IoT

Paul Wilson

8 December

IPv6 Summit - Taiwan

…it’s the Internet…only bigger

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The Internet, only bigger…

• Why the Internet works

• IoT on the Internet

• What does that mean– IPv6– Security

• How to succeed

About APNIC

What is APNIC?• The Regional Internet address

Registry (RIR) for the Asia Pacific region

• Delegates and manages Internet number resources– Including IPv4 and IPv6 addresses

• Supports training, education and internet development

• A neutral, independent, not-for-profit, open membership-based organisation, since 1993

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Regional Internet Registries

APNIC’s Vision

A global, open, stable, and secure Internet that serves the entire

Asia Pacific community

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It’s all about the Internetand the Internet’s success

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Global broadband subscriptions

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Population Fixed subs Mobile subs Total subs

Sources: http://www.geohive.com http://www.statista.com

Why the success?• Global network

– uniform– “End-to-End”

• “Dumb” network– lightweight and efficient– intelligence at the edges, in applications and devices

• Neutral network– by default

• Open network– distributed governance– no/low barrier to entry– free standards

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model

Layered communication standards

IP TCP/

HTTP

Layers – in practice

Phone/Fax/SMSTV/VOD/conf“The Internet”

Applications

Fixed, Dialup/ISDNMobile/2G

Cable/ADSLInfrastructure

Voic

eVi

deo

Dat

aNetwork

Layers – in the Internet

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Voice, email, IMVideo, TV, conf

WWW, DNSApplications

802.11x/WiMaxMobile/4G/LTE

Cable/xDSLx/FTTxInfrastructureIP

v6Internet(TCP/IP)

IoT apps

LoRa,6loWPAN

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“Internet of Things”

Source: Cisco, 2015

Things

Subscribers

The Internet of Everything

It’s always been the InternetHistory of IoT

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Internet goes mobile (1976)

The Packet Radio Van

Contained an ARPANet terminal

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TCP/IP - history

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CMU Coke Machine (1980s – 1990s)

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The Internet Toaster 1990

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The Internet Toaster v2 1991

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IoT firsts…• 1982: Coke machine

• 1990: toaster

• 1993: webcam

• 1994: Internet radio/player

• 1994: smartphone

• 1995 VOIP software

• 1999: “Internet of Things”

• 2001: 3G

• 2010: 4G/LTE

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Two Mobile Revolutions…• 1990s: mobile voice explosion

– Few wires available (copper)– New wireless technology (analogue mobile)– New consumer technology (cellphones)– Pent up demand (telephony)

• 2010s: mobile broadband explosion– Few wires available (copper/fibre)– New wireless technology (3G/4G)– New consumer technology (smart phones)– Pent up demand (Internet)

• But note: IoT is not ALL “mobile”– 802.11, wired (eg power line), LoRa, etc

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Global broadband subscriptions

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Population Fixed subs Mobile subs Total subs

Sources: http://www.geohive.com http://www.statista.com

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IoT nexts…• Electronics of all kinds: personal, home, office, industry

• Devices: Appliances, lighting, sensors, security

• Vehicles, domestic and industrial, and components

• Civil infrastructures: water, power, fuel, transportation

• Manufacturing and industrial

• Environmental monitoring

• Health and related services

• Robotics

• Smart Homes, Smart Cities

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“Internet of Things”

Source: Cisco, 2015

Things

Subscribers

So what does it mean?IPv4 exhaustion and IPv6 transition

IoT needs IP addresses• IPv4 (since 1983)

– Example: 202.12.29.142– 32-bit* number: 232 = ~4 billion addresses– Existing supply is very nearly exhausted

• IPv6 (since 1999)– Example: FE38:DCE3:124C:C1A2:BA03:6735:EF1C:683D– 128-bit* number: 2128 = 340 billion billion billion billion – Existing supply should/must last for many decades

• The Transition to IPv6– Underway since 2000, but slowly– Not a priority while IPv4 addresses available– Accelerating rapidly today

* bit = binary digit

http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4

50 million IPv4 addresses left…

IPv4 exhaustion…• IANA pool fully distributed in 2011

• RIR regional supplies followed– APNIC: 2011– RIPE NCC: 2012– LACNIC: 2014– ARIN: 2015– AFRINIC: 2017

• “Stop-gap Measures”– These can continue but are damaging– Address sharing, Network Address Translation (NAT)

NAT aka Address Sharing

ISP202.12.29.0/24

The Internet

202.12.29.1 … .2 … .3 … .410.0.0.1 ..2 ..3 ..4

*AKA home router, hotspot, etc

… .32 NAT*

Carrier Grade NAT (CGN)IPv4

CGN

10.255.255.255 10.0.0.1

CGN Challenges

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1GB per subscriber per month!

Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. 2012

!!! “Things”“Things”

Double NAT everywhere?

IPv4

CGN

NAT

The need for IPv6…• One reason: more addresses

– Other benefits are minor

• The Internet is growing fast– Broadband: mobile and wifi– Internet of Things

• Without IPv6…– Ever increasing complexity and cost, indefinitely– All elements affected: client, server, devices, software

• IPv6 is the only viable option– Enable sustainable growth of the Internet, indefinitely– To ensure the success of IoT

Good news…

Good news…

https://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics.html

So what does it mean?Security and Stability

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An Internet of Stupid Things?• IoT means big numbers

– Huge increase in number and variety of devices– Huge increase in platforms and applications– Companies may be ill-equipped to anticipate problems

• IoT means bigger impacts– Many devices will be released without sufficient testing– Lab testing may not reveal problems in deployment– May affect many millions of devices

• Other implications– Problems may appear many years after release– May be hard or impossible to rectify– Huge liability for companies and reputations

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2003: University of Wisconsin• Problem: Rapidly escalating DoS attack

– Hundreds of Mbps from many sources– SNTP protocol querying time server at UoW

• Cause: new CPE modem– Incorrect use of SNTP protocol– Queries sent to Stratum 1 server instead of others

• Solution: difficult!– Relies on replacing or upgrading CPE– Most users do not do firmware upgrade– Most unaware of any problem– Impossible to reach

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2010: APNIC• Testing of received IPv4 address block 1.0.0.0/8

– Traffic received from 1.1.1.1 and 1.2.3.4– Addresses hardcoded into Point of Sales systems (as if private)

860 Mbps

120 Mbps

>1 TB received per day !

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2015: APNIC• Problem: Excessive queries to whois server

– 5000 queries per second sustained load

• Cause: Firewall product– Hardcoded IP address– Instead of domain name which allows redirection, load balancing

• Solution: see UoW

How to succeedThe IoT vision

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EcosystemsElectronics manufacturing

• R&D

• Specification and design

• Prototyping and manufacture

• Assembly and test

• Training

• Policy and regulation

• Users

Internet

• Standardisation

• Content and Applications

• ISPs, hosting and data centres

• Telecommunications infrastructure

• Security

• Training

• Policy and regulation

• Users

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Ecosystem cross-connect • Ecosystems are very different, but:

– Manufacturers must become Internet companies– Internet companies must service the needs of IoT

• Many interconnections– Training and human capacity building– Standardisation and application of standards– BCPs: Best Current Practices (always evolving)– Governmental policy and regulation, and education

• Critical collaboration– Manufacturers can and should join unique Internet ecosystem– Open and bottom-up multistakeholder processes, etc– All are welcome, always!

You’re invited…

APNIC 44 in Taichung, Sep 2017 !

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