ip cctv lecture
DESCRIPTION
CCTV lectureDesign considerationsDesign parametersCCTV camerasTRANSCRIPT
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DENNIS L MOLINA, PECE Senior Technical Manager
Wireless Connectivity for IP Surveillance System
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Seminar Outline
i. Objectives ii. Understanding IP Video
a. CCTV b. CCTV Equipment Basics c. Basic Terms and Concepts e. Other specifications iii. Network Storage and Bandwidth iv. System Design v. Video Management System
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vi. Video Content Analytics vii. Certification/Ratings viii. Latest CCTV Trends ix. Wireless Infrastructure a. Wireless forecast b. Wireless Architecture and Standards c. Wireless Advantages e. OFDM and MIMO Technology x. Interference Study xi. Link budget and system design xii. Wireless CCTV Applications
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Objectives
This material is designed to be a valuable tool for Technical Sales Engineers • should provide a better knowledge on IP
Video Surveillance System via wireless connectivity
• should help the technical engineers on the design and implementation of CCTV.
• should understand the concept and function of wireless CCTV.
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Closed Circuit Television, commonly known as CCTV, is an interesting area of television technology. It is usually used in surveillance systems, but a lot of Components and concepts can be implemented in an industrial production monitoring System, or equally, in a hospital or university environment.
CCTV
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CCTV Equipment Basics
• Signal Transmission Media: This media will receive the signal from the camera end and send it to the video management end with lowest possible attenuation. This media could be wired or wireless transmission.
• Video management: This end will receive the signal and process it to be viewed. A video processing unit, recording unit and a monitor construct this end.
• Video collection: This end collects the image from object and send via the transmission media to the processing end. It is constructed from camera, lens, power and mounting accessories.
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CCTV Architecture AirLive
CMX 3.8 Embedded
RAID
POS
PoE Switch
DVR NVR
Network Cash Drawer
Video Decoder
CMX 3.8 Software
iPhone/iPad/Android
700TVL Analog Camera
IP Cameras
IP PTZ
Video Encoder
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CCTV Cameras Cameras could be divided into 4 categories:
Monochrome camera • Produce black and white picture Color camera • Produce Color picture Day/Night Camera • Color picture in a daytime light level • Monochrome picture below certain light level, automatically
changed IR (Infrared) Cameras • Color picture during the day • Monochrome picture when used with infrared illuminator
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CCTV Cameras
Understanding Camera Types Board Cameras-a board camera is small camera consisting of a lens mounted directly to a circuit board or small group of boards. Bullet Cameras-bullet cameras use similar technology to the board cameras with a different configuration. Fixed Domes-a fixed dome camera means that the camera within the dome enclosure remains in one position.
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CCTV Cameras
PTZ domes-fully the camera equipped pan/tilt and zoom (PTZ) domes provide the camera system operator with the ability to move the camera left and right(PAN) or up and down (tilt).they also allow the operator to change the view on the camera with a zoom lens, closing in on smaller areas of the subject field. Full-size cameras-this type of camera is a traditional Box camera. Network Cameras-Network cameras are the newest type of cameras in the security industry. instead of the traditional video output from the back of camera, this camera connects directly to a computer network.
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Basic Terms and Concepts
Illumination Light Units-Lux [lx]Light unit for measuring illumination. It is defined as the illumination of a surface when the luminous flux of 1 lumen falls on an area of 1m². It is also known as lumen per square meter, or meter-candelas.
357 Dr. Jose Fernandez St. Mandaluyong City Tel. no.: (632) 5349063 , (632) 5311976 Fax. No. (632) 533-6402 [email protected]
AWS PRODUCTS PORTFOLIO DENNIS L MOLINA, PECE
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Basic Terms and Concepts
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Light Intensity with Lux Meter
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Lux Datasheet
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Basic Terms and Concepts
Resolution • Resolution is the property of a system to display fine
detail. Vertical resolution • The vertical resolution is defined by the number of
vertical elements that can be captured on a camera and reproduced on a monitor screen.
Horizontal resolution • The horizontal resolution is defined by the number of
horizontal elements that can be captured a camera and reproduced on a monitor screen.
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Resolution
320 * 240 (240P/CIF) 720 * 480 (480P/D1/SD)
1280 * 720 (720P/HD) 1920 * 1080 (1080P/HD)
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Resolution Description
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Full HD Camera
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Basic Terms and Concepts
Frame Rate • No of separate images or frames that is displayed
over given period of time NTSC • 30 fps PAL • 25 fps Recommended recording FPS is 10 -15 fps.
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Basic Terms and Concepts
Field of View • Extent of the area captured by the camera Angle of View • The angle formed by the 2 lines from the secondary
principal point to the image sensor
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Focal Length • the distance between the secondary principal point
and the focal point (image sensor) determines the focal length of the lens.
Fnumber • the amount of light that passes through a lens
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H.264 compression (example savings)
Motion JPEG
Bandwidth & storage consumption
MPEG-4 Part 2
Bandwidth & storage consumption
H.264
Bandwidth & storage consumption
80%
50%
Video Compression
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CCTV Camera Specs
SNR
• Signal-to-noise ratio. The SNR relates how much stronger a signal is than the background noise. Usually expressed in decibels (dB)
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CCTV Camera Specs
Dynamic Range • Ability to see both the very bright and very dark at
the same time
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Wide dynamic range
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Night Vision
• technology that provides us with the miracle of vision in total darkness and the improvement of vision in low light environments.
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IR Camera
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LILIN CMOS Sense-up Technologies
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LILIN CMOS Sense-up Technologies
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Shuttering
• Shutter speed – time of exposure of the sensor during the process of video capture
• Global vs. Rolling Shutter • Leaning artifacts “Skew”
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Image Scanning
• Interlaced- Rotates between odd fields and even fields every 30th of a second
• Progressive- Display both odd fields and even fields at the same time (Better image quality and less motion artifacts)
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CCTV Camera Specs
C and CS Mount • C and CS mount camera is the positioning of the
pickup element. A C-mount camera sets the lens at a distance of 17.526 mm away from the pickup chip. Whereas, A CS-mount camera sets it at 12.526 mm. So there is a 5 mm difference between the C and CS mount.
• For instance CS-camera works with CS-lens, C-camera works with C-lens, and CS-camera with C-lens if we add a 5 mm extension ring.
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CCTV Camera Specs
Iris small aperture through which light must pass before it can strike the light-sensitive target inside a camera. In low light, for example, the aperture is fully opened and in bright light, it will nearly be closed.
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CCTV Camera Specs
Fixed-Iris and Manual-Iris Fixed-iris and manual-iris lenses can be used in situations where the light essentially stays the same all of the time. Auto-Iris Lenses A lens with an auto-iris feature should be used in environments where the light intensity can vary from minute by minute, hour by hour, or day by day.
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PTZ Optical Zoom
4CIF/D1 35x zoom
HD 720P 18x zoom Actual images
Note: If this image is used outside Axis, the number plates must be hidden from view.
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PTZ Optical zoom
Video
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CCTV Wired Connectivity
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CCTV Wireless connectivity
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Power Supply
• 12 Vdc • 24 Vac • 220 Vac • POE Injector • POE Switch
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How to Calculate Power for PoE Switch
• 1 1. ex. camera power consumption = 10w
24 cams x 10w = 240w 2. ex. camera power consumption = 7.5w 24 cams x 10w = 180w
•
• 2
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Switch
100m
100m
100m
100m
100m
OK NO
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Storage Systems
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How much storage is required?
• Will depend on: – Frame rate for recording, Video quality (fps,
compression and resolution) – Scenery e.g. amout of motion, complexity, lighting
condition – Event or time controlled recording – Image quality – Duration of the recording – Compression algorithm
• Motion JPEG, MPEG-4 Part 2, H.264 – Number of channels
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Types of Storage
• DAS • Storage located in the same PC that runs the VMS.
• NAS • Easy installation and administration • Access via IP network
• SAN • High speed network between servers and storage media • High capacity • Redundancy
SAN
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RAID
• Redundant Array of Independent Disks • Multiple independent hard disks
are connected • Information is distributed over the hard disks
and redundancy information is added
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• RAID 0 (striping)
– Data distributed over several disks
– No redundancy!
• RAID 1 (mirroring) – Identical data on 2 disks – Redundancy – Lower capacity
… …
A7
A5
A3
A1
A8
A6
A4
A2
RAID 0
… …
A4
A3
A2
A1
A4
A3
A2
A1
RAID 1
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• RAID 5 – Data and parity is spread over 3 (minimum) or more disks – Hot swappable – Cope with single disk failure
… …
P4
A9
A5
A1
A10
P3
A6
A2
RAID 5
… …
A11
A7
P2
A3
A12
A8
A4
P1
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• RAID 10 – Best of both worlds? Combination of effectiveness and redundancy – Disks striped /mirrored in pairs. – Change failed disks without performance loss.
… …
A7
A5
A3
A1
A8
A6
A4
A2
RAID 10
… …
A7
A5
A3
A1
A8
A6
A4
A2
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Storage Capacity Calculation • General Equation in estimating the total amount of storage
Where: Size = Image size in kB fps = Images per second C = Number of cameras in the system Hours = Total number of operational hours in a 24 hour period TR = Retention period 3,600 is to convert seconds into hours (60 x 60) 1,000,000 is to convert kB to GB
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Storage Capacity Formula
• Example 1:A CCTV system is being specified for a custody suite that is required to capture a 1080p high quality images with H.264 compression. 12 frames per second are being generated and there are 8 cameras in the system. Each camera is recorded for 24 hours per day, and the OR has stipulated a retention period of 31 days.
41.5 x 12 x 8 x 24 x 3,600 -------------------------------- X 31 = 10.67TB 1, 000, 000
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Exacqvision Configurator
H.264 – 720p – 18.4 kb H.264 – 2M – 46.1 kb H.264 – 1080p – 41.5 kb
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Designing a System
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Plan drawings
• Create floor plan • Position camera • Indicate field of view
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Camera location – Field of view
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Camera location – Image blocking
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Camera location – Unsuitable angle
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Camera location – Unsuitable angle
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Camera location – Avoid backlight
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Camera location – correct mounting
• When installing cameras, especially with powerful zoom lenses, ensure a solid mounting – Wind – Mechanical vibrations
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Camera location – housings
• There are several items to consider when selecting a housing for the camera – Material
• Plastic • Metal
– Ratings • IP / NEMA • EX
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• RoHS • CE • UL listed • ATEX • ONVIF • PSIA
CCTV Certification/Standard
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New generation image sensor • Digital Pixel System
Technology • better wide dynamic range
images than existing analog technologies
• enable superior image quality even under highly variable lighting conditions
• Optimizes Signal to Noise Ratio and power consumption beyond any sensors currently available
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• Digital Pixel Technology is based on multiple sample times for each pixel
– Brightly exposed pixels are sampled fast – Dark pixels are exposed longer – Result optimal exposure for each pixel! – Consistent performance in all lighting conditions
Pixim® DPS technology
66
Every pixel the same exposure time
DPS, every pixel its own exposure
CCD - overexposed Pixim - Seawolf
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Noise reduction/elimination
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• Support legacy analog video cabling up to 720m • Support direct connection to IP Cam • 100mb SFP slot
ECO Plug connectivity trends
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DVR516
VMS
LAN
Network Storage (NAS)
CMX Remote Playback CMX Remote Monitoring
NAS
Site D
Site C Site B
Site A
DIVA Server
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Video Content Analytics
• Motion Detection • Tampering alarm • People Counting • Perimeter detection • Plate Recognition • Facial recognition
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Traffic Light Detection + Virtual Fences
Video
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Detection Zone + Virtual Fences
Video
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CMX License Plate Recognition Supported countries
USA, Europe, China, Australia, Arabic, Canada, Some Asian Countries
Black list, white list, exclusion list are editable.
Various alarm outputs can be triggered.
Fuzzy recognition for 99% recognition rate.
No free USB dongle
Intelligent Video Surveillance (IMS)
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CMX ANPR for Video Playback
1920 * 1080 video quality
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CMX ANPR for White List Triggering
Digital output
TCP/IP
LAN
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DIVA VMS FACE RECOGNITION
• Types of Event • Face Detected Events • Face Recognized Events • Face Match Events
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DIVA VMS FaceR
• isolate faces from video images and digitize them into metadata. • Metadata points are placed on eyebrows, eyes, nose
and mouth. The found face print can be compared with the person lists (black- or white list). W
• With a match or mismatch an event can be created. Besides comparing face prints with the person lists, risk profiles can be programmed to detect people returning within a pre-defined period. All these events can be used to trigger macros from other components.
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Gigabit Ethernet (LAN)
*DIVA Client Station (For Live Viewing, Playback of recorded video, Alarm and Event)
DIVA VMS System with FaceR.
** Minimum DIVA Software Licenses required for FaceR Server: 1)DIVA-P-Base x 1 2)DIVA-P-VCH x 1 3)DIVA-P-CLC x 1 4)DIVA-P-FACER x 1
Match ** DIVA Server
+ FaceR Database
and Storage
All Facial analysis process are performed on the server In real-time.
Dedicated FaceR Camera
Recommended Camera setting: MJPEG @ 5fps Maximum vertical Angle of camera is 15 degrees
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Network
FaceR Process Block Diagram.
Face Detection
Facial Analysis,
Calculation & Differentiation
Face Comparison
Against Stored
Image in Database
DB
Match
Image Input
Yes
No
Discard Temp File FaceR Server
Result
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Sample Capture
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Amp
Amp
Diva trigger an alarm, siren, strobe-light
Two way Audio
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Mobile Solution
+ USB for Power
RJ-45 for network
Wireless AP with battery
3G
Google Map
CMX AchieveManager
Driver
+ NVR404c
IPD6222
Mobile Video Streaming - The Next Gear of Mobile Video Surveillance
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Panoramic camera
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CCTV Remote Viewing
• Port forwarding • DDNS • NAT
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PORT FORWARDING
Remote Branch
What’s my IP
http://www.whatismyip.com/
http://122.54.176.190:81/
PLDT/Globe Modem
Router
Switch
DVR/NVR
Main Office
Router
Switch
CMX Server
PLDT/Globe Modem
Allow Port Forwarding http port: 80 or 81 Video port: 3100
Ex. Network Setup IP: 192.168.1.20 SM: 255.255.255.0 DG: 192.168.1.1
http://122.54.176.190:81/
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CCTV Remote Viewing
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View Smartphone
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WIRELESS forecast
• Wifi hotspots set to more than triple by 2015 by Informa Telecoms and Media
• Wi-Fi devices will use more bandwidth than wired devices in 2015 by Cisco
• Globally, internet video traffic will be 54% of all consumer internet traffic in 2016 by Cisco
• WiFi deployments will shoot up 350% worldwide in 2015 by WBA
• Expect a billion 802.11ac Wi-Fi devices in 2015 by Wifi Alliance
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Wi‐Fi/Mesh/WiMAX Point to Point
Wi‐Fi/Mesh/WiMAX Mesh/WiMAX
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Network architecture
• Point to Point • Point to Multipoint
• Multipoint to Multipoint
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Wireless Network standards
• Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) IEEE 802.15 (since 1999) IEEE 802.15. 1 – Bluetooth v.2, 2.4GHz, 700 kbps – 3 Mbps, 100m,10m,1m distance IEEE 802.15.4 – Zigbee, 868MHz, 915MHz, 2.4GHz, 250 kbps, 75m distance • Wireless Local Area Netwrok (WLAN) IEEE 802.11 (since 1990) IEEE 802.11a/b/g/y/n/ac –WLAN, WiFi,WifiMax,Wifimesh
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Wireless network standards
a – 5GHz, 54 Mbps, 120m distance b – 2.4GHz, 11 Mbps, 140m distance g – 2.4 GHz, 54 Mbps, 140m distance n – 2.4GHz/5GHz 600 Mbps, 200m distance ac – 5GHz/6GHz, 7Gbps, 8x8 MIMO s – 2.4Ghz,4.9GHz, 5GHz,400mbps, 100m – 35km distance • Wireless Metropolitan Network (WMAN) IEEE 802.16 (since 2001)
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Wireless network standards
IEEE 802.16a/e – Mobile WIMAX, 2.5GHz, 3.3GHz, 3.5GHz 3.8GHz, 4.9GHz, 5.8GHz, 100 Mbps – 300 Mbps 50 km distance IEEE 802.16m – WIMAX II - 4G Networks, 1 Gbps • • Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) IEEE 802.20 (since 2002) –mobile wireless for internet access, WBMA, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, 2.5G, 3G, less 3.5GHz, 10 kbps to 2.4 Mbps, less 15 km distance • Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) IEEE 802.22 (since 2004) – TV bands (54-684 MHz), 18 to 24 Mbps, less 100 km
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Why wireless infrastructure
• Ease of installation • Increased range • Flexibility • Reliability • Reduced human resources • Affordable
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Wired backhaul is costly
• Installation • Time consuming • Inflexible • immobile
Video monitoring and storage
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Wireless is cost effective
• High performance • Rapid deployment • Secure • reliable
Video monitoring and storage
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Designing for tough environments
• Equipment should offer several features to withstand tough operating conditions
- water and dust proof -wide operating temperature range -sun/weather shield for protection against direct sunlight, snow and rain -vandal resistant design and hardened casings
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Power and directivity
• Without obstructions and with high intensity and beam focus, RF can travel long distances
• As a general rule of thumb, if you see light through obstruction you can connect with a radio.
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Advantages of multiple antennas
• Resistivity to fading (quality) • Increased coverage • Increased capacity • Increased data rate • Improved spectral efficiency
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Multiple antenna systems
• Spatial Diversity - transmission more robust - no increase in the data rate - redundant data on different paths. • Spatial Multiplexing -not intended for transmission more robust - It increases the data rate • Beamforming -method used to create the radiation pattern of an antenna array - Strengthen the receive signal level.
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Mimo technology
• Multiple input multiple output • Each RF flow carries different information at any
given time • Multipath reflections which are created by RF waves
bouncing off water and buildings now increase SNR because the signal can be received at 1 of 3 antennas so deployment in cities and over water are simpler.
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OVERVIEW ABOUT OFDM
• OFDM was invented more than 40 years ago. • OFDM has been adopted for several
technologies: – Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) services. – IEEE 802.11a/g, IEEE 802.16a. – Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB). – Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcast: DVD in Europe, ISDB in Japan – 4G, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.16, and IEEE 802.20.
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FDM OFDM
• Frequency Division Multiplexing
• OFDM frequency dividing
50% Overlap of Adjacent Channels Available bandwidth is Used Twice
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Ofdm and mimo improves nlos capabilities
• LOS – both visual LOS and and clear radio LOS • nLOS – clear visual LOS but the radio LOS is
blocked • NLOS – both visual LOS and radio LOS are
blocked
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Multipath and reflections
• Certain conditions such as flat or reflective surfaces can cause certain portions of signal to arrive later than another and/or out of phase of the main signal
• Prevent: raise/lower either of the antennas or relocate the antenna to another area.
• Always avoid installing in situations where a radio link will traverse large flat, reflective surfaces.
No longer an issue with mimo and diversity
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Concept of interference
• Interference is the reception of signal from sources other than the intended source.
• The source of interference may be anything producing from electromagnetic signals
• Excessive interference can degrade the integrity of radio link
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Co-Channel and Adjacent Channel Interference
• Co-channel interference (CCI) comes from another AP located on the same channel – Ex. AP next door – Ex. Neighboring cell
• Adjacent channel interfence (ACI) comes from an AP on an overlapping channel – Ex. I am on channel 1, another AP is on channel
2 – Can be more worse than (CCI)
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Non-WiFi Interference Sources
wireless video cameras
fluorescent lights
Bluetooth Microwave ovens
802.11FH
outdoor microwave links
2.4/5 GHz cordless phones
radar
Wireless headphones
Wireless Game Controller
Motion detectors
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Bluetooth
See more hops in Max Hold
See hops in Max
Speckled pattern in Spectrogram
Duty Cycle Spread Across Band
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Microwave Oven
Loud moving signal seen in Max
Drifts in Frequency
Duty Cycle higher in Part of band
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CT Cordless Phone
Duty Cycle at or near 100% in two parts of band
Constant signal in Max
Constant signal in Swept
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Video Camera
Constant Signal seen in Avg/Max
Constant power level stripe
Duty Cycle is 100%
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Interference management
• Use larger or high performance antennas which have a narrow beam
• Change frequency to avoid interference • Use the non overlapping channels • Co located radios separated by
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Link budget
• RF path engineering • System design for coverage and distance • Analogy: traveler’s budget
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LINK BUDGET
• RF path engineering • System design for coverage and distance • Analogy: traveler’s budget
Pt=26 dBm
FM = 12dB
RSL = - 62 dBm
RECEIVER’S SENSITIVITY = - 73dBm
FSL= 32.44 + 20log5.25 + 20log 5400 = 122 dB
Ag = 19 dBi
Ag = 19 dBi
TLL = 1.5 dB TLL = 1.5 dB
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Link calculation
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Link calculation
POINT TO MULTIPOINT
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SITE SURVEY PLANNER
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Key to succesful design
• #1) It starts with RF Quality. Everything else is secondary
• Good Link Quality = Good network Throughput • Design Rule: Need -70dBm RSSI or better to
achieve Max. throughput • Throughput determines number of applications,
and specifically the number of application devices, i.e., CAMERAS, that the ptp/mesh/wimax network can support.
• Design Rule: Max. radio to radio throughput ~ 22 Mbps (TCP) or 32 Mbps (UDP)
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Finding the right signal
• Too high - RSL should never exceed -30 dBm and may cause damage
above this level - Imagine talking to each other with megaphones - Fix: lower gain antenna, attenuation • Too low • RSL should always be 15 dB higher than the receiver’s
sensitivity for the desired modulation. -imagine someone whispering Fix: higher gain antennas, higher power or repeater
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applications
Access
Backhaul
Private Networks
8/27/2013 | 123 Confidential Information |
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Transportation
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Airport
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education
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Railway
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Proposed Wireless CCTV project
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references
• LILIN IP and Analog CCTV • SIQURA Surveillance Solutions • AXIS IP CCTV • ASONI IP CCTV
• Email me at • [email protected]
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THANK YOU!