invisible world of marine plants
TRANSCRIPT
INVISIBLE WORLD OF MARINE PLANTSFelix Bast, DST-INSA-INSPIRE Assistant ProfessorCentre for Biosciences, Central University of Punjab, Mansa Road, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab
Picoplanktons
Cyanobacteria
Stromatolites: Fossilized cyanobacterial biofilm
Deep Geological Time
BAST, F. 2015. A Brief History of Earth. Ocean Digest, 2 (1) p 7-8. ISSN: 23941928 PDF
Symbiotic N2 Fixers
Nostoc Anabaena
Cyanobacteria
Spirulina
Cyanobacteria
Dunaliella salina
Green Microalgae
Botryococcus braunii
Green Microalgae
Ulvella leptochaete
BAST, F., BHUSHAN, S AND JOHN, A.A. 2014. DNA Barcoding of a new record of epi-endophytic green algae Ulvella leptochaete (Ulvellaceae, Chlorophyta) in India. Journal of Biosciences 39:711-716 (IF:1.8) PDF
Green Microalgae
Red Microalgae
Pooja, R. and Bast, F. (Unpubl) First record of Erythrocladia in India with description of new species, Erythrocladiaindica Sp. Nov based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences
Trentepohlia annulata
BAST, F, BHUSHAN, S., JOHN A.A., ACHANKUNJU, J., PANIKKAR N.M.V., HEMETNER, C., AND STOCKER-WÖRGÖTTE, E. 2015 European Species of Subaerial Green Alga Trentepohlia annulata (Trentepohliales, Ulvophyceae) Caused Blood Rain in Kerala, India. J Phylogen Evolution Biol 3: 144. PDF
Green Microalgae
S
Mehra R, Yadav, DS, Kundu, P and Bast, F. 2015. First report of Zoanthus pulchellus from India.Journal of Marine Biosciences (accepted)
Symbiodinium
Dinoflagellate
Bleached coral in Laccadives
Karenia brevis Red Tide
Dinoflagellate
Diatoms
Diatoms
Diatoms
Diatoms
Earth
~70% is water
Life originated in water
~75% of O2 we inhale is produced from ocean (algae including phytoplankton)
80% of CO2 captured and sequestered by the algae
Cryptogams & Phanerogams
Cryptogams: “lower plants”, polyphyletic
Plants without flowers/fruits; reproduce by spores: Avascular
Algae/Seaweeds
Lichens
Bryophytes (Mosses)
Vascular Pteridophytes (Ferns)
Phanerogams/Spermatophyta: Vascular, reproduce by seeds Seagrass
Mangroves
Algal Divisions
Chlorophyta = Green
Phaeophyta = Brown
Rhodophyta = Red
Halimeda opuntia
Chlorophyta: Green Algae
Caulerpa racemosa
Caulerpa sertularioides
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Codium edule
Sargassum polyphyllum
Sargassum echinocarpum
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Turbinaria ornata
Padina japonica
Hydroclathrus
clathratus
Hypnea chordacea Asparagopsis taxiformis
Galaxaura fastigiata
Acanthophora spicifera
Ahnfeltia concinna
Rhodophyta: Red Algae
INSPIRE Faculty Award
Chemical and
Phylogenetic
Diversity of
Seaweeds in
Indian
Subcontinent
DST-
INSPIRE
Award
2012-
2017
35 Lakhs
Seaweeds: Green algae
Have the same pigmentsas land plants (chlorophyll)
More than 7,000 species
Marine algae are “macro”
Alteration of generations
• Filamentus algae such as Ulva forms paper thin sheets.
• “Dead man’s fingers,” Codium fragile and
several spp. of Culerpa are known for their
tube-like structures.
•Bryopsis has potent anticancer properties
Boergesenia forbesii
Acetabularia acetabulum
Phaeophyta
Largest (size) and most complex of the algae
Nearly all are marine (~1500 spp.)
Brown color comes from accessory pigments (fucoxanthin)
Padina (brown algae) with flat, calcified blades. From A&N
• Fucus sprialis a common brown algae can be found on
rocky shores. Unlike other algae in this category, its thallus
lacks gas bladders.
Kelps
Kelps are the largest seaweed we encounter in the ocean. They are also the most complex.
Due to this large size, many of the kelps are harvested for food!
Who knows where we will find seaweed next?
Sea plam (Postelsia palmaeformis)
containsinternal support structures
that help them withstand wave
action!
It’s also eated on a regular basis as
“sea noodles.”
Macrocystis pyrifera, the largest of the kelps anchors itself to the sea floor by use a massiveholdfast. Here we can see not only the large blades, but the extensive pneumatocysts used for buoyancy.
Pneumatocysts developed as a means to maximize energyproduction through photosynthesis by keeping the seaweedclose to the surface.
These kelp obtain huge proportions growing as much as 0.5m/day!
These when large kelp group together a kelp forest is develops.
Kelp forest are great for shelteringall sorts of marine life, including Garabaldi, scallops, seals and sharks.
They also provide an opportunity for selective harvesting of the upper sections of the blades for food.
• Although many red algae are in fact
red; due to the prescence of red
pigments known as phycobilins,
which mask chlorophyll, these algae
may display an even greater intensity
when exposed to sunlight!
Nearly 4,000 marine species exist and
many are used for food or other specialty
products.
Porphya, a “red” algae
Rhodophyta
Corallina, a coralline algae, deposits CaCO3 within its cell walls which provides structural support and often encrusting many surrounding surfaces.
Galaxaura rugosa from Andaman islands
Sexual Reproduction, or not…
Sexual reproduction is expensive both energetically and physiologically.
Sometimes it’s better to reproduce by asexual means from fragments, spores, or buds.
Sometimes algae use both sexual and asexual reproduction depending on environmental conditions.
Off-shore cultivation methods
Four basic types of seaplant agronomic methods.
A. Floating raft in deep sea with deadweight mooring. Raft is floated all the time.
B. Semi-floating raft in shallow water. Raft is floated at high tides but gets exposed during low tides.
C. Off bottom in shallow water. Nets getimmersed in high tide and exposed in low tide.
D. Bottom planting in shallow water. Immersed at all the times. Water levels at high-tide are shown above low tide in all illustrations
BAST, F 2014. An Illustrated Review on Cultivation and Life History of Agronomically Important Seaplants. In Seaweed: Mineral Composition, Nutritional and Antioxidant Benefits and Agricultural Uses, Eds Vitor Hugo Pomin, 39-70. Nova Publishers, New York ISBN: 978-1-63117-571-8
Invasive algae
Our group’s contribution
BAST, F., JOHN, A.A. AND BHUSHAN, S. 2014. Strong endemism of bloom-forming tubular Ulva in Indian west coast, with description of Ulva paschima Sp. Nov. (Ulvales, Chlorophyta. PLoS ONE 9(10): e109295. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109295 (IF:3.73) PDF
BAST, F., JOHN, A.A. AND BHUSHAN, S. 2015.Cladophora goensis- a bloom forming marine algae from Goa, India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences (Accepted) (IF:0.57) PDF
BAST, F., BHUSHAN, S AND JOHN, A.A. 2014. DNA Barcoding of a new record of epi-endophytic green algae Ulvella leptochaete (Ulvellaceae, Chlorophyta) in India. Journal of Biosciences 39:711-716 (IF:1.8) PDF
BAST, F., BHUSHAN, S. AND JOHN, A.A. 2015. Brown barcoded as red but reality is green! How epiphytic green algae confuse phycologists? Webbia- Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Geography (Tailor and Francis, UK) (Accepted) DOI: 10.1080/00837792.2015.1014217
BAST, F. 2015. Taxonomic reappraisal of Monostromataceae (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) Based on Multi-Locus Phylogeny. Webbia-Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Geography (Tailor and Francis, UK) (Accepted) DOI: 10.1080/00837792.2015.1004845
BAST, F., KUBOTA, S. AND OKUDA, K. 2015. Phylogeographic Assessment of Panmictic Monostroma Species from Kuroshio Coast, Japan Reveals Sympatric Speciation. Journal of Applied Phycology (IF:2.5) DOI 10.1007/s10811-014-0452-x PDF
BAST, F 2014. Seaweeds in Japanese Culture: An analysis of medieval Waka poetry. The Phycologist (UK) 86:24-27 ISSN:0965-5301 PDF
BAST, F., BHUSHAN, S. AND JOHN, A.A. 2014. Morphological and molecular assessment of native carrageenophyte Hypneavalentiae (Cystocloniaceae, Gigartinales) in Indian Subcontinent Phykos 44(1) 52-58 ISSN: 0554-1182 PDF
Popular Science
BAST, F 2014. Seaweeds: Ancestors of land plants with rich diversity. Resonance, 19(2) 1032-1043 ISSN: 0971-8044 PDF
Endophytic algae
Products from Seaweed:
Phycocolloids—form gels and increase viscosity of liquids
Algin—stabilizer in ice cream (Macrocystis)
Carageenan—emulsifier in jellies (Hypnea)
Agar—jellies & Ice creams (and of course all your plates in microbiology,
Gelidium, Pterocladiella)
Other important microalgae
Microalgae are interesting candidates for biofuel production
Dunaliella salina-extreme halophilic microalgae
Chlorella-a chlorophyte (green algae) is used as a nutraceutical, in biofuel production and Carbon Capture and Sequestration
Spirulina-Cyanobacterial genus important as dietary supplement
Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are important picoplankton syanobacteria that are responsible for vast majority (~70%) of CO2 fixation in earth
The Seaweed Paradox
Highest seaweed consuming countries:
East Asia (Japan, Korea, China, Indonesia, Philippines)
Europe (Ireland, Ulster, Wales)
Coastal areas of USA and Canada
Prevalence rate of following diseases are low in all these countries
Breast cancer
Colorectal cancer
Coronary heart disease
Drugs from Algae
S. No Natural product Algal taxa possessing the
product
1 Kahalalide-F Bryopsis
2 Sulphated polysaccharides :
Fucoidan & Laminarin
Brown algae
3 Sulphated polysaccharides :
Translam
Laminaria (Brown algae)
4 Sulphated polysaccharides :
Ulvan
Green algae
5 Chondriamide A: A cyclic
depsipeptide
Chondria atropurpurea
6 Terpenes and Triterpenoids Bifurcaria bifurcata, Caulerpa
taxifolia, Cystoseira
mediterrane, Cystophora
usneoides
7 Bis (2,3-dibromo-4,5-
dihydroxybenzyl) ether
(BDDE) and other
Bromophenols (BPs)
Various marine macroalgae
Drugs from Sea grant (Ministry of Earth Sciences)
Phylogenetic
Selection Of Target
Taxa For Anti-
Proliferative And Anti-
Metastatic Marine
Natural Products
From Seaweeds Of
Indian Coast
Ministry of
Earth
Sciences-
Drugs from
the Sea
Program
2015-
18
91.02
Lakhs
Terrestrial algae
Most of the terrestrial algae are greens
Our works have revealed that terrestrial algae
Trentepohlia caused blood rain
Freshwater algae
We are also working on freshwater (limnetic) algae Greens
Chlamydomonas Volvox Spyrogyra Gonium Chlorella Scenedesmus Trebouxia Botryococcus Zygnema Ulothrix Euglena
Blue-greens Oscillatoria Anabaena Nostoc
Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)-brown algae with silica frustules
Our group is working on Molecular Systematics of
freshwater algae from Punjab
Lichens
Symbiotic association of algae (Photobiont) with fungus
Mainly three types:
Fruticose-Shrubs
Foliose-Leaf like
Crustose-Like crust of paint on surface
Important as founder populations of barren land
Important in weathering of rocks
Foliose lichen
1. The cortex is the outer layer of tightly woven fungus filaments (hyphae) 2. This photobiont layer has photosynthesizing green algae 3. Loosely packed hyphae in the medulla 4. A tightly woven lower cortex, with anchoring hyphae called rhizines where the fungus attaches to the substrate.
Classified based on fungus
Largest diversity of lichenised fungi are in Phylum Ascomycota
Trebouxia, a green algae, is the most common photobiont of lichen
Bryophytes
Non vascular cryptogams that grows in damp, humid habitats; all have gametophyte dominant lifecycle
Formerly consists of mosses, hornworts (division Anthocerotophyta) and liverworts (division Marchantiophyta)
Recent phylogenetic evidences suggest that hornworts and liverworts are separate from bryophytes. The term bryophytes used to refer only mosses
Our group is working on phylogeography of bryophytes
in Indian subcontinent
Phylogeny of land plants: Two alternative hypothesis
Polysporangiates-many sporangia plant; consists of vascular plants (tracheophytes). Important aquatic vascular plants are pteridophytes, seagrasses and mangroves
Pteridophytes
Consists of Ferns
Life cycle consists of alternation of generations, characterized by alternating diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophyticphases
Classification
Seagrasses
Angiosperms
Monocots
Order Alismatales
Four families:
Cymodoceaceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Zosteraceae
Posidoniaceae
Seagrass genera
Cymodoceaceae family Amphibolis Cymodocea Halodule Syringodium Thalassodendron
Hydrocharitaceae family Enhalus Halophila Thalassia
Posidoniaceae family Posidonia
Zosteraceae family Phyllospadix Zostera
Seagrasses reproduce through rhizomes, or horizontal stems which grow beneath the sediment.
Halophila
Halophilia hawaiiana- from Hawaii
Zostera marina from Hokkaido, Japan
Mangroves
Angiosperms > Eudicots (Various orders, polyphyletic)
Woody plants that thrive in intertidal saline coastal environments/swamps
Many (black/gray mangroves) have pneumatophores-specialized root-like structures which stick up out of the soil like straws for breathing
Mangroves
Mangroves thrive in salty environments and are able to obtain freshwater from saltwater.
Some spp. secrete excess salt through their leaves while other block absorption of salt at their roots.
Black Mangrove, Avecenniagerminans.
Red Mangrove, Rhizophoramangle.
Red Mangrove
Red Mangrove, Rhizophoramangle Dolphin Island, Andaman.
White Mangrove, Lagunculariaracemosa.
MangrovesOur group is working on
phylogeography of mangroves in Sunderbans and Kerala
Mangroves from Sundarbans Mangroves from Kerala
Other important aquatic plants
Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes-an invasive aquatic plant originated in Amazon basin
Edible aquatic plants
A number of seaweeds are edible.
Wild rice (Zizania), water caltrop (Trapa natans), Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis), Indian lotus (Nelumbonucifera), water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and watercress (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum)
Marine Biology:
Taxonomy, phylogeography and molecular systematics of algae, including marine macro and micro algae, epi/endophytic algae, terrestrial algae, and freshwater algae.
Botany:
Taxonomy, phylogeography and molecular systematics of a number of higher plants, including medicinal shrubs: Tulsi, Sarpagandha, Aswagandha, Brahmi, Betel, Shankapushpa, and Ashoka, trees: Ficus and Salvadora.
Linguistics:
Tracing linguistic phylogeny of Indian languages using computational phylogenetics.
Medicinal Chemistry:
Phylogenetic Selection Of Target Taxa For Anti-Proliferative And Anti-Metastatic Marine Natural Products From Seaweeds Of Indian Coast
Cancer Research:
Phylogenetic structures in clonal evolution of metastatic cancers; Germ-line SNPs in BRCA-1 of Malwa Population, Genotoxicity of drinking water from Malwa region, Punjab.
http://sg.sg/bastfelix
Contents hosted at this site: Recorded video lectures of the class hosted at YouTube, PowerPoint presentations, lecture hand-outs, course materials including free e-books, pdf files of scholarly literature referred in the class, solved quizzes and question papers, consolidated student assignments and term papers, and pertinent hyperlinks to news items, podcasts, and MOOCs.
OP-79, CPDHE-University of Delhi, January 2015 86
