IntroductionIn India 100 million animals – IDD risk

No state in India is free from IDD (254/312)

Sub Himalayan region

Goat More susceptible

Bluish black, Solid & Sublime

Halogen – Heat & Alkaline

Bedi (2000)

Pachauri (1999)

Moorthy (2003)

• Green fodders

• Concentrates

• Straws 150-500 µg/kg DM

• Meat meals 100-200 µg/kg DM

• Milk and milk products 200-400 µg/kg DM

• Fishmeal 800-8000 µg/kg DM

Grass 60-120 µg/kg DMfodders 100-330 µg/kg DM

Grains 40-90 µg/kg DMOilseed cakes 100-200 µg/kg DM

Bedi (1993)

Iodine contents

SpeciesIodine requirements in

total diet (ppm)

Beef cattle 0.5

Dairy Cattle 0.25 to 0.5

Sheep & Goat 0.1 to 0.8

Poultry 0.3 to 0.4

Swine 0.14

Requirement of Iodine in different species

NRC (2001)

Iodine Metabolism

Absorption Feeds, water – organic iodide

80 % - Rumen

Chemical form

Lungs, Skin

Distribution 10 – 80 % Thyroid

Placenta and mammary gland

Stansbury, (1996)

Blood Plasma

Thyroid gland

Extra thyroidal

Iodine pool

Uterus and fetus

Neonatal Calf, placenta &

fluids

Mammary Gland Milk loss

Kidney

Liver

Urine Loss

Saliva and Rumen

Oral Intake

Abomasum

Lower GI tract Faeces Loss

Iodine recycling

Miller et al., 1975

Storage 80 % - Thyroid 20% - Uterus, Cartilage, Hair, Ovary, Mammary, Lungs, Kidney, Lymph Nodes, Spleen & liver

Excretion Urine – 49 % - Free iodine Faces – 22 % - Organic iodine Milk - varies with species (Cow 8 -10 %; Goat 22 %; Sheep 39 %)

Downer et al., (1981)

Miller et al., (1975)

Iodine

Thyroid

Iodine *

T3, T4

T3

PBI

NaK dep.ATPase

Peroxidase

Tyrosine

5’-Deiodinase T4

Cell

T3, T4 Synthesis

Iodine Incorporation

Activation

Thermo regulation

IM

Reproduction Hair, Feather follicle

Growth and cell activity

BMR

Cellular Oxidation

Carotene to

Vitamin A

Brain Development

Brody, (1999)

• Iodine Deficiency Disorder(IDD)

• Sub Himalayan region & TeraiMoorthy et al., (2003)

Pachauri (1981)

Iodine deficiency

Gross Conditional

GoitrogensOther dietary

factors

Rapeseed meal Mustard cake

Leucaena leaf meal

Brassica species

Iodine deficiency

Air0.7 µg/ml

Land

Sea 50 µg/L

Rain 4.8 -8.5 µg/L

Iodine Cycle

Bedi (1999)

• Enlarged thyroid gland

• Growth depression and stunted reproduction

• Abortion in Goats – 47%

• Reduced quantity and quality of wool

Manifestation / Clinical signs / Hypothyroidism

Raina and pachuri (1984)

(Jain, 1995)

Mannar et al., (1997)

• Retardation of foetal brain development

• Decreased male reproductive performance

• Irregular Oestrus

• Chronic deficiency – Milk yield & feed intake

Potter et al., (1981)

Hatzel et al., (1986)

Bedi et al., (1999)

Rajendran et al., (2002)

Plasma ThyroxinCow 4.2-8.6 µg/dl

Sheep 2.1-5.2 µg/dlGoat2.1- 2.5 µg/dl

Milk<1-2.5 µg/dl

Thyroid0.2 -0.5 g% DM

UrineHuman 50 µg/g

of creatine

SerumPBI

3-4 µg/dl l

Iodine

Iodine Status Assessment in Animals

Graded levels of Iodine intake and performance

No significant difference in feed intake, milk production, milk fat, body weight at 6.8 & 68 mg/day

in cow

Milk I content increasedHemken et al., (1973)

Effect of iodine supplementation on performance of goats

Attribute control 40 µg/d KI 80 µg/d KI

Daily nutrient intake

DM (g) 483.1 494.7 496.2

Kg/BW 2.61 3.06 2.87

g/kg W0.75 54.1 61.0 58.1

DCP (g/kg W0.75) 4.27 4.55 4.27

ME (kcal/kg W0.75) 112.26 123.87 115.80

Nutrient digestibility (%)

DM 63.05 61.05 60.47

OM 65.08 63.38 62.57

CP 63.20 59.15 58.98

EE 57.75 57.46 58.12

Live weight changes (kg)

Net gain -0.07 1.53 2.70

ADG (g) -0.53 +12.77 +22.50

Bedi (2000)

Effect of iodine supplementation on blood parameters of goats

Attribute 0 µg/day 40 µg/day 80 µg/day

Glucose (mg/dl)

45.8 58.4 59.2

Alkaline phosphatase

(U/ litre)50.53 63.53 75.83

Bedi (2000)

• Iodine Deficiency Disorder(IDD)

• Sub Himalayan region & TeraiMoorthy et al., (2003)

Pachauri (1981)

Iodine deficiency

Gross Conditional

GoitrogensOther dietary

factors

Rapeseed meal Mustard cake

Leucaena leaf meal

Brassica species

Iodine deficiency

Iodine and Rapeseed feeding

• Traditional protein source

• Iodine 10mg /d - Rapeseed Glucosinolate effect (50mMol/day)

Ballow et al., (1995)Stedman et al .,(1983)

Zech et al ., (1995)

Rapeseed feeding

Altered Thyroid structure

Pregnant animalHypoplasia in calves

Iodine & Mustard cake

• Mustard Cake - 6.16% glucosinolates

• T3 & T4

• Milk - iodide Thiocyanate

• 1ppm Iodine rat

( Pailahan and Singhal 2003)

(Pailahan and Singhal 1998)

Intake and digestibility of nutrients by goats fed leucaena leaf meal as influenced by iodine supplementation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

DMI*g/kg

w0.75

DCP*g/kg

w0.75

ME*kcal/w0.75

DM OM CP* EE* TCHO

Intake and digestibility of nutrients

%

control

LLM + 0.04mg/head/dayKI

Pattanaik (2000)

Blances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus by goats fed leucaena leaf meal as influenced by iodine supplementation

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

% N intake % N absorbed % Carentension

% P retention

Balances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus

%

control

LLM + 0.04mg/head/day KI

Pattanaik (2000)

Iodine

Thyroid

Iodine *

T3, T4

3,4 DHP

Thiocyanate, Isothiocyanate, Nitriles,

Tyrosine

Shastry, (1989)paik et al., (1980)

Stedman et al., (1983)

High F, Ca, As, Low Mn

Underwood (1981)

Oxozolidine 2– thiones

Stedman et al., (1983)

glucosinolase, thioglucosidase

Iodine and Reproduction• I – deficiency libido semen quality

• T4 testosterone

• I supplementation Enhances sperm motility

• % live spermatozoa in goat with LLMdiet

• Initial fructose concentration

• Iodine improves male reproduction

(Underwood.,1981)

(Aruldhas et al ., 1982)

(Senani and Singhal 1992)

Effect of iodine supplementation on semen of bucks fed leucaena leaf-mal

Iodine supplementation

Days post-feeding

0 30 60 90

Libido

0 ++++ +++ ++ -

100 µg ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++

Volume (ml)

0 0.60 0.33 0.30 0.33

100 µg 0.73 0.37 0.30 0.26

Sperm concentration (109 ml)

0 2.95 2.65 3.64 1.71

100 µg 2.20 2.49 3.84 4.48

Plasma testosterone (ng /ml)

0 2.15 ND ND 0.19

100 µg 2.14 ND ND 1.42Rajendran et al., (2002)

Milk Iodine

• Milk 50 –130 µ/litre

• More intake -more milk Iodine

• Chemical form

• Stage of lactation

• Dietary goitrogen

• Teat drips, Iodine udder wash

Downer et al., (1979)

Travinicek et al., (2001)

Supplemental iodine and Milk iodine

Supplemental Iodine mg/d

Milk iodine µg/litre

0 8

1.6 28

12.7 78

20 267

68 694

Pandav & Rao (1997)

Iodine and mineral interaction

• Flurosis - hypothyroidism in cattle

• Goiter in S.Africa –due to more F

• Thyroid structural change – desensitization TSHR

• Anemia (Fe) T3 & T4

Sahoo et.al ., (2003)

(Jooste et al., 1999)

Hess (2002)

T3

5’-Deiodinase

T4

Cell Se

Se pellet

GSH-Px Se

Wichtel (1996)

Berdenair et al ., (1998)

Hetzel et al ., (1997)

(Wichtel 1996)

Goitre

I Se

Iodine supplementation

• Pure iodide – effective

• Iodized salt – @ 0.0076%

• K iodide, Na iodide EDDI

(Venkatesh mannar 1997)

• Iodised salt through UMMB –Effective

• Intraruminal lasted 6 years

• 4.9% loss in MM (BIS)

( Singh and Madhu Mohini 1998)

Judson (1996)

(Singh et al ., 1998)

Iodine toxicity

• Possibilities

• MTL – 50 ppm (cattle, sheep & Goat)

(NRC2001)

(White et al ., 1998)

• Cough• Hyperemia• Naso – occular

discharge• Dermatitis

• Alopecia• Tachycardia • Nervousness• Weight loss• Exoptholmus

Clinical Signs

Conclusion

• India

• 80µg/head/day

• Feed supplement – Milk iodine

• Goitrogenic feeds– G + Iodine

• Male reproduction

• Selenium