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Limited ADAS Functionality Available Today

The w cst ad wide avaiabiity these sess have ed t ew ct stategies

such as the navigator (gure a), blind spot detection (gure b), adaptive cruise control

(ACC) (gure c), lane keeping (gure d), electronic parking assistance, and the advanced

front-lighting system. The antilock braking system and electronic stabilization systems

developed over the past 20 years may be viewed as precursors of the ADAS vision.

The majority of ADAS systems currently produce acoustic alarms or suggestions on

a display so that the driver closes the loop; in other words, they are decision support

systems. In the future, we can expect them to be integrated into the vehicle as active

systems. For example, systems are currently being designed to include the informationfrom cameras (such as currently used in ACC or parking systems) in the lateral dynamics

controller, for example, to compute the nominal reference trajectory.

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs),

as the name suggests, are automotive systems

designed to assist in all aspects of driving,

including safety, drivability, and fuel economy.

The availability of a wide range of sensors,

icudig thse i the chassis that measue

lateral and longitudinal acceleration, steering

wheel angle, yaw rate, and wheel speed, and

sensors of the vehicle environment (GPS,

infrared sensors, ultrasonic sensors, cameras,

and rain, light, solar, and humidity sensors) allow

the itegati sevea suces imati

to aid the driver in decision making.

Suitable sensor fusion algorithms must be

developed to design a global security system

that esues ma divig cmmesuate

with trafc and weather, and optimizing

time, distance, and/or fuel, and driving underemegecy situatis by cmmadig the

braking system, steering wheel angle, and/

or powertrain under unexpected conditions

necessitating a fast response.

Contributor: Luigi Glielmo, Università del Sannio, Italy 

Advanced Driver Assistance Through Massive

Sensor Fusion

 ADAS examples: a) Tomtom navigator, b) blind spot detection

(Mercedes), c) adaptive cruise control (Delphi), d) lane-keeping

system (Continental).

Car sensor information

equipment with ADAS system

(Source: Hella KGaA, Germany)

Grand Challengesfor ConTrol

From: The Impact of Control Technology,  T. Samad and A.M. Annaswamy (eds.), 2011. Available at www.ieeecss.org.

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A Role for Control

The main idea of ADAS is to introduce “prediction,” a merged “look-ahead” of

powertrain, chassis, vehicle environment, and driver’s condition obtained through all

available information, aimed at semiautonomous behavior of the vehicle in dangerous

situations. Control technologies will play a central role in ADAS design.

Figure 2 illustrates a possible scenario where vehicle A is performing a lane change and

the steering wheel angle imposed by the driver determines a reference trajectory, shown

with a red line. The electronic stability program module computes this trajectory, but it

cannot take into account the possible presence of an obstacle on the trajectory, such

as the pedestrian crossing the street. Cameras and infrared sensors could improve the

reference generator module, which could generate a different trajectory that is bothfeasible and able to avoid the pedestrian, such as the blue one depicted above.

The gure below shows a possible future control

loop scheme in which sensor information is

merged with driver behavior. To this end, ADAS

also includes improved human-machine

ADAS systems will also take advantage of new

wireless self-powered accelerometers and strain

gauges in tires, which will be integrated with

pressure/temperature sensors (Figure 1). In

fusion with other sensors, these sensors will be

able to estimate tire-road friction coefcients

and tire forces, the most important variables in

active saety systems. Itegati with i-vehice

cameas ad huma bdy sess wi eabe

monitoring of driver-vehicle interaction aspects,

such as drowsiness of the driver, on the basis of

body position, facial posture, eye movements,

ad the abiity t ct the vehice.

Figure 1:

Intelligent

tire system

 proposed by

Continental

For further information: M. Rezaei, M. Sarshar, and M.M. Sanaatiyan, Toward next generation of driver assistance systems: A multimodal sensor-based platform,

International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering, 2010

Figure 2

interface (HMI) systems. The HMI will have bidirectional function in that the driver

will take suggestions and alarms while driving and, conversely, will choose among

different working options depending on his/her desires (sport driving, family cruise,

minimum fuel consumption).