investigación de recursos minerales en los fondos oceánicos
DESCRIPTION
Información adquirida del Instituto Geológico de España sobre la explotación de minerales en los océanos, lo malo es que esta en ingles :PTRANSCRIPT
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Dr. Luis Somoza ([email protected])
Marine Geology Dv. Geological Survey of Spain (IGME)
Scientific coordinator of the extension of the Spanish Continental Shelf according United Nations Convention for
the Law of the Sea
Geoscientific infrastructure and related offshore mineral resources
investigation in Spain. Experience from IGME
Seabed: The new frontier Exploration and exploitation of
deep seabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Madrid, February 24- 26, 2010
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2 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
B. Submissions of extension of Spanish Continental Shelf beyond 200 M according Art. 76 of the UNCLOS.
IGME scientific-technical activities related to UN Convention for the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS)
A.Geological seabed mapping and database of the Economic Exclusive Zones (EEZs) of Spain
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3 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
A.Gulf of Cdiz (Western Europe and Northern Africa)
B.Galicia and Cantabrian (Bay of Biscay) margin
C. Deep sea research in Antarctica (Scotia Sea, Weddell Sea and Bransfield Ridge)
Marine scientific research of deep seabed
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Contents
Geology
Tectonic
Morphology
Seabed
sedimentology
FOMAR Programme: Geological Map of the
Continental Shelf of Spain Scale 1:200.000
1987-2003
FOMAR Programme
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5 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Seabed mapping of the continental margin 1:200.000
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6 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
IGME geoscientific infrastructure
Geomorphological map of the continental margin 1: 1.000.000
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7 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
B. Submissions of extension of Spanish Continental Shelf beyond 200 M according UNCLOS Art. 76:
Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea
Galicia Bank margin
Canary Islands
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8 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Extension of the Continental Shelf of Spain according UNCLOS
Bay of Biscay
Galicia Gulf of Cadiz
Canary Islands
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9 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea
Approved by CLCS in March 2009
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10 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Galicia margin
Submitted in May 2009 to CLCS
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11 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
West Canary Islands
Preliminary information (SPLOS/183) presented by May 2009 to CLCS
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12 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
A. Gulf of Cdiz (Western Europe and Northern Africa)
Mud volcanoes
Methane-derived carbonate chimneys
Gas hydrates
Ferromanganese nodules
Research of deep seabed mineral resources
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13 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Seabed mapping from international programmes: EUROMARGINS
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14 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
International Programmes
ESF (European Science Foundation)-EUROCORE (European Collaborative Programme) EUROMARGINS
Projects:
MOUNDFORCE Carbonate Mounds along NW European margins
MVSEIS Mud volcanoes Seismic Images in the Gulf of Cadiz
TTR (Training through research) IOC Programme
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15 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
BIO Hesprides
RV LAtalante
Cornide de Saavedra
Sarmiento de Gamboa
RV Professor Logachev
International programmes: Scientific research vessels
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16 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Oceanographic research cruises
Moundforce 07
LAtalante
MVSEIS 08
Hesprides
TTR Prof. Logachev
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17 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Mud volcanoes, carbonate chimneys and nodules in the Gulf of Cadiz
Ferromanganese nodules and crusts
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Marine Mineral deposits derived from Hydrocarbon Fluid Venting
Mud volcanoes
Plio-quaternary
Hemipelagic sediments
Oceanic Basement
Miocene marls, clays and evaporites Diapirs
Mesozoic /Cenozoic carbonates and clays
Rising fluids
enriched in B, Sr, Li, Fe, Mn
Hydrates and methane-derived carbonates
12C
150C
5 Km
Deshydratation of clays Enrichment in Na
Sediment licuefaction
Movilization of Ca y Mg Brine waters
Ferromanganese Nodules
Based in Hensen et al. (2007)
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19 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Cadiz Undercurrent
Channel
Seismic Chimneys
Salt/shale diapirs as source for mud volcanoes
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20 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Somoza et al. (2003)
Van Rensbergen et al. (2005)
Somoza et al. (2003)
Spanish-Portuguesse margin
Morrocan margin
High-resolution seismic images
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21 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Acoustic techniques for seabed exploration: backscatter
Corua
Arcos
Draga ANAS01/D19
Track 3
Track 2
Track 5
3D Backscatter & Multibeam models
2.5 Km
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22 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Mud Volcanoes
1500 m water depths
350 m
3 km
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23 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Gazul mud volcano Small mud volcano at Sicily
A Volcano of Gas
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24 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Two volcanoes of (bubbles) of gas and mud
1200 m water depth
4 km
350 m
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25 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Techniques of sampling
MVSEIS-08 cruise ESF EuroCORE-EuroMARGINS programme
(May June 2008)
onboard R/V Hesprides
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26 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Resources: Sampling Gas Hydrates
Dissociation of gas hydrates
Gas hydrates TTR 10 cruise
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27 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Methane-derived authigenic carbonates (MDACs) chimneys
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28 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Methane-derived authigenic carbonates (MDACs) chimneys
Carbonate chimneys formed by iron
dolomite (Ankerite) and iron oxides
(Goethite)
From Diaz del Ro et al. 2000
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29 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Carbonate chimneys in the Gulf of Cadiz
From Diaz del Ro et al. 2000
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30 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Ferromanganese nodules in the Gulf of Cdiz
Fe-Mn
nodules Carbonate
crust
Carbonate
chimneys
0,5 m
Fe-Mn
nodules
Fluids emission centre
Mouse like
breccia
Gonzalez et al. 2007, Episodes
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31 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Ferromanganese nodules in the Gulf of Cdiz
Anastasya 01 cruise aboard RV Cornide de Saavedra
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32 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Ferromanganese nodules in the Morrocan margin
Meknes mud volcano
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33 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Types of ferromanganese nodules
Polinucleate nodule
Single Nodule
Binucleate nodule
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34 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Features of ferromanganese nodules
Fracturation Oxidation front
Growing rings
Fluidification
textures
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm 2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
Fluidification
Burrowing?
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35 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Tabular Elipsoidal Esfrica Irregular Cilndrica
Clasification of nodules
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 m a y o r
0
50
100
150
200
250
n
m u e s t r
a s
13
236
164
72
39
22
9 3 1 1
Physical parameters : Maximum diameters : 0-20 cm. Apparent average density: 2,3 g/cm3. Real average density: 3,3-3,4 g/cm3. Average porosity: 32,61%.
Gonzlez (2008)
PhD Thesis
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36 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Techniques of research : ferromanganese nodules
Ms
Lm
Dt
Mo
Massive (Ms) y laminated(Lm)
leopard to dendritic (Mo)
Dendritic (Dt)
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37 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Techniques for mineralogy and geochemistry of nodules
Fe
Mn
Ca
Electronic microscopy
goe
ji
goe=Goethite Mn oxides involve
concentration of:
Fe, Mg, Na, Ca, Al, Ti (Ba, Sr, B, Zn, Ni, Co, Se, REE)
High-res geochemical mapping of nodules
ji=jianshuita
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38 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Composition of Gulf of Cdiz nodules vs. Oceanic nodules
0,51
3,09
1,37
1,14
0,32
0,76
0,49
0,15
0,45
0,14
0,10
1,00
10,00
Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO MnO P2O5 K2O Na2O SiO2 TiO2
Componentes Mayoritarios
Ra
tio
0,61
1,47
0,18
3,10
1,03
0,52
159,04
4,05
0,55
1,08
0,63
0,42
47,26 44,31
1,41
2,25
1,15
4,85
27,76
0,10
1,00
10,00
100,00
1000,00
Sc V Cr Co Ni Cu Zn As Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo I Ba Pb Th U B
Componentes Minoritarios
Rati
o
Golfo Cdiz nodules vs. Oceanic nodules
(Cu+Co+Ni)< 0.1%
trazas= 0.19%
Contents thermogenic
hydrocarbons
Fe 39%
Mn 6%
Mn/Fe= 0.16
As I
B
U
Pb Co
Mo
Br
Nodules from Golfo Cdiz vs. Continental crust
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39 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Age of nodules
0,000
0,200
0,400
0,600
0,800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
mm
230
Th
xs/2
32
Th
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
mm
Ag
e
GR 150 mm/ma
GR 220 mm/Ma
GR 150 mm/Ma
GR 85 mm/Ma
GR = 11311 to 14246 mm/Ma
Edad 65 Ka GR = 85-220 mm/Ma
Edad 60 Ka
Nucleus
Very fast growth rates
Cobalt chrono Th/U dating
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40 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Model of formation for ferromanganese nodules in the Gulf of Cdiz
1
2 3
0.5 km
Zona oxidante
Zona de
sulfato-reduccin
Zona de
Metanognesis
y AOM
xidos de Fe-Mn, aragonito, calcita
Rhodocrosita,
pirita
Siderita
Dolomita, Mg-
calcita
Costras y
ptinas
Ndulos y
agregados
Ndulos
Chimeneas y
costras
Agua ocenica
COLD SEEP ZONATION
Inactive: Carbonate chimneys
Active areas: sulphurs
Gonzlez (2008)
PhD Thesis
Gonzalez et al. submitted
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41 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
B. Galicia and Cantabrian (Bay of Biscay) margin
Phosporite crusts and nodules
Cobalt-rich manganese crusts and nodules
Ferromanganese nodules
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42 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Approved OCS
Exploration in the North Iberian margin
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43 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Exploration of the Galicia Bank margin
Peridotite Ridge
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44 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Exploration of the deep-sea seamounts
5100 m water depth
Gps location for sampling
GALICIA BANK
Iberia Abyssal Plain
ERGAP & ZEE Projects Extension of the Continental Shelf of Spain
DIVA ARTABRIA II Cruise aboard RV Sarmiento de Gamboa
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45 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Exploration of the deep-sea seamounts
Diva-Artabria II cruise aboard Sarmiento de Gamboa
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46 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Living deep-water coral reefs (>1000 m)
Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata
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47 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Phosphate nodules and crusts Mineralogy: fluor-apatite carbonates Fe-Mn ox. P2O5>25% Locally rich in Fe, Ti, Mn, Co and REE
Phosphate crust fragment
DIVA-ARTABRIA Cruise (2009)
R/V Sarmiento de Gamboa
Recent discoveries in the Galicia Margin: preliminary results
2 cm
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48 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Recent discoveries in the Galicia Margin: preliminary results
Co-rich Manganese nodules Mineralogy: Ba-rich Mn ox. MnO>50% FeO
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49 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Manganese crusts Thickness: Up to 3 cm Covering phosphate nodules and crusts Mineralogy: Mn ox. MnO= 22-23% FeO= 14-19% Co and Ni (up to 1%)
Recent discoveries in the Galicia Margin: preliminary results
15 cm
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50 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
C. Deep-sea marine research in Antarctica and Scotia Sea (the Area)
Ferromanganese crusts (Scotia Sea and Weddell Sea)
Recent hydrothermal activity (Bransfield Ridge)
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51 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Deep Sea Research in Antarctica
A natural laboratory of Global Changes and Extreme Deep Sea environments
SCAN 2008 cruise
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52 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
RESEARCH IN ANTARCTICA
Malvinas/Falklands I.
South America
Antarctic Peninsula
Orkneys I.
Weddell Sea
Scotia Sea Dove Ridge
Bransfield Ridge
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53 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Scientific cruises from 1992
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54 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Antarctic plate Scotia plate
SouthAmerica plate
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Weddell Sea Scotia Sea
Scotia subduction arc
Activities on Antarctica: mapping, seismic and sampling
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Oceanic Ridges mapping
Extincted Phoenix Ridge
Shackleton fracture zone
Somoza & Bohoyo et al. Press
IGME International Polar Year Book Phoenix extinct ridge
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56 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Climate changes related to Antarctic circulation
Project GLOBANT 2008-2011
Spanish agency for Science and Technology
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57 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Working areas and oceanic circulation in Antarctica
(Tomado de Hernndez-Molina et al., 2006b)
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58 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Circumpolar antarctic undercurrent Weddell Sea deep current
Manganese crusts areas
ANTARCTICA SOUTH AMERICA
Ferromanganese crusts areas
60 S
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59 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Extreme microbial associated life ?
SCAN2007 Cruise
2000 m water depth
Ferromanganese crusts in Scotia Sea
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60 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Ferromanganese crusts in Scotia Sea
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
%
Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO MnO P2O5 K2O Na2O SiO2 TiO2
Oxides
20% Fe
23% Mn Mn/Fe= 1.15
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
ppm
V Cr Co Ni Cu Zn As Sr Zr Mo Ba Pb Th U B Li
Elements
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 5 10 15 20 25
mm
Ag
e (
Ma)
GR = 0.78
mm/Ma
GR = 1.16 mm/Ma
GR = 2.06
mm/Ma
Co
Age of crusts (Co Chrono)
Ba
Growth rate= 1.62 mm/Ma
Estimated Age 13.5 Ma
GR= 0.68/Cow1.67
Ni
Composition
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61 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Geochemical proxies of palaeoceanographic changes
Global O18 isotopic data
Cold
Age
Last basalt oceanic ridge
Warm
Ferromanganese crusts
Mn
Fe
Si
Ca
Ce
First cold
periods
Begin generalised cold in Earth
3.2
7.2
2.4
8 8.9 11.2
12 Ma 8 Ma 4 Ma
3.8
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62 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Deception Island: Active hydrothermalism Bransfield Ridge
Offshore-onshore 3d view of Deception Island
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Geochemical mapping of hydrothermal deposits
Somoza et al. 2003
Mar. Geol.
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64 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
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65 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
2002 2003 2004 2004
2005 2008 2008 2007
IGME Formation in marine scientific research: PhDs and
masters
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A) Promote international and multidisciplinary collaboration in marine scientific research and its interaction with other issues:
Past Global Changes in Oceanic Circulation (derived from nodules and crusts) Ferromanganese nodules related to hydrocarbon seeps or gas hydrates Biogenetic resources related to Chemosythetic Ecosystems (e.g. hydrothermal vents, methane seeps and gas hydrates) Research in Polar deep waters
B) Impulse relationship with EU: Raw Materials Initiative (Brussels COM 2008- 699)
Summary remarks
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67 Exploration and exploitation of deepseabed mineral resources in the Area: Challenges for the International Community
Gracias
Thank you