ionospheric effects during severe geomagnetic storms john foster mit haystack observatory nasa cdaw...
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Ionospheric EffectsIonospheric Effectsduringduring
Severe Geomagnetic Severe Geomagnetic StormsStorms
John FosterJohn FosterMIT Haystack ObservatoryMIT Haystack Observatory
NASA CDAW Mar. 14, NASA CDAW Mar. 14, 20052005
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Ionosphere / Storm EffectsIonosphere / Storm Effects
Ionospheric ConductivityIonospheric Conductivity (E & F (E & F Region) Affects Magnetospheric CurrentsRegion) Affects Magnetospheric Currents
Cold Cold Plasma Redistribution Alters I-T Plasma Redistribution Alters I-T FlywheelFlywheel Coupling and Energy Coupling and Energy DissipationDissipation
Cold Plasma in Msph Alters Cold Plasma in Msph Alters W-P W-P InteractionsInteractions
Plasmaspheric Material Injected intoPlasmaspheric Material Injected into Tail and Tail and Plasma SheetPlasma Sheet as Erosion as Erosion Plumes Enter CuspPlumes Enter Cusp
I-M Coupling in SAPSI-M Coupling in SAPS Affects Ring Affects Ring Current DevelopmentCurrent Development
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Visualizing the Initial Stages of an Visualizing the Initial Stages of an Ionospheric StormIonospheric Storm
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GPS samples the ionosphere and plasmasphere to an altitude of ~20,000 km
TEC is a measure of integrated density in a 1 m2 column
1 TEC unit = 1016 electrons m-2
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Stormtime IonosphereStormtime Ionosphere
The low and mid-latitude ionosphere is The low and mid-latitude ionosphere is strongly perturbed during geomagnetic strongly perturbed during geomagnetic disturbancesdisturbances
Low-latitude cold plasma is carried Low-latitude cold plasma is carried throughout the M-I system by throughout the M-I system by disturbance electric fields.disturbance electric fields.
Storm Enhanced Density (SED) forms at Storm Enhanced Density (SED) forms at Equatorward Edge of Ionospheric TroughEquatorward Edge of Ionospheric Trough
Ionospheric conductance shapes Ionospheric conductance shapes magnetospheric electric fields magnetospheric electric fields (e.g. SAPS – Sub-Auroral Polarization (e.g. SAPS – Sub-Auroral Polarization Stream)Stream)
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Today’s Weather: NEXRADToday’s Weather: NEXRADObservations of Storm Front over N. Observations of Storm Front over N.
AmericaAmerica
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Analysis & Understanding are Well Analysis & Understanding are Well DevelopedDeveloped
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Space Weather Storm Fronts (GPS TEC Space Weather Storm Fronts (GPS TEC Observations)Observations)
[Foster et al. GRL 2002]
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Millstone Hill IS Radar
IS Radar Observes Storm Enhanced Density
[Foster, JGR, 1993]
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Ionos Storm Characteristics are Ionos Storm Characteristics are RepeatableRepeatable
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WG3 Questions: Ionospheric StormsWG3 Questions: Ionospheric Storms
1) What Happens during the 1) What Happens during the first 60 first 60 minmin of a Storm? of a Storm?
2) What is the 2) What is the Source of the SEDSource of the SED at at Mid Latitudes?Mid Latitudes?
3) What are the 3) What are the Impacts of Neutral Impacts of Neutral WindWind Effects? Effects?
4) How is the 4) How is the Plasma BulgePlasma Bulge Created? Created? 5) Can Models Describe the 5) Can Models Describe the O/N2 O/N2
ChangesChanges?? 6) Why is there a 6) Why is there a Longitude Longitude
DependenceDependence of the TEC response to of the TEC response to storms?storms?
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WG3 Data Sets WG3 Data Sets Characterize Characterize
Ionospheric Effects Ionospheric Effects and Address the and Address the
Mechanisms Behind Mechanisms Behind ThemThem
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Spin Up of Neutrals in E Region during Spin Up of Neutrals in E Region during SuperstormsSuperstorms
Millstone Hill Lower Thermosphere ObservationsMillstone Hill Lower Thermosphere Observations
[Goncharenko et al, JGR, 2004]
(cf. G. Siscoe CDAW tutorial)
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Space Weather EffectsSpace Weather Effectsof Ionospheric Cold Plasma of Ionospheric Cold Plasma
RedistributionRedistribution Steep Mid Latitude TEC GradientsSteep Mid Latitude TEC Gradients Radiation Belt ModificationRadiation Belt Modification
- Greatly Eroded Plasmasphere- Greatly Eroded Plasmasphere- Loss of Radiation Belt Particles- Loss of Radiation Belt Particles
Ionospheric Irregularities & Ionospheric Irregularities & ScintillationScintillation
Equatorial / Low-Latitude Equatorial / Low-Latitude Ionospheric Perturbation (Spread F)Ionospheric Perturbation (Spread F)
Ionospheric Perturbation at Polar Ionospheric Perturbation at Polar LatitudesLatitudes
- Polar Tongue of Ionization- Polar Tongue of Ionization
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SED Plume SED Plume forms Polar forms Polar Tongue of Tongue of IonizationIonization
Merged SuperDARN/DMSP Convection
GPS TEC Map
[Foster et al., JGR 2004]
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Space Weather: Severe TEC Gradients Space Weather: Severe TEC Gradients over CONUSover CONUS
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IMAGE EUV observations:IMAGE EUV observations:SED Plumes accompany Plasmasphere SED Plumes accompany Plasmasphere
ErosionErosion
April 11, 2001
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Extreme Space Extreme Space Weather:Weather:Oct 2003 Oct 2003
SuperstormSuperstorm
Severe Severe Plasmasphere Plasmasphere
ErosionErosion
(EUV images courtesy J. Goldstein)
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Sunward
Poleward
TEC Plume Mapped to Equatorial Plane
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Space Weather: Radiation Belt Space Weather: Radiation Belt ModificationModification
High-Energy Electrons: 17 Oct.-1 Dec.High-Energy Electrons: 17 Oct.-1 Dec.
(Courtesy: D. Baker)
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Regions of Wave-Particle InteractionsRegions of Wave-Particle Interactions
(Courtesy: D. Baker)
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Energetic Ion Precipitation on Plume Energetic Ion Precipitation on Plume Field LineField Line
plasmapause
EMIC Waves
SAPS
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Destabilization of Ion WavesDestabilization of Ion Wavesin Detached Plasma Regionsin Detached Plasma Regions
N Hemis; L~2.5 ~6 sec period
Sub-Auroral Polarization Stream
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What Drives the Erosion Plume?What Drives the Erosion Plume?
Sub-Auroral Polarization Stream Sub-Auroral Polarization Stream (SAPS)(SAPS)
Strong Stormtime Electric Fields appear between the plasmasheet and the plasmapause
Statistical Studies indicate the Statistical Studies indicate the Persistence Persistence and Predictabilityand Predictability of the Polarization Stream of the Polarization Stream
Storm Enhanced Density is formed where the Storm Enhanced Density is formed where the Polarization Stream overlaps the Polarization Stream overlaps the PlasmaspherePlasmasphere
Polarization Electric Fields Structure the Polarization Electric Fields Structure the Outer Plasmasphere forming Outer Plasmasphere forming Plasmaspheric Plasmaspheric TailsTails
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Sub-Auroral Polarization StreamSub-Auroral Polarization Stream
Plasmasheet
Plasmapause
SAPS
DMSP F15 6 April 2000 21 MLT
Trough
A Strong Electric Field forms in the Low-Conductivity Region between the Inner Edge of the Plasmasheet Precipitation and the Plasmapause
Plasmapause
2-Cell Convection
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EXTENDING TO PLASMASHEET
Magnetospheric Driver:
Disturbed Ring Current
drives FAC intoSub-Auroral Ionosphere
REGION 2
REGION 1
(Slide courtesy D. Mitchell)
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AURORAL OVAL
LOW
SAPS E FIELD
Ring Current / SAPS/ SED PlumeRing Current / SAPS/ SED Plume(Sub Auroral Polarization Stream Electric (Sub Auroral Polarization Stream Electric
Field)Field)
Duskside Region-2 Duskside Region-2 FACs close poleward FACs close poleward across low-across low-conductance gapconductance gap
SAPS: Strong SAPS: Strong poleward Electric poleward Electric Fields are set up Fields are set up across the sub-auroral across the sub-auroral ionosphereionosphere
SAPS erodes the SAPS erodes the outer plasmasphereouter plasmasphere
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Millstone Hill Radar Scans Span Auroral and Polarization Stream Convection
20-Year Database used to Determine Statistical Features
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Polarization Stream
Trough
L=4L=2
Plasmasphere
Millstone Hill Azimuth Scan April 12, 2001 UT Westward Ion Velocity
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16 18 20 22 00 02 04 06 08Magnetic Local Time
L=4
L=3
Average Latitude of SAPS
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Empirical 2-Cell Convection plus SAPS Electric Field
Geo-effective Convection Pattern:Geo-effective Convection Pattern:Two-Cell Auroral Convection & SAPSTwo-Cell Auroral Convection & SAPS
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March 31, 2001DMSP F13
SAPS Erodes Outer
Plasmasphere
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TEC Hole
EnhancedEq
Anomaly
Plume
Bulge
Where does the SED Plasma Come From?Where does the SED Plasma Come From?Inner Magnetosphere – Low Latitude Inner Magnetosphere – Low Latitude
ViewView
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Low-Latitude Ionosphere & Low-Latitude Ionosphere & Plasmasphere:Plasmasphere:
Effects of Sub-AuroralEffects of Sub-AuroralDisturbance Electric FieldsDisturbance Electric Fields
Undershielded eastward electric field: Undershielded eastward electric field: Strong uplift at equator redistributes Strong uplift at equator redistributes plasma to higher latitudesplasma to higher latitudes
Mid-Latitude TEC: Spread EA & BulgeMid-Latitude TEC: Spread EA & Bulge::Downwelling & poleward/sunward Downwelling & poleward/sunward plasma transport increase TEC at low plasma transport increase TEC at low & mid latitudes & mid latitudes
SED/TEC plumes & plasma tails:SED/TEC plumes & plasma tails:SAPS overlaps outer plasmasphere SAPS overlaps outer plasmasphere (PBL) carrying thermal plasma (PBL) carrying thermal plasma sunwardsunward
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[References: Greenspan et al. (March 1989 storm); Basu et al. (July 2000 storm)]
Bubbles
TEC hole
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Spread F Spread F (Bubbles) in (Bubbles) in
Enhanced TEC Enhanced TEC RegionRegion
[Foster & Rich, 1998][Foster & Rich, 1998]
(Courtesy: J. Makela)
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Equatorial Anomalies Spread Poleward
TEC Hole
Poleward SAPS Electric Field Strips Away Outer Layers of Plasmasphere
Key West
Guiana
GPS Samples Ionosphere/Plasmasphere
TEC
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21:00 UT
Uplift
Downwelling
Guiana
Key West
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October 30, 2003 Plasma October 30, 2003 Plasma RedistributionRedistribution
Similar Structure
TEC hole
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21 UT
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Another Example - Similar Structure
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May 29/30, 2003
21 UT
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Watch for formation of Bulge at 19:30 UTWatch for formation of Bulge at 19:30 UT(6 hours later – Bulge remains at 285 E longitude)(6 hours later – Bulge remains at 285 E longitude)
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Space-Based View of May 2003 EventSpace-Based View of May 2003 Event
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Bulge seen from Ground by GPS TEC
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285 E long
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March 31, 2001 19:08 UTMarch 31, 2001 19:08 UT
285 E Longitude Corotating Plasmaspheric
Bulge
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Ionosphere / Storm EffectsIonosphere / Storm Effects
Ionospheric ConductivityIonospheric Conductivity (E & F (E & F Region) Affects Magnetospheric CurrentsRegion) Affects Magnetospheric Currents
Cold Cold Plasma Redistribution Alters I-T Plasma Redistribution Alters I-T FlywheelFlywheel Coupling and Current Coupling and Current DissipationDissipation
Cold Plasma Alters Cold Plasma Alters W-P InteractionsW-P Interactions Plasmaspheric Material Injected intoPlasmaspheric Material Injected into
Tail and Tail and Plasma SheetPlasma Sheet as Erosion as Erosion Plumes Enter CuspPlumes Enter Cusp
I-M Coupling in SAPSI-M Coupling in SAPS Affects Ring Affects Ring Current DevelopmentCurrent Development
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Mid-Mid-Latitude Latitude
SED forms a SED forms a source for source for
thethePolar TOIPolar TOI(as Dst Falls)(as Dst Falls)
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October 29/30, 2003 October 29/30, 2003 StormStorm
Global Thermal Global Thermal PlasmaPlasma
RedistributionRedistribution
Global TEC (Noon in center)
Southern Hemisphere
Northern Hemisphere
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Points to RememberPoints to Remember
Electric Fields Map between Altitude Electric Fields Map between Altitude Regimes Independent of their Source Regimes Independent of their Source (This is especially true in the Inner (This is especially true in the Inner Magnetosphere where parallel Magnetosphere where parallel electric fields usually can be ignored)electric fields usually can be ignored)
The Bulk of Thermal Plasma is of The Bulk of Thermal Plasma is of Ionospheric Origin (Solar production Ionospheric Origin (Solar production at low altitude/latitude)at low altitude/latitude)
Thermal Plasma Dynamics is Thermal Plasma Dynamics is Controlled by the Electric Field (ExB)Controlled by the Electric Field (ExB)
Ionospheric effects Map into the Ionospheric effects Map into the MagnetosphereMagnetosphere
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Ionospheric Storm FrontsIonospheric Storm Fronts
During strong geomagnetic During strong geomagnetic disturbances, disturbances, greatly-enhanced greatly-enhanced ionosphericionospheric total electron content total electron content (TEC)(TEC) develops at mid latitudes in the develops at mid latitudes in the post-noon sectorpost-noon sector
Plumes of Plumes of storm-enhanced density storm-enhanced density (SED)(SED) are swept toward the cusp are swept toward the cusp ionosphere by the sub-auroral (SAPS) ionosphere by the sub-auroral (SAPS) electric fieldelectric field
Plasma RedistributionPlasma Redistribution Spans Equatorial Spans Equatorial – Mid - Auroral – and Polar Latitudes– Mid - Auroral – and Polar Latitudes
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Why the Big Effect in the Atlantic Sector?Why the Big Effect in the Atlantic Sector?
Polarization E Field at Conductivity Polarization E Field at Conductivity GradientGradient
(Sunset Terminator ~ 21 UT)(Sunset Terminator ~ 21 UT)
Epol Epol
Eeast
18LT 00LT
06LT
East – West E Field
Pre-reversal enhancement
Vz ~ E/|B|
|B| 30% smaller near SAA