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Journal of Historical Researches, Vol 11, Issue 4, No. 44, Winter 2020 Investigating and Analyzing the Performance of Sugar Factories in Mazandaran Province (1267-1332 AH/ 1850-1914 AD) 1 Morteza Dehghannejad * Adel Shabani Moghadam * * 1. Abstract With the increase in sugar consumption in Iran since the second half of the 13 th century AH/ 19 th century AD, the Qajar authorities attempted to establish industrial factories to meet the needs of the people on the one hand and the process of gradual industrialization of various sectors as well as the dependence of such products on European governments on the other hand. To this end, two sugar factories in the cities of Sari and Barforoush were established to supply people with consumable sugar. This research with a descriptive-analytical approach and the library method aims to answer the question: ‘What has been the performance of sugar factories in the two cities of Sari and Barforoush, as well as the course of trade changes during the Qajar rulers?’ It tests the hypothesis: ‘The performance of Mazandaran factories in the production of refined sugar has been relatively successful’. Research findings showed that although in many cases the Qajar government was forced to import sugar to meet the needs of the people, but at times, especially during Amir Kabir’s presidency, with the production of sugar in Mazandaran’s new industrial factories not only did the import of this product experience a sharp decline for the first time, these factories were also able to meet some of the consumption needs of the people and may even have been able to export their products. 2. Introduction The expansion of trade and development of comprehensive relations with the West during the Qajar period, especially after the Iran-Russia War (1218-1228 AH/ 1803-1813 AD), brought about fundamental changes in the social and economic structure of the country. It was after this time that the traditional way of governing the society was advanced by some rulers, merchants, bureaucrats, and European corporations and governments toward industrialization and modernization. Since the mid-13 th century AH/ 19 th AD, several new factories in the economic and military fields were established at the same time as the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah and the presidency of Amir Kabir. These factories were set up to reduce the country’s dependence on imports and the production of products in accordance with the needs of the people and the government because, with the increase of the country’s population and the modernization of the society, people’s needs for food and clothing underwent major changes. Sugar and glucose were among the products that increased among Iranian families. For the first time, Amir Kabir set up a sugar refinery in the two cities of Sari and Barfaroush. The importance of this product doubled in the years leading up to the Constitutional Revolution, * Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Iran * * PhD Candidate of Post-Islamic Iran history, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Iran This paper supported by the Iran National Science Foundation: INSF, No. 96012051.

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Page 1: Investigating and Analyzing the Performance of Sugar

Journal of Historical Researches, Vol 11, Issue 4, No. 44, Winter 2020

Investigating and Analyzing the Performance of Sugar Factories in

Mazandaran Province (1267-1332 AH/ 1850-1914 AD)

1

Morteza Dehghannejad∗

Adel Shabani Moghadam∗∗

1. Abstract With the increase in sugar consumption in Iran since the second half of the 13

th century

AH/ 19th

century AD, the Qajar authorities attempted to establish industrial factories to meet

the needs of the people on the one hand and the process of gradual industrialization of various

sectors as well as the dependence of such products on European governments on the other

hand. To this end, two sugar factories in the cities of Sari and Barforoush were established to

supply people with consumable sugar. This research with a descriptive-analytical approach

and the library method aims to answer the question: ‘What has been the performance of sugar

factories in the two cities of Sari and Barforoush, as well as the course of trade changes

during the Qajar rulers?’ It tests the hypothesis: ‘The performance of Mazandaran factories in

the production of refined sugar has been relatively successful’. Research findings showed that

although in many cases the Qajar government was forced to import sugar to meet the needs of

the people, but at times, especially during Amir Kabir’s presidency, with the production of

sugar in Mazandaran’s new industrial factories not only did the import of this product

experience a sharp decline for the first time, these factories were also able to meet some of the

consumption needs of the people and may even have been able to export their products.

2. Introduction

The expansion of trade and development of comprehensive relations with the West during

the Qajar period, especially after the Iran-Russia War (1218-1228 AH/ 1803-1813 AD),

brought about fundamental changes in the social and economic structure of the country. It was

after this time that the traditional way of governing the society was advanced by some rulers,

merchants, bureaucrats, and European corporations and governments toward industrialization

and modernization. Since the mid-13th

century AH/ 19th

AD, several new factories in the

economic and military fields were established at the same time as the reign of Nasser al-Din

Shah and the presidency of Amir Kabir. These factories were set up to reduce the country’s

dependence on imports and the production of products in accordance with the needs of the

people and the government because, with the increase of the country’s population and the

modernization of the society, people’s needs for food and clothing underwent major changes.

Sugar and glucose were among the products that increased among Iranian families. For the

first time, Amir Kabir set up a sugar refinery in the two cities of Sari and Barfaroush. The

importance of this product doubled in the years leading up to the Constitutional Revolution,

∗ Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Iran

∗∗ PhD Candidate of Post-Islamic Iran history, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Iran

This paper supported by the Iran National Science Foundation: INSF, No. 96012051.

Page 2: Investigating and Analyzing the Performance of Sugar

Journal of Historical Researches, Vol 11, Issue 4, No. 44, Winter 2020

so much so that the rise in the price of sugar led to civil protests in Iran. Following the victory

of the Constitutional Revolution (1285 AH/ 1906 AD), one of the goals of the

constitutionalists became the country’s liberation from importing edible products such as

sugar and glucose, and then the development of the sugar industry in order to promote the

food industry and help to strengthen domestic production. The purpose of this article is to

investigate and evaluate the quality and performance of sugar refineries in the Qajar era in

Mazandaran region.

3. Materials & Methods This study attempts to address the issue with a descriptive-analytical approach and using

documentary data, newspapers and primary sources.

4. Discussion of Results & Conclusions During the Qajar period, Iranian society faced the European Industrial Revolution and the

increasing progress of their societies. That is why the goal of the rulers, bureaucrats, and

merchants of this period was to achieve the powerful industries of their time. One of the most

important industries in this period was the sugar industry. The importance of sugar in the

social and political life of the people of this period is important. Welcoming guests and

political figures using sweets and candies, using sugar products to donate kings, statesmen,

villagers, and the general public for diplomatic personalities, and using these products for

medical purposes are among the important roles of sugar in the Iranian society during the

Qajar era. Given the importance of this product in people’s lives and the increasing

consumption of sugar among them, the Qajar government officials and merchants were forced

to import sugar from Europe at the beginning of the path. At the beginning of its activity, Sari

and Barforoush sugar factories, with the support of government officials such as Amir Kabir,

succeeded in producing high-quality white sugar and were able to make progress in the sugar

industry. The relatively favorable performance and efficiency of these two factories provided

part of the sugar needed in the northern regions of Iran. In addition to Mazandaran, the cities

of Astarabad, Guilan and in some parts of Tehran also benefited from refined sugar of these

factories. Also, according to some documents, government officials and businessmen may

have succeeded in exporting sugar in an important move. According to some sources, the

sugar from Iran was exported to Russia and Afghanistan at times during the Qajar period. In

spite of Iran’s access to refined sugar, the government continued to import sugar from Europe

in order to supply the sugar needed by other cities. On the one hand, this was due to the lack

of government’s financial support for the establishment of new sugar factories in other Iranian

cities, and on the other, the import of sugar from Europe. Certainly, it was not possible to

fully meet the needs of the Iranian people by producing sugar only in two factories in

Mazandaran. In addition, the financial support of the Qajar government officials from

Mazandaran factories was not done on a regular basis, and this was enough to ensure that the

desired efficiency of these factories was not confirmed in all periods. What has been linked to

the performance of these two factories in the production of refined and white sugar that was

produced for the first time in the Qajar period and reduced imports at the same time.

5. Keywords Sari Sugar Factory, Barforoush Sugar Factory, Mazandaran, Amir Kabir, Qajar Period.

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Page 5: Investigating and Analyzing the Performance of Sugar
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Page 16: Investigating and Analyzing the Performance of Sugar

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W� .X�Y �=�� 41. DCR 1429, (1893), Annual Series

Diplomatic and Consular Reports. Persia.

REPORT FORTHE YEAR 1893-4 ON THE

TRADE OF KHORASAN.

42. DCR 2921, (1901), Annual Series

Diplomatic and Consular Reports. Persia.

REPORT ONTHE TRADE OF KHORASSAN

FOR THE YEAR 1901-2.

43. DCR 4162, (1907), Annual Series

Diplomatic and Consular Reports. Persia.

REPORT FORTHE YEAR 1907-8 ON THE

TRADE OF KHORASAN.

44. Wilson, S.G, (1895), Persian Life and

Customs, New York, Fleming. H. Revell.

Page 20: Investigating and Analyzing the Performance of Sugar

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