ip33520 - power, conflict and development in africa · ip33520 power, conflict and development in...

Adran Gwleidyddiaeth Ryngwladol Prifysgol Aberystwyth

Department of International Politics Aberystwyth University, SY23 3FE

Ffôn/Tel: +44 (0) 1970 622702 Ffacs/Fax: +44 (0) 1970 622709

E-bost: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Gwefan/Website: www.aber.ac.uk/interpol/

IP33520 - Power, Conflict and Development in Africa

Semester Two, 2011-2012

Module Handbook

Adran Gwleidyddiaeth Ryngwladol The Department of International Politics

Prifysgol Aberystwyth Aberystwyth University

2

IP33520 Power, Conflict and Development in Africa Module convenor: Dr Carl Death Email: [email protected] Many of our images of Africa are of famine, corruption, civil war and ethnic hatred. While there is no denying the prevalence of deprivation and violence on the continent, these images often obscure more than they reveal about contemporary African politics. Africa is also a place of dynamic change and of economic, political and cultural transformations, as evidenced by the transitions to multi-party democracy across the continent in the 1990s, the post-apartheid transformation of South Africa, and the launch of the revamped African Union (AU) and the New Partnership for Africa‟s Development (NEPAD). This module provides students with the theoretical and conceptual tools for analysing recent developments in sub-Saharan Africa, and covers some of the main debates and issues in the study of politics on the continent. It draws on examples and case studies from a wide range of countries, and students are encouraged to develop their knowledge of both continent-wide trends, and specific countries and regions. The module is roughly divided into two parts. Lectures 1-7 address continuities in African politics, such as the colonial legacy, the African state, conflict and corruption. Lectures 8-16 address more recent changes including democratization, development partnerships, and rising powers and a „new scramble‟ for African resources. Common themes across these topics include a focus on the relationship between state and society, as well as between domestic and international politics. The module is also broadly informed by postcolonial approaches to international relations, and seeks to address the role of Western societies and lifestyles in reproducing aspects of African underdevelopment and political life, as well as the importance of „African‟ realities and stereotypes for Western identities. The module examines the difficulties of establishing political legitimacy and constructing nation-states in the emergence from colonialism, when African countries were in many respects states before they were nations. The topics covered include the various results of the state‟s quest for hegemony, most notably neo-patrimonialism, clientelism, and authoritarianism. We explore the prevalence of conflict and critically evaluate contemporary explanations of conflict, warlordism and „state collapse‟. The module seeks to illustrate the inter-linkages of domestic and international politics by showing how global forces influence African state-society relations, for example through structural adjustment programmes, the end of the cold war, and „the war on terrorism‟. The module also investigates the response of African societies to state politics, including the „wave of democratisation‟ on the continent. Special attention is focused on the transition to democracy in South Africa, and the search for reconciliation and transformation in the post-apartheid period. The „new politics‟ of development are assessed critically, including poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs), the Millennium Development Goals, participatory development programmes, transboundary environmental governance, NEPAD and the African Union. The module ends by considering what factors are likely to shape Africa‟s immediate and medium term future, including mineral-led economic growth, Chinese investment, and climate change.

mailto:[email protected]



3

Objectives

On completion of the module, students should be able to

identify the main challenges to state- and nation-building in sub-Saharan Africa

explain the development and prevalence of neo-patrimonialism, clientelism, and authoritarianism on the continent

critically assess the extent to which recent transitions to democracy, as well as other developments in African politics, have transformed state-society relations

account for instances of conflict and state collapse on the continent

describe some of the ways in which global forces impact on domestic state-society relations

critically evaluate the role of Western societies in producing postcolonial African politics

apply the general concepts and theories of African politics to specific empirical examples

Teaching Methods

The module consists of 16 lectures and 8 seminars. In seminars students are expected to take an active part in discussions and will be asked to talk about the readings they have done in small groups or to the whole class. It is essential that students prepare in advance of the seminars, and select and read relevant literature suggested in the reading list.

Reading

There is no textbook that covers the entire module, but the books listed below offer a useful and informative introduction to the topics discussed. Students are advised to buy one of these. In addition, a STUDYPACK containing a number of the essential readings is available for purchase before the start of term. As far as possible, the articles on the reading list are available on the internet or through the Voyager catalogue. NOTE: Between the textbooks, the studypack and internet access to journal articles, there is NO excuse for being unprepared for seminar discussions! Every student will be asked in every seminar what they have read, and should be prepared to give a short summary of their reading.



4

The studypack The studypack contains key readings from books in short supply or not available in the Hugh Owen. It contains the following pieces:

1. Mamdani, M. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism, (London; James Currey, 1996), Chapter 3.

2. Davidson, B. The Black Man’s Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation-State, (Oxford; James Currey, 1992), Chapter 6.

3. Blundo, G. and De Sardan, J.P.O. „Everyday corruption in West Africa‟, in G. Blundo and J.P.O. de Sardan (eds) Everyday Corruption and the State: Citizens and Public Officials in Africa (London; Zed, 2006).

4. Bratton, M. & van de Walle, N. Democratic Experiments in Africa, (Cambridge; CUP, 1997), Chapter 2: Neopatrimonial Rule in Africa.

5. Ayoade, J.A.A. „States without Citizens: An Emerging African Phenomenon‟, in D. Rothchild and N. Chazan (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, (Boulder; Westview, 1988).

6. Clapham, C. Africa and the International System: The politics of state survival, (Cambridge; CUP, 1996), chapter 6.

7. Van de Walle, N. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979-1990, (Cambridge; CUP, 2001), chapter 5 „The Crisis and Foreign Aid‟.

8. Aké, C. „The Democratisation of Disempowerment in Africa‟, in J. Hippler (ed) The Democratisation of Disempowerment: the problem of democracy in the Third World, (London; Pluto, 1995).

9. Gould, J. „Poverty, Politics and States of Partnership‟, in J. Gould (ed.) The New Conditionality: The Politics of Poverty Reduction Strategies, (London; Zed Books, 2005)

10. Collier, P. „Doing Well out of War: An Economic Perspective‟, in M. Berdal and D. M. Malone (eds) Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 2000).

11. Zartman, W. Collapsed States: The disintegration and restoration of legitimate authority, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1995), Chapter 1.

12. Iliffe, J. A Modern History of Tanganyika, (Cambridge; CUP, 1979), chapter 10: „The creation of tribes‟.

13. Cornelissen, S. et al (eds.) Africa and International Relations in the 21st Century, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), introduction.



5

General texts (recommended for purchase, as an introduction to the course): Thomson, A. An Introduction to African Politics, (London; Routledge, 2010). Parker, J. and Rathbone, R. African History: A Very Short Introduction, (Oxford; OUP, 2007). The following general texts are also useful for many topics, or as background: Bayart, J.-F. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, (London; Longman, 1993). Chabal, P. and Daloz, J.-P. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, (Oxford; James Currey,

1999). Chazan, N., Lewis, P., Mortimer, R., Rothchild, D. and Stedman, S.J. Politics and Society in

Contemporary Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1999). Clapham, C. Africa and the International System: The politics of state survival, (Cambridge; CUP,

1996). Cooper, F. Africa since 1940: The Past of the Present, (Cambridge; CUP, 2002). Deegan, H. Africa Today: Culture, economics, religion, security, (Abingdon; Routledge, 2009). Englebert, P. State Legitimacy and Society in Contemporary Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner,

2002). Gordon, A.A. and Gordon, D.L. Understanding Contemporary Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner,

2007). Harrison, G. Issues in the Contemporary Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa, (Basingstoke; Palgrave,

2002). Hyden, G. African Politics in Comparative Perspective, (Cambridge; CUP, 2006). Iliffe, J. Africans: The History of a Continent, (Cambridge; CUP, 2007). Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N. (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, (Boulder;

Westview, 1988). Tordoff, W. Government and Politics in Africa, (Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2002). Van de Walle, N. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979-1990,

(Cambridge; CUP, 2001). Zack-Williams, T., Frost, D. & Thomson, A. Africa in Crisis: New Challenges and Possibilities,

(London; Pluto, 2002). General textbooks on Third World Politics (good background reading, especially if you have not taken Introduction to the Third World in the first year): Burnell, P. and Randall, V. Politics in the Developing World, (Oxford; OUP, 2005). Calvert, P. and Calvert, S. Politics and Society in the Developing World, (Harlow: Pearson, 2001). Clapham, C. Third World Politics: An Introduction, (London; Routledge, 1990). Handelman, H. The Challenge of Third World Development, (Upper Saddle River, NJ; Pearson

Prentice Hall, 2006). Migdal, J.S. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in

the Third World, (Princeton; PUP, 1988). There are many more in the library – check them out and let me know if you find any that are particularly useful.



6

NOVELS: Africa has a rich literary tradition. Often novels can teach us as much about life, politics and society as academic texts, and you are advised explore this aspect of Africa in your spare time. Below are a few favourites: Chinua Achebe (Nigeria) Things Fall Apart A Man of the People Anthills of the Savannah Ngugi wa Thiong‟o (Kenya) Petals of Blood Matigari The Devil on the Cross Mariama Ba (Senegal) So Long a Letter Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (Nigeria) Purple Hibiscus Half of a Yellow Sun T. Dangarembgra (Zimbabwe) Nervous Condition Camara Laye (Guinea) The African Child Ayi Kwei Armah (Ghana) The Beautyful Ones are not Yet Born Binyavanga Wainaina (Kenya) One day I will write about this place J.M. Coetzee (South Africa) Waiting for the Barbarians Disgrace Nadine Gordimer (South Africa) Get a Life Guest of Honour Andre Brink (South Africa) A Dry White Season Wole Soyinka (Nigeria) The burden of memory, the muse of forgiveness J.E. Agualusa (Angola) The Book of Chameleons Other Ryszard Kapuściński The Shadow of the Sun: My African Life Charles Larson Under African Skies: Modern African Stories



7

THE WEB: The World Wide Web now contains many useful sources of information on politics in Africa. In order to relieve the pressure on library resources and practice your research skills, you should make the most of the web, which is also much more up-to date than many books and journal articles. You can also read daily newspapers from a number of African countries on the Web. The following websites are good starting points. You will undoubtedly find many more during your research: News and country information: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office: www.fco.gov.uk FCO Africa country advice: http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/ Pambazuka news: www.pambazuka.org BBC Africa: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/africa/ www.oneworld.net http://allafrica.com/ Third World Network: http://www.twnside.org.sg/ Organisations and research institutions: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa: www.codesria.org The Royal African Society: www.royalafricansociety.org Institute of Security Studies: www.iss.co.za World Development Movement: www.wdm.org.uk The Nordic Africa Institute: http://www.nai.uu.se/ The UN: www.un.org The World Bank: www.worldbank/org The Africa Union: www.africa-union.org NEPAD: www.nepad.org The Commission for Africa: http://www.commissionforafrica.info/ Afrobarometer survey data: http://www.afrobarometer.org/ International Crisis Group http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1098&l=1 Africa Spectrum http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/afsp Democracy in Africa http://www.democracyinafrica.co.uk The National Library: The National Library houses a number of resources not found in the Hugh Owen, including reference works like Africa South of the Sahara, The Africa Review and Africa Research Bulletin. All students can obtain a reader‟s ticket, so please make use of this excellent library and wonderful reading room.

http://www.fco.gov.uk/

http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/

http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/

http://www.pambazuka.org/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/africa/

http://www.oneworld.net/

http://allafrica.com/

http://www.twnside.org.sg/

http://www.codesria.org/

http://www.royalafricansociety.org/

http://www.iss.co.za/

http://www.wdm.org.uk/

http://www.nai.uu.se/

http://www.un.org/

http://www.worldbank/org

http://www.africa-union.org/

http://www.nepad.org/

http://www.commissionforafrica.info/

http://www.afrobarometer.org/

http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1098&l=1

http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/afsp

http://www.democracyinafrica.co.uk/



8

ASSESSMENT AND ESSAY QUESTIONS The module is assessed on the basis of a one short report and two essays. The report accounts for 20 percent of the total mark, and the essays for 40 percent each. The maximum length of the report is 1,000 words, while the essays should be no more than 2,500 words. Both should be based on individual research, and in addition to the suggested reading students are expected to make full use of the specialised journals in the library as well as on the web. The deadline for the report is 20th February 2012. The deadline for the 1st essay is 22nd March 2012. The deadline for the 2nd essay is 3rd May 2012. For all pieces of work upload an electronic copy onto Blackboard by 2.30pm and submit a hard copy by 4.30pm. Please see further guidelines on the Department website. The Report The Foreign Affairs Committee in Parliament frequently travels abroad in order to gather evidence for its inquiries. Members need to be armed with a short country brief for these visits. Imagine that the Committee is shortly to visit a country of your choice in Africa. You have been asked to prepare the brief. Your task is to write a country briefing note explaining a key issue (or set of linked issues) for UK parliamentarians before they visit the country. It should be specific, detailed, and accessible. The brief – no more than 1,000 words – does not set out a suggested programme of meetings, nor can it provide a comprehensive history of the country, or survey of its politics. Instead it should be a guide for parliamentarians about the subjects they might want to raise in the course of the visit (limit yourself to one key topic, or several linked topics), with some indication of the likely stance of key domestic figures, parties or institutions on these issues. It should be concise but comprehensive, well researched but readily accessible by the parliamentarians (some of whom might have no knowledge of the country). It can contain focused background information about areas relevant to the key topics you have selected, and should note any issues of vital importance regarding the country‟s relationship with Britain, where relevant. You may use any source of information available to you, and your sources should be made clearly evident in a short bibliography appended to the report (which is not included in the word count). It is designed for a policy audience, not an academic audience, however. (NOTE: This is drawn from an actual written exercise given to applicants for the post as committee specialist with the Foreign Affairs Committee)



9

The First Essay (due 22 March 2012) Choose one of the titles listed below. Use examples to illustrate your answer.

1. To what degree does the colonial legacy still hang over African politics? 2. How far did African nationalists succeed in „nation building‟? 3. What do you understand by the phrase „a moral economy of corruption‟? 4. “Europeans believed Africans belonged to tribes; Africans built tribes to belong to.” Critically

discuss this statement. 5. How can the frequency of conflict in Africa be best explained? 6. Are African states fundamentally different to states elsewhere in the world?

The Second Essay (due 3 May 2012)

1. What impact did a) the Cold War OR b) structural adjustment programmes have on state-society relationships in Africa?

2. What have been the successes and limitations of the democratisations of the 1990s in Africa?

3. Critically analyse the implications of transnational development partnerships in Africa. 4. How appropriate is the phrase „a new scramble for Africa‟ in describing competition for

African resources? 5. Tony Blair described Africa as “a scar on the conscience of the world” (2001). Is this typical

of how Africa tends to be represented in mainstream discourses of international politics? 6. CHOOSE YOUR OWN TITLE. You must confirm this title with me, in writing, by 30 March

2012.



10

Course overview Lectures

1. Introduction 2. Colonialism and its Legacies 3. African Nationalism, Class and Gender 4. The Postcolonial State 5. Corruption and neo-Patrimonialism 6. The Politics of Ethnicity 7. The Political Economy of War 8. Africa and the International I (Cold War to 9/11) 9. Poverty and Structural Adjustment 10. The Third Wave of Democracy 11. Reconciliation and Transformation in the Rainbow Nation 12. Africa and the International II (post 9/11) 13. Partnerships and the Politics of PRSPs 14. Trans-boundary Conservation in Africa 15. A new scramble for Africa? 16. Conclusion

Seminar Programme The seminars will require active student participation and thorough preparation. See pages 27-30 of the handbook.

1. Introduction 2. The Colonial Legacy 3. Corruption 4. The Politics of Ethnicity 5. Conflict and the Failed State 6. Democracy and „the Revenge of Civil Society‟ 7. Development and Aid 8. Reading and writing African Politics



11

Lecture Programme and List of Readings Lecture 1: Introduction Have a look at one (or more) of the following. There will be a quiz on „Africa‟ in the lecture! Chazan, N. Lewis, P., Mortimer, R., Rothchild, D. and Stedman, S.J. Politics and Society in

Contemporary Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1999), chapter 1: Introduction. Deegan, H. Africa Today: Culture, economics, religion, security, (Abingdon; Routledge, 2009),

chapter 1: Past and present. Parker, J. and Rathbone, R. African History: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford; OUP, 2007),

chapter 1: The idea of Africa. Thomson, A. An Introduction to African Politics (London; Routledge, 2010), chapter 1: Introduction.



12

Lecture 2: Colonialism and its Legacies Essential: Parker, J. and Rathbone, R. African History: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford; OUP, 2007),

chapter 5: Colonialism in Africa. Thomson, A. An Introduction to African Politics (London; Routledge, 2010), chapter 2: History. Recommended: Ahluwalia, P. Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections, (London; Routledge, 2001). Anderson, D. Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire, (London:

Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005). Boahen, A. African Perspectives on Colonialism, (London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987). Cooper, F. Africa since 1940, (Cambridge; CUP, 2002), chapters 2, 3, 4. Freund, B. The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society Since 1800,

(Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1998), in particular chapters 5, 6, 7 & 9. Gifford, P. & Louis, W. Decolonisation and African Independence: The Transfer of Power 1960-1980, (New Haven; Yale, 1988). Hargreaves, J.D. Decolonization in Africa, (London; Longman, 1980). Mamdani, M. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism,

(London; James Currey, 1996). Migdal, J.S. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in

the Third World, (Princeton; PUP, 1988), Chapter 3: Laying the Basis for a Weak State: British Colonialism and the Fragmentation of Social Control in Sierra Leone.

Ranger, T. „The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa‟, in E. Hobsbawm & T. Ranger (eds) The Invention of Tradition, (Cambridge; CUP, 1983).

Ranger, T. „The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa‟, in T. Ranger & O. Vaughan (eds) Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth Century Africa, (Basingstoke; Macmillan, 1993).

Smith, T. „A Comparative Study of French and British Decolonisation‟, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 20(1), (1987), pp. 70-105.

Vail, L. The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa, (Berkeley; University of California, 1989). Young, C. „The Heritage of Colonialism‟, in J. W. Harbeson and D. Rothchild (eds) Africa in World

Politics: Post-Cold War Challenges, (Boulder; Westview, 1995). Young, C. „The African Colonial State and its Political Legacy‟, in D. Rothchild and N. Chazan (eds)

The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, (Boulder; Westview, 1988).



13

Lecture 3: African Nationalism, Class and Gender Essential: Davidson, B. The Black Man’s Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation-State, (Oxford; James

Currey, 1992), chapter 6 [STUDYPACK] Thomson, A. An Introduction to African Politics, (London; Routledge, 2010), chapters 3 & 5. Recommended: Anderson, B. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism,

(London; Verso, 1991), especially introduction, and chapters 1 & 2. Anderson, D. „Yours in the struggle for majimbo: nationalism and the party politics of decolonisation

in Kenya, 1955-64‟, Journal of Contemporary History, 40(3), (2005), pp. 547-64. Chazan, N. et al, Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1999),

chapters 3 & 4. Cohen, R. „Class in Africa: Analytical Problems and Perspectives‟, The Socialist Register, (1972),

pp. 231-255. Diamond, L. „Class Formation in the Swollen African State‟, Journal of Modern African Studies,

25(4), (1987), pp. 567-96. Fanon, F. „The Trials and Tribulations of National Consciousness‟, in F. Fanon, The Wretched of

the Earth, (London; Penguin, 2004). Fatton Jr, R. „Bringing the Ruling Class Back In: Class, State and Hegemony in Africa‟,

Comparative Politics, 20(3), (1988), pp. 253-264. Lal, P. „Militants, mothers, and the national family: Ujamaa, gender, and rural development in

postcolonial Tanzania‟, Journal of African History, 51(1), (2010), pp. 1-20. Lonsdale, J. „KAU‟s cultures: imaginations of community and constructions of leadership in Kenya

after the Second World War‟, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 1, (2000), pp. 107-24. Lonsdale, J. „Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya‟, The Journal of

African History, 31(3), (1990), pp. 393-421. Mkandawire, T. (ed.) African intellectuals: Rethinking politics, language, gender, and development,

(London; Zed Books, 2005), especially chapter 5. Seddon, D. and Zeilig, L. „Class and Protest in Africa: New Waves‟, Review of African Political

Economy, 32(103), (2005), pp. 9-27. Seekings, J. „Trade Unions, Social Policy & Class Compromise in Post-Apartheid South Africa‟,

Review of African Political Economy, 31(100), (2004), pp. 299-312. Sklar, R. „The Nature of Class Domination in Africa‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 17(4),

(1979), pp. 531-552. Tripp, A.M. „Women‟s Movements and Challenges to Neopatrimonial Rule: Preliminary

observations from Africa‟, Development and Change, 32(4), (2001), pp. 33-54. Yeros, P. (ed.) Ethnicity and nationalism in Africa: constructivist reflections and contemporary

politics, (Basingstoke; Macmillan, 1998), Chapter 4: Ethnicity and nationalism in the Horn of Africa.

Young, C. „The End of the Post-colonial State in Africa? Reflections on Changing African Political Dynamics‟, African Affairs, 103, (2004), pp. 23-50.



14

Lecture 4: The Postcolonial State Essential: Chazan, N. „State and Society in Africa: Images and Challenges‟, in D. Rothchild and N. Chazan,

The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, (Boulder; Westview, 1988), pp. 325-341.

Haynes, J. Third World Politics: A concise introduction, (Cambridge; Blackwell, 1996), chapters 2 and 5.

Hyden, G. African Politics in Comparative Perspective, (Cambridge; CUP, 2006), chapter 3. Recommended: Ayoade, J.A.A. „States without Citizens: An Emerging African Phenomenon‟, in D. Rothchild and N.

Chazan (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, (Boulder; Westview, 1988). [STUDYPACK]

Bayart, J.-F. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, (London; Longman, 1993). Bayart, J.-F. et al, The Criminalisation of the State in Africa, (Oxford: James Currey, 1999). Barkan, J.D. „The Rise and Fall of a Governance Realm in Kenya‟, in G. Hyden and M. Bratton

(eds) Governance and Politics in Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1992). Chabal, P. & Daloz, J-P. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, (Oxford; James Currey,

1999). Chazan, N. et al, Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1999),

chapter 2. Clapham, C. „Degrees of Statehood‟, Review of International Studies, 24, (1998), pp. 143-157. Comaroff, J.L. „Reflections on the Colonial State, in South Africa and Elsewhere: Factions,

Fragments, Facts and Fictions‟, Social Identities, 4(3), (1998), pp. 321-361. Dunn, K.C. „Madlib #32: The (Blank) African State: Rethinking the Sovereign State in International

Relations Theory‟, K. C. Dunn and T. M. Shaw (eds) Africa’s Challenge to International Relations Theory, (Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2001).

Ekeh, P. „Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement‟, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17(1), (1975), pp. 91-112.

Englebert, P. State Legitimacy and Society in Contemporary Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 2002).

Ferguson, J. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, (Durham; Duke University Press, 2006), chapter 4.

Hansen, T.B. and Stepputat, F. „Introduction: States of Imagination‟, in T. B. Hansen and F. Stepputat (eds) States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State, (Durham; Duke University Press, 2001).

Hopkins, A. G. „Quasi States, Weak States and the Partition of Africa‟, Review of International Studies, 26, (2000), pp. 311-320.

Jackson R. H. and Rosberg, C.J. „Why Africa‟s Weak States Persist: The Empirical and the Juridical in Statehood‟, World Politics, 35(1), (1982), pp. 1-24.

Smith, A. State and Nation in the Third World: The Western State and African Nationalism, (New York; St Martin‟s, 1983).

Tordoff W. Government and Politics in Africa (Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2002).



15

Lecture 5: Corruption and neo-Patrimonialism Essential: Blundo, G. and De Sardan, J.P.O. „Everyday corruption in West Africa‟, in G. Blundo and J.P.O. de

Sardan (eds) Everyday Corruption and the State: Citizens and Public Officials in Africa, (London; Zed, 2006), pp. 69-109 [STUDYPACK].

De Sardan, J.P.O. „A Moral Economy of Corruption in Africa?‟ Journal of Modern African Studies 37(1), (1999), pp. 25-52.

Thomson, A. An Introduction to African Politics, (London; Routledge, 2010), chapter 6. Recommended: Ayoade, J.A.A. „States without Citizens: An Emerging African Phenomenon‟, in D. Rothchild and N.

Chazan (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, (Boulder; Westview, 1988). [STUDYPACK]

Bayart, J.-F. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, (London; Longman, 1993), chapter 2. Bayart, J.-F. et al, The Criminalisation of the State in Africa, (Oxford: James Currey, 1999). Bratton, M. and van de Walle, N. Democratic Experiments in Africa, (Cambridge; CUP, 1997),

Chapter 2: Neopatrimonial Rule in Africa [STUDYPACK] Chabal, P. and J.-P. Daloz, Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, (Oxford; James Currey,

1999). Crook, R. „Patrimonialism, Administrative Effectiveness and Economic Development in Côte

d‟Ivoire‟, African Affairs, (1989), 88(351), pp. 205-228. Hope, K.R., and Chikulo, B.C. (eds) Corruption and Development in Africa: Lessons from Case

Studies, (Basingstoke; Macmillan, 1999). Hyden, G. African Politics in Comparative Perspective, (Cambridge; CUP, 2006), chapter 4. Jackson, R. H. and C.G. Rosberg, Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant,

(Berkley; University of California Press, 1982). Lawson, L. „The Politics of Anti-Corruption Reform in Africa‟, Journal of Modern African Studies,

47(1), (2009), pp. 73-100. Leys, C. „What is the problem about corruption?‟ Journal of Modern African Studies, 3(2), (1965),

pp. 215-230. Omobowale, A.O. and A.O. Olutayo, „Chief Lamidi Adeibu and Patronage Politics in Nigeria‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 45(3), (2007), pp. 425-446. Pitcher, A., M.H. Moran and M. Johnstone, „Rethinking patrimonialism and neopatrimonialism in

Africa‟, African Studies Review, 53(1), (2009), pp. 125-156. Reno, W. Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone, (Cambridge; CUP, 1995). Tangri, R. and Mwenda, A. „Politics, donors, and the ineffectiveness of anti-corruption institutions in

Uganda‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(1), (2006), pp. 101-124. Tangri, R. and Mwenda, A. „Corruption and Cronyism in Uganda‟s Privatization in the 1990s‟,

African Affairs, 100 (398), (2001), pp. 117-133. Taylor, S. D. „Divergent politico-legal responses to past presidential corruption in Zambia and

Kenya: catching the “big fish”, or letting him off the hook?‟, Third World Quarterly, 27(2), (2006), pp. 281-301.

Tripp, A. M. „Women‟s Movements and Challenges to Neopatrimonial Rule‟, Development and Change, 32(4), (2002), pp. 33-54.



16

Lecture 6: The Politics of Ethnicity Essential: Berman, B. J. „Ethnicity, Patronage and the African State: The Politics of Uncivil Nationalism‟,

African Affairs, 91, (1998), pp. 634-47. Iliffe, J. A Modern History of Tanganyika, (Cambridge; CUP, 1979), chapter 10: „The creation of

tribes‟. [STUDYPACK] Thomson, A. An Introduction to African Politics, (London; Routledge, 2010), chapter 4. Recommended: Ajulu, R. „Politicised Ethnicity, Competitive Politics and Conflict in Kenya: A Historical Perspective‟,

African Studies, 61(2), (2002), pp. 251-268. Banegas, R. „Cote d‟Ivoire: Patriotism, Ethnonationalism and Other African Modes of Self-

Writing‟, African Affairs, 105(421), (2006), pp. 535-552. Bayart, J.-F. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, (London; Longman, 1993), chapter 1. Braathen, E., Bøås M., and Saether, G. (eds) Ethnicity Kills? The Politics of War, Peace and

Ethnicity in Sub-Saharan Africa, (Basingstoke; Macmillan, 2000). Chazan, N. et al, Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1999),

chapters 3 & 4. Chossudovsky, M. „Economic Genocide in Rwanda‟, Economic and Political Weekly, 31(15),

(1996), pp. 938-941. Kagwanja, P. „Facing Mount Kenya or Facing Mecca? The Mungiki, Ethnic Violence and the Politics

of the Moi Succession in Kenya, 1987-2002‟, African Affairs, 102(406), (2003), pp. 25-49. Kagwanja, P. „Power to Uhuru: Youth Identity and Generational Politics in Kenya‟s 2002 Elections‟,

African Affairs, 105(418), (2005), pp. 51-75. Lake, D. and Rothchild, D. „Containing Fear: The Origin and Management of Ethnic Conflict‟,

International Security, 21(2), (1996), pp. 41-75. Lynch, G. „Negotiating Ethnicity: Identity Politics in Contemporary Kenya‟, Review of African

Political Economy, 107, (2006), pp. 49-65. Mamdani, M. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda,

(Oxford; James Currey, 2001). Melvern, L. A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda’s Tragedy, (London; Zed, 2000). Mueller, J. „The banality of ethnic war‟, International Security, 25(1), (2000), pp. 42-70. Prunier, G. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide, (Cambridge; CUP, 1995). Reyntjens, F. „Rwanda, Ten Years on: From Genocide to Dictatorship‟, African Affairs, 103(411),

(2004), pp. 177-210. Smith, Z.K. „The Impact of Political Liberalisation and Democratisation on Ethnic Conflict in Africa‟,

Journal of Modern African Studies, 38(1), (2000), pp. 21-40. Thompson, A. The Media and the Rwanda Genocide, (London; Pluto, 2007). Vail, L. (ed) The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa, (Oxford; James Currey, 1989). Welsh, D. „Ethnicity in Sub-Saharan Africa‟, International Affairs, 72(3), (1996), pp. 477-491. Yeros, P. (ed.) Ethnicity and nationalism in Africa: Constructivist reflections and contemporary

politics, (Basingstoke; Macmillan, 1998).



17

Lecture 7: The Political Economy of War Essential: Jackson, R. „Violent Internal Conflict and the African State: Towards a Framework of Analysis‟,

Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 20(2), (2002), pp. 29-52. Thomson, A. An Introduction to African Politics, (London; Routledge, 2010), chapter 7. Recommended: Ballentine, K. and Sherman, J. (eds) The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and

Grievance (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 2003), chapters 1, 2 and 3. Berdal, M. „Beyond Greed and Grievance – And not too soon…‟ Review of International Studies,

31(4), (2005), pp. 687-698. B s, M. and Dunn, K.C. African Guerillas: Raging against the machine, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner,

2007). Collier, P. „Doing Well out of War: An Economic Perspective‟, in M. Berdal and D. M. Malone (eds)

Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 2000). [STUDYPACK]

Collier P. and Hoeffler, A. „On the Incidence of Civil War in Africa‟, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(1), (2002), pp. 13-28.

Cramer, C. „Homo Economicus Goes to War: Methodological Individualism, Rational Choice and the Political Economy of War,‟ World Development, 30(11), (2002), pp. 1845-1864.

Hoffman, D. „The Civilian Target in Sierra Leone and Liberia: Political Power, Military Strategy and Humanitarian Intervention‟, African Affairs, 103, (2004), pp. 211-226.

Hoffman, D. „Disagreement: Dissent politics and the War in Sierra Leone‟, Africa Today, 52(3), (2006), pp. 3-22.

Howe, H. „Private Security and African Stability: The Case of Executive Outcomes‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 36(2), (1998), pp. 307-331.

Lawrence, P. „Collier on War and Peace: Statistics in Command‟, Review of African Political Economy, 111, (2007), pp. 168-175.

Le Billion, P. „Angola‟s Political Economy of War: The Role of Oil and Diamonds‟, African Affairs, 100(398), (2001), pp. 55-80.

McNulty, M. „The Collapse of Zaire: Implosion, Revolution or External Sabotage?‟ Journal of Modern African Studies, 37(1), (1999), pp. 53-82.

Reno, W. Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone, (Cambridge; CUP, 1995). Richards, P. Fighting for the Rain Forests: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone, (London;

IAI, 1996), Introduction and Chapter 1, in particular. Richards, P. „Video and Violence in the Periphery: Rambo and War in the Forests of Sierra Leone-

Liberia‟, IDS Bulletin 25(2), (1994), pp. 88-93. Richards, P. „New political violence in Africa: Secular sectarianism in Sierra Leone‟, GeoJournal,

47, (1999), pp. 433-442. Tull, D.M. „A Reconfiguration of Political Order? The State of the State in North Kivu (DR Congo)‟,

African Affairs, 102(408), (2003), pp. 429-446. Williams, P. War and Conflict in Africa, (London; Polity, 2011). Zack-Williams, A.B. „Sierra Leone: The Political Economy of Civil War 1991 – 1998‟, Third World

Quarterly, 20(1), (1999), pp. 143-162.



18

Lecture 8: Africa and the International I (Cold War to 9/11) Essential: Bayart, J.-F. „Africa in the World: A History of Extraversion‟, African Affairs, 99, (2000), pp. 217-267. Clapham, C. Africa and the International System: The politics of state survival, (Cambridge; CUP,

1996), chapter 1, 6 [STUDYPACK] and 10. Recommended: Ake, C. „The New World Order: A View From Africa‟, in H. Holm and G. Sorenson (eds), Whose

World Order? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War, (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 19-42.

Brown, W. „Africa and International Relations: A comment on IR theory, anarchy and statehood‟, Review of International Studies, 32(1), (2006), pp. 119-143.

Callaghy, T.M. „Africa and the World Political Economy‟, in J. W. Harbeson and D. Rothchild (eds) Africa in World Politics: Post-Cold War Challenges, (Boulder; Westview, 1995).

Chabal, P. and Daloz, J-P. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, (Oxford; James Currey, 1999), chapter 6.

Dawson, A. „New world disorder? Black Hawk Down and the eclipse of US military humanitarianism in Africa‟, African Studies Review, 54(2), (2011), pp. 177-194.

Doty, R. L. Imperial Encounters: The Politics of Representation in North-South Relations, (Minneapolis; University of Minnesota Press, 1996), chapter 7.

Dunn, K.C. and Shaw, T.M. (eds) Africa’s Challenge to International Relations Theory, (Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2001), chapters by Dunn, Grovogui, Swatuk and others.

Easterly, W.R. The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s efforts to aid the rest have done so much harm and so little good, (Oxford: OUP, 2007).

Goldsmith, A. A. „Sizing up the African State‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 38(1), (2000), pp. 1-20.

Gros, J.-G. „Towards a Taxonomy of Failed States in the New World Order: Somalia, Liberia, Rwanda and Haiti‟, Third World Quarterly, 17(3), (1996), pp. 455-71.

Jackson, R. The Global Covenant: Human conduct in a world of states, (Oxford; OUP, 2000), chapter 11: Failed States and International Trusteeship.

Keller, E. J. and Rothchild, D. (eds) Africa in the New International Order: Rethinking State Sovereignty and Regional Security, (Boulder; Lynne Rienne, 1996).

Migdal, J. S. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World, (Princeton; PUP, 1988).

Nkiwane, T.C. „Africa and International Relations: Regional Lessons for a Global Discourse‟, International Political Science Review, 22(3), (2001), pp. 279-290.

Nordstrom, C. „Out of the Shadows‟, in T. Callaghy, R. Kassimir, & R. Latham (eds) Interventions and Transnationalism in Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power, (Cambridge; CUP, 2001).

Taylor I. and Williams P. (eds) Africa in International Politics: External Involvement on the Continent, (London; Routledge, 2004), introduction and others.

Volman, D. „Africa and the New World Order‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 31(1), (1993), pp. 1-30.

Williams, S. Who Killed Hammarskjold? The UN, Cold War, and White Supremacy in Africa, (London: Hurst, 2011).



19

Lecture 9: Poverty and Structural Adjustment Essential: Freund, B. The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society Since 1800,

(Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1998), chapter 12. Hyden, G. African Politics in Comparative Perspective, (Cambridge; CUP, 2006), chapter 10. Thomson, A. An Introduction to African Politics, (London; Routledge, 2010), chapter 9. Recommended: Abrahamsen, R. Disciplining Democracy: Development Discourse and Good Governance in Africa,

(London; Zed, 2000), chapters 2 and 5. Appiah-Kubi, K. „State-Owned Enterprises and Privatisation in Ghana‟, Journal of Modern

African Studies, 39(2), (2001), pp. 197-229. Bratton, M. „Economic Crisis and Political Realignment in Zambia‟, in J. Widner (ed.) Economic

Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa, (Baltimore; John Hopkins University Press, 1994)

Chabal, P. and Daloz, J-P. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, (Oxford; James Currey, 1999), chapter 8.

Chossudovsky, M. The Globalisation of Poverty: Impacts of IMF and World Bank Reforms, (London; Zed, 1997).

Clapham, C. „Governmentality and Economic Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa‟, Third World Quarterly, 17(4), (1996), pp. 809-824.


Harrison, G. The World Bank and Africa: The construction of governance states, (London; Routledge, 2004).

Harrison, G. Neoliberal Africa: The impact of global social engineering, (London; Zed, 2010). Houngnikpo, M. C. Africa’s Elusive Quest for Development, (Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2006). Jones, B.G. „Africa and the Poverty of International Relations‟, Third World Quarterly, 26(6), (2005),

pp. 987-1003. Meager, K. „A Back Door to Globalisation? Structural Adjustment, Globalisation & Transborder

Trade in West Africa‟, Review of African Political Economy, 95, (2003), pp. 57-75. Moss, T. J. African Development: Making Sense of the Issues and Actors, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner,

2007). Mwenda, A and Tangri, R. „Patronage Politics, Donor Reforms, and Regime Consolidation in Uganda‟, African Affairs, 104(416), (2005), pp. 449-467. Plank, D. „Aid, Debt, and the End of Sovereignty‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 31(3), (1993),

pp. 407-430. van de Walle, N. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979-1990 (Cambridge;

CUP, 2001) Williams, G. „Why Structural Adjustment is Necessary and Why it Doesn‟t Work‟, Review of

African Political Economy, 21(60), (1994), pp. 214-235.



20

Lecture 10: The Third Wave of Democracy Essential: Bratton, M. & van de Walle, N. „Popular Protest and Political Reform in Africa‟, Comparative Politics,

24(4), (1992), pp. 419-442. Brown S. and Kaiser, P. „Democratisations in Africa: Attempts, hindrances and prospects‟, Third

World Quarterly, 28(6), (2007), pp. 1131-1149. Thomson, A. An Introduction to African Politics, (London; Routledge, 2010), chapter 11. Recommended: Abrahamsen, R. Disciplining Democracy: Good Governance and Development Discourse in Africa,

(London; Zed, 2000). Aké, C. „The Democratisation of Disempowerment in Africa‟, in J. Hippler (ed) The Democratisation

of Disempowerment: the problem of democracy in the Third World, (London; Pluto, 1995). [STUDYPACK]

Bratton, M. and Mattes, R. „Africans‟ Surprising Universalism‟, Journal of Democracy, 12(1), (2001), pp. 107-121.

Chabal, P. & Daloz, J-P. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, (Oxford; James Currey, 1999), chapter 3.

Diamond, L., Linz, J.J. & Lipset, S.M. (eds) Democracy in Developing Countries, (Volume 2: Africa), (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1988).

Englund, H. Prisoners of Freedom: Human Rights and the African Poor, (Berkley; University of California Press, 2006).

Fanthorpe, R. „On the Limits of Liberal Peace: Chiefs and Democratic Decentralization in Post-War Sierra Leone‟, African Affairs, 105(418), (2006), pp. 27-49.

Gibson, C.C. „Of Waves and Ripples: Democracy and Political Change in Africa in the 1990s‟, Annual Review of Political Science, 5, (2002), pp. 201-221.

Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.) Democratic Reform in Africa: The Quality of Progress, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 2004).

Hearn, J. „Aiding Democracy? Donors and Civil Society in South Africa‟, Third World Quarterly, 21(5), (2000), pp. 815 – 830.

Joseph, R. „Africa: The Rebirth of Political Freedom‟, Journal of Democracy, 2(4), (1991), pp. 11-24. Kasfir, N. (ed.) Civil Society and Democracy in Africa: Critical Perspectives, (London; Frank Cass,

1998). Lumumbia-Kasongo, T. Liberal Democracy and its Critics in Africa, (London; Zed Books, 2005). Nyamnjoh, F.B. Africa’s Media: Democracy and the Politics of Belonging, (London; Zed Books,

2005). Sandbrook, R. Closing the circle: Democratization and development in Africa, (London; Zed, 2000). Southall, R. „Democracy in Southern Africa: Moving Beyond a Difficult Legacy‟, Review of African

Political Economy, 96, (2003), pp. 255-272. van de Walle, N. „Presidentialism and Clientelism in Africa‟s Emerging Party System‟, Journal of

Modern African Studies, 41(2), (2003), pp. 297-321. Wilson, Z. The United Nations and Democracy in Africa: Labyrinths of Legitimacy, (London;

Routledge, 2006). Wiseman, J.A. (ed.) Democracy and Political Change in Africa, (London; Routledge, 1995).



21

Lecture 11: Reconciliation and Transformation in the Rainbow Nation Essential: Alence, R. „South Africa after Apartheid: The First Decade‟, Journal of Democracy, 15(3), (2004),

pp. 78-92. Habib, A. „State-Civil Society Relations in post-Apartheid South Africa‟, in J. Daniel, A. Habib and R.

Southall (eds) State of the Nation 2003-2004, (Cape Town; HSRC Press, 2003) – free download from http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2055&freedownload=1

Recommended: Bond, P. Elite transition: From apartheid to neoliberalism in South Africa, (London; Pluto, 2000). Buhlungu, S. et al (eds) State of the Nation: South Africa 2007, (Cape Town; HSRC Press, 2007),

http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2183&cat=17&page=1&featured Daniel, J. et al (eds) New South African Review 2: New Paths, Old Compromises, (Johannesburg;

University of the Witwatersrand Press, 2011). PP. 1-50 available at http://witspress.co.za/catalogue/new-south-african-review-2/

Deegan, H. South Africa Reborn: Building a New Democracy, (London; UCL Press, 1999). Glaser, D. „South Africa and the Limits of Civil Society‟, Journal of Southern African Studies, 23(1),

(1997), pp. 5-25. Glaser, D. Politics and Society in South Africa: A Critical Introduction, (London; Sage, 2001). Hansen, T. B. and Stepputat, F. (eds.) States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the

Postcolonial State, (Durham; Duke University Press, 2001), chapters by Jensen, Buur and Norval.

Iheduru, O.C. „Black Economic Power and Nation-building in Post-Apartheid South Africa‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 42(1), (2004), pp. 1-30.

Jordan, P. „The African National Congress: From Illegality to the Corridors of Power,‟ Review of African Political Economy, 100, (2004), pp. 203-212.

Lodge, T. „The ANC and the Development of Party Politics in Modern South Africa‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 42(2), (2004), pp. 189-219.

Mandela, N. Long Walk to Freedom, (London; Abacus, 1995). Mbeki, T. „I am an African‟ speech delivered in Cape Town (1996)

http://www.soweto.co.za/html/i_iamafrican.htm Meredith, M. Coming to terms: South Africa’s search for truth, (New York; Public Affairs, 1999). Ross, F. C. Bearing witness: Women and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa,

(London; Pluto, 2003). Sampson, A. Nelson Mandela: The authorized biography, (London: Harper Collins, 1999). Saul, J. S. „The Hares, The Hounds and the African National Congress: on Joining the Third World

in post-apartheid South Africa‟, Third World Quarterly, 25(1), (2004), pp. 73-86. Southall, R. (ed.) Opposition and democracy in South Africa, (London; Frank Cass, 2001). Sparks, A. Tomorrow is Another Country: The Inside Story of South Africa’s Road to Change,

(Chicago; University of Chicago Press, 1996). Vale, P. and Maseko, S. „South Africa and the African Renaissance‟, International Affairs, 74(2),

(1998), pp. 271-287. Worden, N. The Making of Modern South Africa, (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007).

http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2055&freedownload=1

http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2183&cat=17&page=1&featured

http://witspress.co.za/catalogue/new-south-african-review-2/

http://www.soweto.co.za/html/i_iamafrican.htm



22

Lecture 12: Africa and the International II (post-9/11) Essential: Abrahamsen, R. „A Breeding Ground for Terrorists? Africa and Britain‟s “War on Terrorism”‟, Review

of African Political Economy, 31(102), (2004), pp. 377-384. Cornelissen, S. et al (eds.) Africa and International Relations in the 21st Century, (Basingstoke:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), introduction. [STUDYPACK] De Waal, A. „What is New in „the New Partnership for Africa‟s Development‟? International Affairs,

78(3), (2002), pp. 463-475. Recommended: Abrahamsen, R. „Blair‟s Africa: The Politics of Securitisation and Fear‟, Alternatives, 30(1), (2005),

pp. 55-80. Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M.C. Security Beyond the State: Private Security in International

Politics, (Cambridge; CUP, 2011). Ajulu, R. „Thabo Mbeki‟s African Renaissance in a Globalising World Economy: The Struggle for the

Soul of the Continent‟, Review of African Political Economy, 28(87), (2001), pp. 27-42. Aluwalia, P. „The Struggle for African identity: Thabo Mbeki‟s African Renaissance‟, African and

Asian Studies, 1(4), (2002), pp. 265-277. Bilgin, P. & Morton, D. „Historicising Representations of “Failed States”: Beyond the Cold War

Annexation of the Social Sciences‟, Third World Quarterly, 23(1), (2002), pp. 55-80. Brown, W. „The Commission for Africa: Results and Prospects for the West‟s Africa Policy‟,

Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(3), (2006), pp. 349-374. Chabal, P. „The Quest for Good Government and Development in Africa: Is NEPAD the Answer?‟

International Affairs, 78(3), (2002), pp. 447-462. Commission for Africa, „Our Common Interest‟ (2005) and „Still Our Common Interest‟ (2010),

http://www.commissionforafrica.info/ Easterly, W.R. „How the Millennium Development Goals are unfair to Africa‟, World Development,

37(1), (2009), pp. 26-35. Ellis, S. & Killingray, D. „Africa after 11 September 2001‟, African Affairs, 101(402), (2002), pp. 5-8. Ferguson, J. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, (Durham; Duke University

Press, 2006), introduction. Furley, O. and May, R. Ending Africa’s Wars: Progressing to peace, (Aldershot; Ashgate, 2006). Hope, K.R. „From Crisis to Renewal: Towards a Successful Implementation of the New

Partnership for Africa‟s Development‟, African Affairs, 101(404), (2002), pp. 387-403. Mills, G. and Herbst, J. „Africa, Terrorism and AFRICOM‟, The RUSI Journal, 152, (2007), pp. 40-5. Rotberg, R. I. (ed.) When States Fail: Causes and Consequences, (Princeton; PUP, 2004). Tieku, T.K. „Explaining the Clash and Accommodation of Interests of Major Actors in the Creation of

the African Union‟, African Affairs, 103(411), (2004), pp. 249-267. Ukeje, C. Rethinking Africa’s Security in the Age of Uncertain Globalisation: NEPAD and Human

Security in the 21st Century, (2005) available at: http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/ukeje.pdf Zartman, W. Collapsed States: The disintegration and restoration of legitimate authority, (Boulder;

Lynne Rienner, 1995), Chapter 1 [STUDYPACK] and others.

http://www.commissionforafrica.info/

http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/ukeje.pdf



23

Lecture 13: Partnerships and the Politics of PRSPs Essential: Abrahamsen, R. „The Power of Partnerships in Global Governance‟, Third World Quarterly 25(8),

(2004), pp. 1453-1467. Gould, J. „Poverty, Politics and States of Partnership‟, in J. Gould (ed.) The New Conditionality: The

Politics of Poverty Reduction Strategies, (London; Zed Books, 2005) [STUDYPACK]. Recommended: Adés n , J.O. et al (eds) Africa and development challenges in the new millennium: The NEPAD

debate, (London; Zed, 2006). Ansoms, A. „How Successful is the Rwandan PRSP? Growth, Poverty and Inequality‟, Review of

African Political Economy, 34(112), (2007), pp. 371-379. Barnes, A. and G.W. Brown, „The idea of partnership within the Millennium Development Goals:

Context, Instrumentality, and the Normative Demands of Partnership‟, Third World Quarterly, 32(1), (2011), pp. 165-180.

Callaghy, T. „Networks and Governance in Africa: Innovations in the Debt Regime‟, in T. Callaghy, R. Kassimir, and R. Latham (eds) Interventions and Transnationalism in Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power, (Cambridge; CUP, 2001).

Cheru, F. „Building and Supporting PRSPs in Africa: What has worked well so far? What needs changing?‟ Third World Quarterly, 27(2), (2006), pp. 355-376.

Fraser, A. „PRSPs: Now Who Calls the Shots?‟ Review of African Political Economy, 32(104/5), (2005), pp. 317-340.

Gould, J. (ed.) The New Conditionality: The Politics of Poverty Reduction Strategies, (London; Zed Books, 2005), chapter 2 on Tanzania.

Harrison, G. „Post-Conditionality Politics and Administrative Reform: Reflections on the Cases of Uganda and Tanzania‟, Development and Change, 32(4), (2001), pp. 657-679.

Harrison, G. „Briefings: HIPC & the Architecture of Governance‟, Review of African Political Economy, 31(99), (2004), pp. 125-173.

Holtom, D. „The Challenge of Consensus Building: Tanzania‟s PRSP 1998 – 2001‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 45(2), (2007), pp. 233-251.

Kelsall, T. „Shop Windows and Smoke-filled Rooms: Governance and the re-politicisation of Tanzania‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 40(4), (2002), pp. 597-619.

Maxwell, S. and Christiansen, K. „Negotiation as Simultaneous Equation: Building a New Partnership with Africa‟, International Affairs, 78(3), (2002), pp. 477-491.

Mercer, C. „Performing Partnership: Civil Society and Illusions of Good Governance in Tanzania‟, Political Geography, 22, (2003), pp. 741-763.

PANOS, Reducing Poverty: Is the World Bank’s Strategy Working? (2002) Available at: http://www.panos.org.uk/?lid=290 Whitfield, L. „Trustees of Development from Conditionality to Governance: Poverty Reduction

Strategy Papers in Ghana‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 43(4), (2005), pp. 641-664. Whitfield, L. (ed), The Politics of Aid: African strategies for dealing with donors, (Oxford; OUP,

2009). Zack-Williams, T. and Mohan, G. „Africa from SAPs to PRSPs: Plus c‟est la meme chose‟,

Review of African Political Economy, 32(106), (2005), pp. 501-503.

http://www.panos.org.uk/?lid=290



24

Lecture 14: Trans-boundary Conservation in Africa Essential: Duffy, R. „The potential and pitfalls of global environmental governance: The politics of transfrontier

conservation areas in Southern Africa‟, Political Geography, 25, (2006), pp. 89-112. van Amerom, M. and Büscher, B. „Peace Parks in Southern Africa: Bringers of an African

Renaissance?‟ Journal of Modern African Studies, 43(2), (2005), pp. 159-182. Recommended: Algotsson, E. „Wildlife Conservation Through People-Centred Approaches to Natural Resource

Management Programmes and the Control of Wildlife Exploitation‟, Local Environment, 11(1), (2006), pp. 79-93.

Ali, S.H. (ed.) Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution, (Cambridge, MA; MIT Press, 2007), introduction and case studies.

Broch-Due, V. and R.A. Schroeder (eds) Producing Nature and Poverty in Africa, (Uppsala; Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2000).

Brockington, D. „The politics and ethnography of environmentalism in Tanzania‟, African Affairs, 105(418), (2006), pp. 97-116.

Brockington, D. and Scholfield, K. „The work of conservation organisations in sub-Saharan Africa‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 48(1), (2010), pp. 1-33.

Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J. L. „Naturing the Nation: Aliens, Apocalypse and the Postcolonial State‟, Journal of Southern African Studies, 27(3), (2001), pp. 627-651.

Duffy, R. „Non-governmental organisations and governance states: The impact of transnational environmental management networks in Madagascar‟, Environmental Politics, 15(5), (2006), pp. 731-749.

Dunn, K. C. „Contested State Spaces: African National Parks and the State‟, European Journal of International Relations, 15(3), (2009), pp. 423-466.

Ellis, S. „Of Elephants and Men: Politics and Nature Conservation in South Africa‟, Journal of Southern African Studies, 20(1) (1994), pp. 53-69.

Leach, M. and Mearns, R. (eds) The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment, (Oxford; James Currey, 1996).

Patel, Z. „Africa: A Continent of Hope?‟ Local Environment, 11(1), (2006), pp. 7-15. Ramphele, M. (ed.) Restoring the Land: Environment and Change in post-apartheid South Africa,

(London; Panos, 1993). Schroeder, R. A. „Geographies of Environmental Intervention in Africa‟, Progress in Human

Geography, 23(3), (1999), pp. 359-378. Sunseri, T. „“Something else to burn”: Forest squatters, conservationists and the state in modern

Tanzania‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 43(4), (2005), pp. 609-640. Wolmer, W. „Transboundary Conservation: The politics of ecological integrity in the Great Limpopo

Transfrontier Park‟, Journal of Southern African Studies, 29(1), (2003), pp. 261-278. Woodhouse, P. „Governance and Local Environmental Management in Africa‟, Review of African

Political Economy, 24(74), (1997), pp. 537-547.



25

Lecture 15: A new scramble for Africa? Essential: Friends of the Earth, Africa: Up for grabs? (Brussels; FoEE, 2010), available at

http://www.foei.org/en/resources/publications/pdfs/2010/africa-up-for-grabs/view Klare, M. and Volman, D. „America, China & the Scramble for Africa‟s Oil‟, Review of African

Political Economy, 108, (2006), pp. 297-309. Recommended: Abramovici, P. „United States: The New Scramble for Africa‟, Review of African Political Economy,

31(102), (2004), pp. 685-734. Alden, C. China in Africa, (London; Zed, 2007). Anderson, D.M. and A.J. Browne, „The politics of oil in eastern Africa‟, Journal of Eastern African

Studies, 5(2), (2011), pp. 369-410. Anseeuw, W. et al, Land Rights and the Rush for Land: Findings of the Global Commercial

Pressures on Land Research Project, (Rome; ILC, 2012), available at http://simas.org.ni/files/publicacion/1323964434_ILC%20GSR%20report_ENG-2.pdf

Barnes, S. T. „Global Flows: Terror, Oil & Strategic Philanthropy‟, Review of African Political Economy, 104/5, (2005), pp. 235-252.

Brautigam, D. The Dragon’s Gift: The real story of China in Africa, (Oxford; OUP, 2009). Christian Aid, The Politics of Poverty: Aid in the New Cold War, (2004), available at: http://www.un-ngls.org/orf/politics%20of%20poverty.pdf Cornelissen, S. et al (eds.) Africa and International Relations in the 21st Century, (Basingstoke:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). Daniel, S. with A. Mittal, The Great Land Grab: Rush for world’s farmland threatens food security for

the poor, (Oakland, CA: The Oakland Institute, 2009), available at http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/LandGrab_final_web.pdf

Frynas, J.G. and M. Paulo, „A new scramble for African oil? Historical, political and business perspectives‟, African Affairs, 106(423), pp. 229-251.

Gallagher, J. „Healing the scar? Idealizing Britain in Africa 1997-2007‟, African Affairs, 108(432), (2009), pp. 435-451.


Manji, F. and C. O‟Coill, „The missionary position: NGOs and development in Africa‟, International Affairs, 78(3), (2002), pp. 567-583.

Menon, A. „India‟s proliferating relations with Africa‟, OpenDemocracy, 9 December 2011, available at http://www.opendemocracy.net/anirudh-menon/india%E2%80%99s-proliferating-relations-with-africa

Obi, C. „Enter the Dragon? Chinese Oil Companies & Resistance in the Niger Delta‟, Review of African Political Economy, 35(3), (2008), pp. 417-434.

Obi, C. „Structuring transnational spaces of identity, rights and power in the Niger Delta of Nigeria‟, Globalizations, 6(4), (2010), pp. 467-481.

Taylor, I. China and Africa: Engagement and Compromise, (Abingdon; Routledge, 2006). Volman, D. „The Bush Administration & African Oil: The Security Implications of US Energy Policy‟,

Review of African Political Economy, 30(98), (2003), pp. 573-584.

http://www.foei.org/en/resources/publications/pdfs/2010/africa-up-for-grabs/view

http://simas.org.ni/files/publicacion/1323964434_ILC%20GSR%20report_ENG-2.pdf

http://www.un-ngls.org/orf/politics%20of%20poverty.pdf

http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/LandGrab_final_web.pdf

http://www.opendemocracy.net/anirudh-menon/india%E2%80%99s-proliferating-relations-with-africa

http://www.opendemocracy.net/anirudh-menon/india%E2%80%99s-proliferating-relations-with-africa



26

Lecture 16: Conclusion Abrahamsen, R. „African Studies and the Postcolonial Challenge‟, African Affairs, 102(407), (2003),

pp. 189-210. Ahluwalia, P. Out of Africa: Post-structuralism’s colonial roots, (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010). Ahluwalia, P. Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections, (London: Routledge, 2001). Ahluwalia, P. „Post-structuralism‟s colonial roots: Michel Foucault‟, Social Identities, 16(5), (2010),

pp. 597-606. Dunn, K.C. „Fear of a black planet: Anarchy anxieties and postcolonial travel to Africa‟, Third World

Quarterly, 25(3), (2004), pp. 483-499. Mayer, R. Artificial Africa: Colonial images in the time of globalization, (Dartmouth; University Press

of New England, 2002). Mbembe, A. On the Postcolony, (Berkeley; University of California Press, 2001). Mudimbe, V.Y. The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, philosophy, and the order of knowledge, (London;

James Currey, 1988). Mudimbe, V.Y. The Idea of Africa, (London; James Currey, 1994). Said, E.W. Orientalism, (London; Routledge, 1978). Tickner, A.B. and O. Wæver (eds) International Relations Scholarship around the World: Worlding

beyond the West, (Abingdon; Routledge, 2009).



27

Seminar programme and list of readings

1. Introduction

Please be prepared to briefly introduce yourself, why you chose this course, and whether you‟ve ever been to Africa before. We will also discuss the course requirements and our expectations, the reading lists, and assessments. The second part of the seminar will involve small group discussions of some initial questions, which we will return to at the end of the course, and may help you in your preparation for the essays.

2. The Colonial Legacy

Essential reading: Mamdani, M. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late

Colonialism, (London; James Currey, 1996), Chapter 3 [STUDYPACK]. Recent debates over the question of colonial abuses, responsibilities and reparations have ensured this perennial issue remains at the heart of understanding contemporary African politics. During 2011 reparations for colonial-era abuses in Kenya once more made headlines, casting doubt on Gordon Brown‟s 2005 assertion that „The days of Britain having to apologise for its colonial history are over‟. In 2007 Nicholas Sarkozy told Cameroonian scholars that „The tragedy of Africa is that the African man has never really entered history‟. Based on these comments [see readings below] and other examples of such debates that you might find, we will have a group discussion in this seminar on the role of the colonial experience in shaping postcolonial African politics. Anderson, D. „It's not just Kenya. Squaring up to the seamier side of empire is long overdue‟, (2011), available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/25/kenya-empire-mau-mau-britain?INTCMP=SRCH Milne, S. „Britain: Imperial Nostalgia‟, (2005), available at: http://mondediplo.com/2005/05/02empire Extracts from President Nicholas Sarkozy‟s speech, Dakar, July 2007. Access at: http://www.royalafricansociety.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=416 „Nicholas Sarkozy‟s Africa‟, by Achille Mbembe (2007). Access at: http://www.africaresource.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=376:a-critique-of-nicolas-sarkozy&catid=36:essays-a-discussions&Itemid=346

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/25/kenya-empire-mau-mau-britain?INTCMP=SRCH

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/25/kenya-empire-mau-mau-britain?INTCMP=SRCH

http://mondediplo.com/2005/05/02empire

http://www.royalafricansociety.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=416

http://www.africaresource.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=376:a-critique-of-nicolas-sarkozy&catid=36:essays-a-discussions&Itemid=346

http://www.africaresource.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=376:a-critique-of-nicolas-sarkozy&catid=36:essays-a-discussions&Itemid=346



28

3. Corruption

Essential reading: de Sardan, J.P.O. „A Moral Economy of Corruption in Africa?‟ Journal of Modern African Studies 37(1), (1999), pp. 25-52.

In this class we will discuss corruption in Kenya. Corruption is often regarded as one of the most damaging features of the neo-patrimonial state and of African politics. It has also been argued that it was/is an essential part of the political order of African states and societies, a way of linking clients to patrons, and hence a form of legitimacy. Through the discussion of the sources below, and your own readings of key texts such as de Sardan (1999), we will discuss to what extent „corruption‟ can also be seen as part of the functioning of the neo-patrimonial state, and how it impacts on politics and society in contemporary Kenya. There is a vast amount of news on corruption issues in Kenya. Below are a few relevant links. You will find John Githongo‟s report, accessed at the last link, fascinating reading: Guardian interview with John Githongo, 6 May 2011, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/may/06/corruption-confronted-grassroots-john-githongo-kenya?INTCMP=SRCH Kenya graft „amnesty bill‟ halted: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7017633.stm Corruption haunts Kenya‟s leader: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4288595.stm Taped evidence in Kenya scandal: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4695354.stm

4. The Politics of Ethnicity

Essential reading: Hintjens, H. „Explaining the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda‟, Journal of Modern African Studies, 37(2), (1999), pp. 241-286.

In this class we will discuss the Rwandan genocide. In the media and in popular opinion the genocide in Rwanda is frequently understood as a tribal war, rooted in ancient ethnic hatreds and rivalry. Most academic interpretations suggest that this is a fundamentally misleading approach, which fails to explain both the Rwandan genocide and ethnic conflict in African politics more broadly. The discussions will address the Rwandan government‟s manipulation of ethnic sentiment, the role of the media in Rwanda, and the international dimensions of the crisis. Further resources: The Hugh Owen and National Libraries have an excellent range of resources. In particular the Hugh Owen Library contains the Linda Melvern archive – a range of original primary sources assembled by Linda Melvern, an investigative journalist, author, and Honorary Professor in the Department.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/may/06/corruption-confronted-grassroots-john-githongo-kenya?INTCMP=SRCH



http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7017633.stm





29

5. Conflict and the Failed State

Essential reading: Zack-Williams, A.B. „Sierra Leone: The Political Economy of Civil War 1991 – 1998‟, Third World Quarterly, 20(1), (1999), pp. 143-162.

In this class we will discuss the conflict in Sierra Leone. As well as providing some historical context for this complicated regional war, we will engage closely with the theoretical debates in the literature on conflict in Africa. Can these civil wars be understood in terms of „greed and grievance‟? What are the weaknesses of this approach? What is a „political economy of conflict approach‟? What are the implications of seeing conflict through the lens of the „failed state‟ thesis? You might also be interested in the following article by Elisa Dari from OpenDemocracy in October 2011. Available at http://www.opendemocracy.net/elisa-dari/bound-to-violence-young-lives-in-freetown For a fascinating account of the role of DFID in post-conflict Sierra Leone, see Denney, L. „Reducing poverty with teargas and batons: The security-development nexus in Sierra Leone‟, African Affairs, 110(439), (2011), pp. 275-294.

6. Democracy and ‘the Revenge of Civil Society’ Essential reading: Alence, R. „South Africa after Apartheid: The First Decade‟, Journal of

Democracy, 15(3), (2004), pp. 78-92. In this class we will discuss democracy in South Africa since 1994. Nelson Mandela‟s long walk to freedom, the largely peaceful negotiated transition between 1990 and 1994, and the emergence of an apparently free, tolerant, internationally respected and admired „Rainbow Nation‟ in South Africa seems one of the continent‟s success stories in the last two decades. The experience of democracy in South Africa provides a useful point of comparison with democratisation elsewhere on the continent, and an interesting test case for claims about the „democratisation of disempowerment‟ (Ake, 1995) and the liberal bias of democratisation theory. Through your own readings, this class will discuss the successes, limitations and future prospects of democratisation in Africa. See also http://www.democracyinafrica.co.uk

http://www.opendemocracy.net/elisa-dari/bound-to-violence-young-lives-in-freetown

http://www.opendemocracy.net/elisa-dari/bound-to-violence-young-lives-in-freetown

http://www.democracyinafrica.co.uk/



30

7. Development and Aid Essential reading: van de Walle, N. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979-

1990 (Cambridge; CUP, 2001), chapter 5 „The Crisis and Foreign Aid‟ [STUDYPACK]. This class will take the form of a roundtable discussion on Tanzania. All students will be assigned roles including a large international NGO, a small local NGO, the World Bank, a Tanzanian government delegation, and the UK government (donor). Based on a briefing card (supplied) each group will make a five minute presentation detailing their view of the causes, and necessary responses, to poverty in Tanzania. The session will finish with each group evaluating the others‟ performances, and assessing their likely impact on Tanzanian politics. There are plenty of articles on the reading list dealing with Tanzania, so have a look at some before the seminar to familiarize yourself with the issues. Please also read the chapter in the studypack by Nicholas van de Walle, who presents a penetrating and critical analysis of the role of foreign aid in African economic crises.

8. Reading and writing African Politics Essential reading: Abrahamsen, R. „African Studies and the Postcolonial Challenge‟, African Affairs,

102(407), (2003), pp. 189-210. Many of the topics discussed on this course invoke recurring metaphors or images of what politics in „Africa‟ is all about: the „spectre‟ of conflict, the „disease‟ of corruption, the „failed state‟, the „dark continent‟, the „Rainbow Nation‟ and so on. Such images are in some ways unavoidable, since thought and communication inevitably rely upon metaphors, but their use can be deeply political. This final class will consider these representations of Africa as well as their political effects, and reflect on to what degree we reproduce them in our own writing. Students will be expected to bring their own examples of representations of „Africa‟ – such as in novels, poetry, films, TV programmes, adverts etc – and we will discuss them in small groups. Please also read the article by Rita Abrahamsen which discusses some potential areas of interconnection between postcolonial theory and African politics. This is a very readable and accessible account of postcolonial theory, and it places many of the issues we have discussed on the course in a revealing context. It may also stimulate some of you into pursuing some of these theoretical avenues and authors further.

ip33520 - power, conflict and development in africa · ip33520 power, conflict and development in...

Documents