high. Maize grain is available because of good harvests this year and maize flour is affordable. There is a general scarcity of beans because of poor rainfall performance that affected bean yields and lowered the quality of both dry beans and maize grain. Livestock products are available like milk, pork, chicken, fish eggs and beef though they a considered expensive to many households. Overall, food available to households from different sources is adequate to meet dietary needs of many households within the zone. The region is expected to remain food secure because the rains came on time,

45

yet many households still had maize grain reserves. Livestock products are likely to increase due to availability of pastures and water for livestock in the second half of the year. Food Access: High costs of banana, beans and livestock products coupled with heavy rains that make some feeder roads impassable are affecting access to food by some households, especially those that purchase food from the market. Low maize flour prices have boosted household food access and cause livestock feeds prices to drop temporarily and are expected to raise again before the second harvest in November. 2.7.4 Food Utilization Food consumption parameters such as Food Consumption Score (FCS) show that only 6 percent of the population in this region have poor Food consumption; 33 percent have low dietary diversity and 46 percent of the population are energy deficient (CFSVA 2013). In the Central region, 61 percent of the population consume three or more meals a day. These food consumption parameters are in the acceptable range. Food consumption is likely to improve by end of year since the rains have been reliable and adequate leading to an expectation of good harvests.

There is high water access (67 percent) and functionality in the region with a high latrine coverage (over 70 percent) meaning better sanitation and health of the population. The highest water per person per day usage is in south Buganda, where almost 19 liters per person per day is consumed. A relatively high percentage of the population in the central region can access clean water.

The rapidly growing population in the region is likely to put more pressure on sanitary facilities and clean water access thus impacting negatively on food utilisation. 2.7.5 Nutrition Status Although wasting is on the rise in all regions, the Central region has the smallest increment. Under weight and stunting are low in the Central region, an indicator of improved nutrition status. Nationally, the prevalence of wasting or Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) in under fives is 5 percent with children in rural areas three times more likely to have acute malnutrition as urban children (2 percent). Stunting is between 13-29 percent for the Central region.This nutrition status is likely to remain good, though

46

2.7.6 Stability Food availability to farming households is fairly good and is likely to remain stable. Maize supplies are adequate while Vegetables and livestock products will remain available due to sufficient rains.


Land access stands at 1.7- 2.5 percent in the region while market access for selling and buying agricultural and non-agricultural produce is good. Vulnerability to drought and irregular rains is 53 percent compared to the National average of 46 percent.. Literacy levels range between 51-71 percent. Most households have diverse sources of livelihood though hazards and vulnerabilities negatively affect disposable incomes. Mixed farming though mostly at subsistence level acts as insurance within the Central region. 2.7.8 Overall food security situation

The region was classified as phase 1 (minimal food insecurity).

47

Table 11: Classification Conclusions and Justification Central 1 and 2

Phase Current Situation Projected Situation Est. pop % pop. Justification

Est. pop %

pop Justification


8,044,447

82

The food Consumption Score (FCS) for the central region stands at an average of 18%, where the region has 21% and Kampala 15%. 61% of the people in the region consume three or more meals per day

8,142,549 83 The situation is expected to improve and remain stable ewith the second season harvest expected in December.

2 Stressed 1,660,321 18 Purchasing power of this population is constrained due to increasing food prices and the majority rely on markets.

They have low dietary diversity score, their coping strategies are constrained and have poor nutrition

1,667,751 17 Purchasing power for those who rely on market is expected to be constrained by increasing food prices. This population is expected to shift to less nutritious foods, reduce on the number of meals per day, and seek more paid labour.

Poor sanitation, low access to safe water and poor nutrition levels are expected to remain major limiting factors.

48




Major limiting factor to food security is the high prevalence and sporadic outbreak of pests/vectors and diseases which impact negatively on production volumes. Access and utilization are minor limiting factors to food security. The increasing food prices especially of livestock products coupled with low purchasing power will limit access to food by especially poor communities. The road infrastructure and markets are relatively good, but might deteriorate with heavy rains.


1. Food Prices 2. Water logging & Flash floods 3. Crop and livestock Pests and Disease/vectors Outbreaks 4. Hailstorms

2.8 SOUTH WESTERN REGION 2.8.1 Brief Area and Livelihood Description

The South western region is composed of the districts of Mbarara, Bushenyi, Sheema, Ntungamo, Kabale, Rukungiri, Kanungu, Isingiro, Kiruhura, Ibanda, Mitooma, Rubirizi, Kisoro and Buhweju with an estimated population of 4,157,500 people. The region registers the presence of refugee settlements such as Kiryadongo, Kyangwali and Rwamwanja.

The area is comprised of 3 livelihood zones;

South western highland - Irish potato, sweet potato, tea sorghum and vegetable zone

South western midland -robusta coffee, banana, millet and cattle zone. Southwest rift valley -tobacco, bean, cotton, banana and millet Zone

This large and moderately populated area receives 1120 - 1223 mm of rain annually. All households cultivate food crops for own consumption and surplus for sale. A number of them also engage in cash crop production including tea, coffee, tobacco, bananas and tree planting. Generally, due to small land holding, the amount of food produced does

needs. Therefore, food purchases

49

contribute to bridging the food gaps. There is tendency, among the population to sell off produce at the expense of domestic consumption.

Coffee and bananas are major sources of income in the region are sold at major trading centers then taken to Kampala and other areas within the country. The mountainous terrain and poorly maintained feeder roads are difficult to pass and susceptible to landslides during the rainy seasons (March-June and August-November). Therefore the ability for households to access markets in this zone is sometimes difficult. The region is currently hosting refugees as a result of the civil strife in D. R. Congo and Ugandan cattle keepers.

Livestock production ranges from zero grazing and fenced farms for dairy cattle to ranches for beef cattle. Cattle is sold throughout the zone at both local and cross-border markets (Burundi, Rwanda, DRC and South Sudan), while other stocks are purchased by traders and then transported to Kampala for slaughter. The export of cattle poses a risk of depleting improved cattle breeds not only in the region but the country at large.

2.8.2 Hazard and Vulnerability:

Diseases: Banana Bacterial Wilt disease is affecting production of banana and reducing yields. Cases of Coffee Twig Borer (CTB) have been reported in many districts of the region. The BBW disease is likely to be contained given the strategies put in place to control it by National and local administrative units. There is a likelihood of high incidences of fungal diseases due to high moisture content that might affect Irish potatoes. Hailstorms/Dry spells/Flooding: Hailstorms were experienced during the season. Prolonged dry period in the previous season caused shortage of potato seed in the current planting season. Flooding in low lying areas of kabala has affected infrastructure, pasture and crop performance. Subcounties that were affected included Kashambya, Nyamweru, Hamurwa and Rwamucucu. Mud flows and landslides are likely to take place during the second season 2014.


Favourable income from coffee, bananas and tea contribute to food security. The region has sufficient food stocks expected to last until December 2014. Apart from Kabale and Kisoro districts food availability is likely to improve given the favourable weather conditions expected until December. Crop production is expected to result in

50

average harvests for the second season which starts in November. Expected rains will enhance pasture availability and consequently an increase in milk yield.

Food Access About 29.2 percent of the population are below poverty line with 36.8 percent of households spending more than 65 percent on food purchase. Majority of (96%) of households consume 2- 3 meals per day. Food prices for major staples, bananas, maize, beans cassava, sweet potatoes are stable though for commodities like beans and maize prices are declining. Commodity prices are likely to increase moderately in October as first season harvest stocks decrease. However due to the early harvests expected (as second season rain onset has been early than expected) food prices are likely to start easing as fresh/new harvests begin around November/December thereby improving access.


61 % depend on improved drinking water sources, 64-91 percent and 72-95 percent of the rural and urban population, respectively, have access to water, Improved sanitation and reduced disease incidence will maintain sufficient food utilization Government and NGOS are implementing programs in safe water supply; this will improve safe water coverage. These initiatives are also happening in the refugee settlements in Isingiro districts Per capita calorie intake per day is 2,238 kcal pp/day with 54.8 percent of the

the average dietary diversity score is 4.3. About 15 percent of the population have borderline consumption while less than 3 percent of households have poor food consumption. The percentage of people that are energy deficient stands at 46 percent. Low dietary diversity is a problem in this region.

Food consumption situation is likely to improve due to intervention by OPM in partnership with USAID and local governments in nutrition programs. Food consumption may not change in the short term and the population needs training on balanced diet and backyard farming.

61 percent of the population have acess to improved drinking water sources. Government and NGOS are implementing programs on safe water supply.


51

Stunting in the region is highest standing at 42 percent as compared to the national average of 34 percent. Vitamin A supplementation is the lowest at 61 percent compared to the national average. The main causes of morbidity are fever (37 percent) followed by diarrhoea (31 percent), acute respiratory infection (30 percent) and bloody diarrhoea (19 percent). While food availability and access are expected to be favourable, nutrition programmes by government and NGOs are likely to improve nutrition indicators among children below 5 years of age and women of reproductive age.

2.8.6 Stability

The sub-region has stable food supply. The new harvests will consolidate food stability for the region as both food availability and access are expected to remain fairly stable. No conflict is expected in the region although the community and feeder roads are expected to deteriorate with the peak rains in October and November.


No livelihood changes have occurred. No livelihood changes are expected in the next 3 months


The region was classified phase 1 (minimal food insecurity).

52

Table 12: Classification Conclusions and Justification for South Western Region


Est. pop % pop.

Justification

Est. pop % pop Justification


4,157,500 95 96% of households consume 2- 3 meals per day;64-91% and 72-95% of the rural and urban population, respectively have access to water Food intake per capita per day (2238 kcal).

4,072,461

95 Stable food availability and acess expected in the months to come

53

2 stressed

3,949,625 5 There are a few households whose average dietary diversity score (4.3) is still low, and others facing low levels of malnutrition of GAM (1.9); SAM (3.0) The households with high poverty levels and unable to access food from the market will have slightly inadequate food intake Some households lost their first season crop of Irish potatoes due to water logging in the low lying areas especially in Kabale

3,949,625 5 We expect the population in this phase not to change significantly as food harvests will be going on at this time of the year in December. However with the food security limiting factors of small land sizes, climatic hazards like flooding, mud slides, chronic malnutrition, a section of the population that is less than 5 percent will remain in Phase 2.

2.8.9 Current Humanitarian Assistance Impact: The following organizations are present in the region UNHCR, OPM, DLG Authorities, ACORD, ADRA, AHA, AIRD, FAO, Feed the Hungry, GOAL, HIJRA, ICRC,LWF, MTI, UNFPA, UNICEF, URCS, WFP, WHO, IOM and the PCU/FIDA. are only operating in Isingiro District among the resettled refugee camps where food relief, immunization and provision of basic necessities are given.



There were average harvests from the first season which are maintaining sufficient food stocks at both households and market levels. Normal livelihood activities are being pursued by people and obtaining normal seasonal incomes that can be used to purchase food however Crop Pests and Diseases are factors affecting food security . The diseases include BBW, Cassava mosaic which spread during the rainy season reduce yields. Small land holdings due to the high population density limit the acreage planted. At household level there is low dietary diversity in the region


54

Crop Diseases, especially Banana Bacterial Wilt (BBW), Maize Lethal Necrosis, Cassava Mosaic Disease

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Winds and Hailstones Water logging

2.9 WESTERN REGION 2.9.1 Brief Area and Livelihood Description

The region is highly varied in terms of livelihood zones (12), ethnicity, climate and relief. It is composed of twelve districts namely: Buliisa, Bundibudyo, Hoima, Kabarole, Kamwenge, Kasese, Kibaale, Kiryandongo, Kyengegwa, Kyenjojo, Masindi, and Ntoroko. It is bordered in the north by the River Nile and runs along the western border with DR Congo. In the East, it is bordered by the Central Region of Uganda. In the south, it is bordered by South Western Zone. The major natural physical features are the highland areas of Ruwenzori and the western arm of the East African Rift Valley. It has major lakes like Albert, George, Edward and over 50 small crater lakes. The region has major rivers like Kafu, Semliki, Mpanga, Muzizi, Nkuse that feed into most regions fresh water bodies and swamps. The region largely receives a bi-modal type of rainfall There are also national parks, game and forestry reserves like Rwenzori, Semliki, Queen Elizabeth, Murchison Falls, Kaiso-Toonya Game Reserve and Budongo, Bugoma respectively. The main economic activities are diary, beef, coffee, cassava, Irish Potatoes, bananas, fish, rice, maize, sweet potatoes, tea, cotton, legumes, pulses, cocoa, tobacco, sugar cane, mining cobalt, cement, oil, limestone, timber and other forest products. According to UBOS estimates, the current population in the area is 4,725,005 (UBOS. Projections). An estimated 29,848 refugees from Southern Sudan are present in this region especially in Kiryandongo district.

2.9.2 Hazard and Vulnerability:

Flooding and Hail Storm: In this region, adequate rains were received during the first season which has continued into the second season 2014 in the Western region only Kasese district experienced an early onset of a dry spell in May 2014 and flooding and silting of river beds. With the weather projection for December 2014, it is expected that good harvests will be realised. Hail storms destroyed crop fields (beans, cassava, maize, in Kibaale (Kyakabadiima, Kyenzige, Burora, Mabale, Kakindo) at the onset of

55

the rainy season affecting 1,302 households (6,754people). Floods and associated hazards (in Ntoroko and Kasese) are expected in the next 3 months.

Crop and Livestock diseases: High prevalence of BBW, CBSD and CMD for cassava. Black Quarter, Rabies, Foot and Mouth Disease, Flukes impact on livestock production and level of incomes. Routine control of crop and animal pests and diseases is on-going. Their effects, therefore, will not be significant on food production.

Human diseases: Malaria prevalence has significantly reduced because of resettlement of the refugees except in a few areas; measles outbreaks in Kabarole and Hoima; Ebola outbreak in neighbouring DRC is a big threat to the region. Intensified immunization against measles is on-going. Awareness and preparedness for Ebola outbreaks is on a high alert. The human diseases are being monitored and control. Pests and diseases in crops and livestock are being controlled through sensitizations, training, treatment and vaccination respectively. Waterborne diseases are expected to increase due to likely flush floods in Kasese, Ntoroko and Bundibugyo. Disease prevalence among the refugee population is high with 61.2 percent malaria, 50 percent diahorea and 73.5 percent ARI. .


Crop Production: Currently cereal crops (maize, rice, millet, sorghum) have been planted and are now being weeded There is continued production and supply of bananas, beans, cassava, Irish/Sweet potatoes, fruits and leafy vegetables, milk, livestock products in the region. There is stable supply of a variety of foods in markets with prices dropping slightly by about 10 percent (as compared to same time last year) except for Kasese (Busongora County) where prices are increasing (by 10 percent) due to a crop failure in the 1st season and a high market demand from Rwanda & DRC. Marketing of cash crops/products including tea, cocoa, coffee, tobacco and honey is in progress. Prices for livestock and livestock products have been fairly stable. Food consumption: More than 95 percent of the population are taking 2-3 meals per day. Harvests of the 1st season crops (e.g. maize, beans and peas, Irish/sweet potatoes) are still available at household level. Perennial crops (bananas, cassava, yams) are sufficiently available in gardens allowing piece meal harvests Fish supplies are still scarce on the local markets leading to high prices. As fresh harvest comes and steady rains continue adequate food will be available in the next three months. However, with peak rains, there is a possibility of having poor road

56

network which would affect market access in the rural communities by livestock farmers in Kamwenge, Ntoroko, Kyegegwa, Buliisa and parts of Hoima.

Dietary Diversity: There are a number of food groups consumed in the region, Cereals, pulses and vegetables are eaten almost daily while animal protein is consumed not more than twice per week Generally, there is adequate food at household level and in markets except in areas affected by early onset of the dry season. Kasese is currently getting food supplies from neighbouring districts (mainly Kibaale, Kyenjojo [for cassava and Maize] and Kabarole [bananas and vegetables]).

The more than half of the refugee population (56.3 percent) in this region experience an acceptable food consumption, however 20.7 and 23 percent have poor food and borderline food consumption respectively.

Food Access: There is adequate food access (directly from gardens/stores or markets) by a larger proportion (over 95%) of the population (in all categories and classes of people) in the region. The impact of poor road network is affecting prospecting farmers who look out for better prices to get better incomes.

The existence of food markets in all sub-counties allows access to markets. Markets are on average within 10Km. However, the high cost of public transport makes access possible mainly for the better off and middle class.. However, the poor state of feeder and community access roads hampers market access by farmers who are far deep in the villages. An estimated 3.1 percent of the population spend over 75 percent of their income on food . Food is available in markets and will continue to be avaialble at household level in the next three months.

There is a wide range of sustainable income sources at household level in the region (bananas, coffee, tea, sugarcane, cocoa, tobacco, honey, dairy and beef cattle, and a variety of seasonal/non-traditional cash crops (vegetables, beans, maize, etc), trade, casual labor (in plantation estates) and employment. Prices of basic commodities such as cereals and other foods have relatively reduced as compared to same time last year in local markets except in Kasese where prices have increased. Lower prices of maize have been observed in surveys conducted by INFOTRADE in September 2014 and FEWSNET in August, 2014. Food will continue to be available in markets and at household level in the next three months. Food prices may remain stable or slightly decrease further due to increased harvests.

57


Water access: 73 percent of the population have access to safe water. Sanitation coverage on average is 71.6 percent. Sanitation levels are lowest in Bundibugyo and Ntoroko. For the refugee population 38.5 percent do not have latrines and access less than the recommended amount of water at 11 litres per person per day. Both water access and dietary diversity are likely to remain the same


Stunting in the region is highest standing at 42 percent as compared to the national average of 34 percent. Vitamin A supplementation is the lowest at 61 percent compared to the national average. The main causes of Morbidity are fever (37 percent) followed by diarrhoea (31 percent), acute respiratory infection (30 percent) and bloody diarrhoea (19 percent). While food availability and access are expected to be favourable, nutrition programmes by government and NGOs are likely to improve nutrition indicators among children below 5 years of age and women of reproductive age. The GAM rate in the refugee settlement of Kiryandongo is very high at 24.1 percent higher than the 10 percent threshold and indicates a very poor nutrition situation.

2.9.6 Stability

Food situation in the region is generally stable much as the region depends on rain-fed agriculture and experienced irregular rains in the last 2 years. However, there are a few small pockets of Kasese (in Busongora) with transient food shortages as a result of the dry spells in that area. Short seasonal food insecurity normally occurs in between seasons where communities take on coping strategies (reduced number of meals, wild food, and resort to famine reserved foods like yams, cassava and bananas). This is short lived for about a month.


No livelihood changes have occurred. No livelihood changes are expected in the next 3 months 2.9.8 Overall food security situation

The region was classified phase 1 (minimal food insecurity) with exception of the refugee population that is stressed (phase 2).

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Table 13: Classification Conclusions and Justification for Western Region


Est. pop % pop.

Justification

Est. pop % pop

Justification


4,583,255 97 High consumption score; 2238 K Calories/day

Over 95% of the population takes more than 2 meals per day. Existence of wide range of sustainable source of income

4,485,005

95

Very slight increment in the consumption score, Over 95% of the population takes more than 2 meals per day. Existence of wide range of sustainable source of income.

2 stressed

49,613 1 Early onset of dry spell in Kasese.

Displaced by flush floods in Kasese (R. Nyamwamba & Nyamugasani).

150,000

3.2

Displacement of people by flush floods in Kasese (Rivers Nyamwamba,

Nyamugasanyi, Mubuku), Ntoroko (flat plains) & Bundibugyo

(Rivers Ndugutu, Semiliki, Nyahuka

3 Crisis 85,050* 2 Refugees in camps (Kiryandongo, Kyangwali, Kyaka II & Rwamwanja).

90,000 1.8 camps will remain for

the projected period i.e. Kiryandongo,

Kyangwali, Kyaka II & Rwamwanja.

*N.B. population not included in the population projections 2.8.9 Current Humanitarian Assistance Impact: The following organizations are present in the region Red Cross, OPM, UNICEF, UNHCR and WFP.



1. Effects of climate change on agricultural production which results into temporary unavailability of some/specific food items/supplies due to poor adaptation and resilience mechanisms.

60

2. Poor feeder and community access roads network mainly at peak rains (in the cattle corridor areas with pastoralists [Busongora, Ntoroko, Kyegegwa, Buseruka, Bullisa], livestock farmers, a few other families that may depend on markets because they are out-growers in plantation areas (tea and sugar estates; tobacco growing activities).

3. Despite having several food groups in the region, nutrition status of the under 5 children is low (42% stunting) due to negative culture/behaviour, lack of nutrition education and commercial or money minded attitude. Gender issues occur with focus on women and children.

4. Refugee influx in the area likely to affect services and food availability in the area as population has not started cultivating their own food .


Risk Factors to Monitor

Rainfall amounts - Flush floods & hail Storms (up to December, 2014 Market prices for the areas in Kasese where prices are tending to soar up (next 3

months) Disease incidents (FMD, Rabies, Measles, Cholera, Ebola, BBW, CBSD ( up to

December, 2014).

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ANNEX 1:LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

IPC NATIONAL WORKSHOP 8TH SEPTEMBER 2014

No. NAME INSTITUTION TELEPHONE E-M A I L

1. Reuben Aine URCS 0772-672105 [email protected]

2. Sabila Felix MAAIF 0782-246311 [email protected]

3. Deus Senzira N. MAAIF 0782-246311 [email protected]

4. Mbabazi M.C. MAAIF 0772-617197 [email protected]

5. Komakech Alfred Gulu DLG 0773-435858 [email protected]

6. Amwona Leo World Vision 0775-418601 [email protected]

7. Apio Robert Louis Aluge

Lira DLG 0772-331800 [email protected]

8. Ngura Jacob Apac DLG 0782-440359 [email protected]

9. Mugume B. Amos Kabarole DLG 0701-642294 [email protected]

10. Ssebbaale Edrisa Nakaseke DLG 0772-315314 [email protected]

11. Kaweesi Henry Nakasongola DLG

0772-894876 [email protected]

12. Egalu Selestine Amuria DLG 0782-137364 Egalu.selestine@yaoocom

13. Odeke Valdo Kumi DLG 0772463936

0752-463936

[email protected]

14. Dr. Kaziro Michael Amudat DLG 0751-529503

0782-529503

[email protected]

15. Tengei Mario Lokut

Nakapiripirit DLG


16. Okego Oscer Abim DLG 0772-996147 [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]











mailto:Egalu.selestine@yaoocom





62

17. Riisa Joshua Jefferson

Napak DLG 0772-823057 [email protected]

18. Dr. Otto Alfred Best

Kitgum DLG 0782-809459 [email protected]

19. Alule Justine Adjumani DLG 0774-940784 [email protected]

20 Freddie Kabango Masaka DLG 0704-160410 [email protected]

21. Mugarura Samuel FEWS NET 0772-439342 [email protected]

22. Okello J. Anthony Kitgum DLG 0782-929113 [email protected]

23. Edison Hilman Kabale DLG 0772-530041 [email protected]

24. Obai Isaac ACTED 0759-099393 [email protected]

25. Epilo James Katakwi 0788-236124 [email protected]

26. Achoboi John Kaabong DLG 0774-944303 [email protected]

27. Adey Michael FAO 0782-027815 [email protected]

28. Ssebudde James Mubende DLG 0772-632936 [email protected]

29. Egabu Joseph FAO Kotido 0772-952099 [email protected]

30 Dr. Eswagu Sam Nakasongola DLG


31. Edwin Rwemigabo

MAAIF 0785-286506 [email protected]

32. Nakuya Leticia MAAIF 0782-171173 [email protected]

33. Bishaka Edmund Bundibugyo DLG

0772-514818

0701-574818

[email protected]

34. Mukasa S. Mabira Kayunga DLG 0772-460235 [email protected]

35. Ngabo Charles MAAIF 0774-502274

36. Kitoosi Jonathan MAAIF 0704-994320


















63

37. Mateeba Tim MOH 0712-861959 [email protected]

38. Hakuza A. MAAIF 0772-479309 [email protected]

39. Brian Musaga SSP-MUK 0701-629768 [email protected]

40. Steven Kataana MAAIF 0701-188994 [email protected]

41. Okwii Francis Moroto DLG 0782-013390 Okwii.francis@yahoo

42. Stella Ssengendo FAO 0772-419649 [email protected]

43. Kirungi Raymond OPM 0782-056754 [email protected]

44. Namubiru Sarah Luwero DLG 0772-862279 [email protected]

45. Ayo J. Peter Mbale DLG 0772-903974 ayoabgela@yahoo,com

46. Dr. Kajura Charles Hoima DLG 0772-640527 [email protected]

47. Bakole Stephen Yumbe DLG 0774-886250 [email protected]

48. Tumwesigye Robert

Mbarara DLG 0782-609981 [email protected]

49. Senkunda Samuel UNMA 0712-810750 [email protected]

50. Rashid Ssebyala MAAIF 0782-869688 [email protected]

[email protected]

51. Ocheng Bradford Kotido DLG 0774-451074 [email protected]

52. Bazalak Sully Nantatya

Iganga DLG 0772-593773

0701593773

[email protected]

53. Obbo James MAAIF 0781-562240 [email protected]

54. Dr. Mukasa MAAIF 0772-696680 [email protected]



mailto:Okwii.francis@yahoo













64

ANNEX 2

References 1. Karamoja Livelihood Zone Report (November. 2013);source FAO and FEWSNET

2. Karamoja Food Security Assessment (June 2014) ; source : UNICEF and WFP

3. Uganda Demographic projections 2007-2017 ;source : UBOS

4. Food security assessment among Sudanese Refuges (UNICEF, MUISPH March 2014)

5. District reports provided by the DAO, DVO and DHO of districts in attendance.

6. Water Sector Performance Report SPR 2013,Ministry of water and Environment.

7. Quarterly Food Security & Nutrition Bulletin, Analysis, Monitoring and Evaluation Unit, WFP Uganda

8. Weather forecast Uganda National Meteorology Authority , Ministry of water and Environment.

9. FMD situation January to june 2014. FAO-The Crisis Management Centre (CMC-AH)

10. WFP Comprehensive food security and vulnerability analysis-Uganda (CFSVA) 2013

11. FEWSNETUGANDA Food Security Outlook, October 2013

12. UBOS Statistical Abstract 2013

ipc report for uganda_sept 2014.pdf

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