ionic covalent bonding
DESCRIPTION
Octet Rule Atoms bond in order to achieve an electron configuration that is the same as the electron configuration of a noble gas Ie. They have 8 electrons in their filled outer energy level (except He)TRANSCRIPT
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IONIC & COVALENT BONDING
THE OCTET RULE
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Octet Rule
• Atoms bond in order to achieve an electron configuration that is the same as the electron configuration of a noble gas
• Ie. They have 8 electrons in their filled outer energy level (except He)
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Chemical Bond
• The force of attraction between two atoms or ions.
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IONIC BONDING
• Some elements tend to gain electron(s) readily while others tend to lose electron(s) (low I.E.)
• When an active element (metal) reacts with an active non-metal), electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal. Atoms of the non-metal become anions while the metals become cations. These ions are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces.
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Electrostatic Forces
• Attraction between oppositely charged particles.
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Ionic Bond
• The type of chemical bond resulting from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions (as formed when metallic atoms transfer electrons to non-metallic atoms).
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Example: electron dot formula to show the formation of the ionic compound NaCl sodium chloride table salt
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Formation of Cation
11p+
sodium atomNa
e-
loss of one valence
electron
e-
e-
e-
e-e-
e-
e-
e- e-
e-
sodium ionNa+
11p+e-
e-
e-
e-e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-e-
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Formation of Anion
17p+
chlorine atomCl
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-e-
e-
e-
e- e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
gain of one valence
electron
chloride ionCl1-
e-
17p+e-
e-
e-
e-e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
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Formation of Ionic Bond
chloride ionCl1-
17p+e-
e-
e-
e-e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
sodium ionNa+
11p+e-
e-
e-
e-e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
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Mg2+
IONIC BONDING: Formation of Magnesium Chloride
Mg Mg2+
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Loses 2e- Each gains 1e- One magnesium ion Two chloride ions Mg2+ Cl1-
[(2+) 2 (1-) = 0]
MgCl2 magnesium chloride
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Ionic Bonding
Na Cl
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Ionic Bonding
Na+ Cl-
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Ionic Bonding• All the electrons must be accounted for
Ca P
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Ionic Bonding
Ca P
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P
Ca
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca P
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca2+ P
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca2+ P
Ca
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca2+ P
Ca
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Ionic Bonding
Ca2+ P 3-
Ca2+P 3-
Ca2+
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Ionic Bonding
= Ca3P2 Formula Unit
Calcium Phosphide
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Ionic Compound
• A pure substance composed of positively charged ions and negatively charged ions in a fixed ratio
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Classwork problems (a)
Show the bonding between the following1. Magnesium and Oxygen2. Potassium and Chlorine3. Calcium and Fluorine4. Lithium and Nitrogen5. Aluminum and Fluorine
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Homework problems
These are slightly harder6. Magnesium and Phosphorus7. Beryllium and Nitrogen8. Calcium and Sulphur9. Magnesium and Nitrogen10. Aluminum and Oxygen
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Ionic Bonding
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Crystalline structure
• i.e. Crystal lattice structure the rigid arrangement of ions
Solution animation
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What happens when only non-metal elements are involved? . . . . . . . .
COVALENT BONDING