inventory of moth fauna (lepidoptera: heterocera) of …

183J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 108 (3), Sept-Dec 2011

INVENTORY OF MOTH FAUNA OF THE NORTHERN WESTERN GHATSJournal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 108(3), Sept-Dec 2011 183-205

INVENTORY OF MOTH FAUNA (LEPIDOPTERA: HETEROCERA)OF THE NORTHERN WESTERN GHATS, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

V. SHUBHALAXMI1, ROGER C. KENDRICK2, ALKA VAIDYA3, NEELIMA KALAGI4 AND ALAKA BHAGWAT5

1Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road, Mumbai 400 001, Maharashtra, India.Email: [email protected] & R Wildlife, 129 San Tsuen Lam Tsuen, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong.Email: [email protected], Lokmanya Nagar, Kataria Marg, Mahim, Mumbai 400 016, Maharashtra, India.Email: [email protected]/101, Mahakaleshwar Bldg., Madhav Sansar Complex, Khadakpada, Kalyan 421 301, Maharashtra, India.Email: [email protected] Bldg., M. Karve Road, Naupada, Thane 400 602, Maharashtra, India.Email: [email protected]

This paper presents an inventory of 418 species of moths (303 identified to species, 116 identified to genus) from28 families belonging to 15 superfamilies, which were recorded by light trapping at eight sites in northern WesternGhats, India. Of the species recorded, with reference to their published distribution ranges, 11 species from fivefamilies appear to be new records for India, range extensions were noted for 130 species from 16 families, and25 species from six families are endemic to India. The dominant families were Erebidae, Geometridae, Sphingidaeand Crambidae. The highest number of moths were recorded from Malshej Ghat, Sanjay Gandhi National Park andBheemashankar Wildlife Sanctuary. The highest species diversity was recorded from Sanjay Gandhi National Park.Amboli, Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary and Malshej Ghat showed a number of new records and seem to support interestingand endemic moth fauna. Amboli and Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary need further detailed sampling, as these areas havebeen largely unexplored for moths. Extensive sampling in Sanjay Gandhi National Park resulted in many rangeextensions for the northern Western Ghats; this indicates that if sampling is intensified additional records may also begenerated at the other sites. It was concluded that the moth diversity of northern Western Ghats is similar to that ofnorth-east India. Further systematic and intensive surveys will yield more data.

Keywords: northern Western Ghats, moths, geographical range, Maharashtra, Amboli, Bheemashankar WildifeSanctuary, Koyna, Mahabaleshwar, Malshej Ghat, Matheran, Phansad, Sanjay Gandhi National Park

INTRODUCTION

The Western Ghats are a chain of hills stretching1,440 km from the Tapti river north of Mumbai to the tip ofthe Indian peninsula at Kanyakumari. The habitat comprisesof four tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests – thenorthern Western Ghats moist deciduous forest, northernWestern Ghats montane rain forest, southern Western Ghatsmoist deciduous forest, and southern Western Ghats montanerain forest. The region receives high rainfall, which occursprimarily during the south-west monsoon. The Western Ghatsare important catchment areas for nearby cities, towns andvillages. The lush green environment of the Western Ghats issuitable for a wide variety of organisms. In addition toendangered plants, a large number of animals species, over330 vertebrate species and at least 37 butterfly species (RanjitDaniels 2003), are endemic to the Western Ghats.

The northern Western Ghats (known locally andhereafter referred to as the Sahyadris) begin in southernGujarat and run south through Maharashtra to Goa. This partof the range is generally drier than the southern part; at lower

elevations it forms the Sahyadris moist deciduous forests.The cooler and wetter Sahyadris montane rain forests occurabove 1,000 m elevation. In Maharashtra, there are excellentexamples of the rich Sahyadris forests, but this forest is highlyfragmented and is being increasingly degraded by humanexploitation. The loss and fragmentation of tropical rainforest,which holds a major proportion of the world’s biodiversity,remains a crucial global conservation problem (Whitmore1997; Kapoor 2006). There is a paucity of research oninvertebrates even though they make up a significant portionof the animal diversity in tropical rainforests (Klein 1989).Also, being sensitive to environmental change, invertebratesare important indicators to help understand the effects ofprocesses such as habitat fragmentation (Jansen 1997;Miyashita et al. 1998).

Ranjit Daniels (2003) records several conservation-oriented studies, mostly on plants and vertebrates, of thisbiodiversity hotspot. However, there is little information oninvertebrates. The present preliminary study aims to make aninventory as a baseline for future studies on the moths of theSahyadris, to enable informed conservation efforts and

184 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 108 (3), Sept-Dec 2011

INVENTORY OF MOTH FAUNA OF THE NORTHERN WESTERN GHATS

ecological studies of these insects in the Western Ghats. Thismoth survey is the first of its kind to be undertaken in theSahyadris.

Abbreviations used in the text and tablesAM = Amboli; BMNH = Natural History Museum,

London (ex. British Museum (Natural History)); BNHS =Bombay Natural History Society; BWS = BhimashankarWildlife Sanctuary; DD = data deficient; EN = endemic;KWS = Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary; MB = Mahabaleshwar;MG = Malshej Ghat; MN = Matheran; NR = new record forIndia; PWS = Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary; RE = rangeextension; SGNP = Sanjay Gandhi National Park; Nil:Nothing to mention.

METHODOLOGY

In 2004-2008, a study on moths was initiated and thenorthern Western Ghats (Sahyadris) were chosen as the studyarea for documenting the moth fauna. Eight sites were selectedfrom the southern, central and northern parts of the Sahyadrison the basis of their habitat conditions, and uniqueness oftheir known biodiversity and bionomic status. The sites arelisted in Table 1.

Moths were surveyed primarily by use of light traps,but also by day time field visits. The survey was conductedfor a year and included the main moth flight season (Maythrough October). Light traps were infrequently set up in thestudy areas either once a month/weekly in case of MalshejGhat and Sanjay Gandhi National Park, wherein the light trapswere operated for two consecutive nights and one night,respectively. The remaining locations were visitedoccasionally during the mothing season and the light trapswere operated for two to four consecutive nights. This beinga prelimary study the data collected was not systematic anduniform from all locations. This resulted in unequal recording

Table 1: Sites surveyed, their location, habitat

Site name Latitude (North) Longitude (East) Elevation Habitat type(in metres)

Sanjay Gandhi National Park 19° 18'-19° 21' 72° 53'-72° 58' 486 Semi-moist deciduous forest.Malshej Ghat 19° 20' 73° 47' 500-900 High hilly region with stunted hill top vegetation and

evergreen patches in deep ravines.Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary 19° 04' 73° 32' ~1,000 Southern tropical semi-evergreen forest.Matheran 18° 57'-19° 00' 73° 15'-73° 17' ~750 Evergreen forest. Declared an ecosensitive zone.Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary 18° 21'-18° 24' 72° 55'-72° 58' 100-200 Coastal forest ecosystem.Mahabaleshwar 17° 55' 73° 55' ~1,350 Evergreen forest. Declared an ecosensitive zone.Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary 17° 27' 73° 50' 600-1,100 Southern tropical evergreen forests and southern moist

mixed deciduous forest.Amboli 15° 57' 74° 00' ~750 Evergreen forest.

effort among different sites in the study area. The mostintensively surveyed areas were Sanjay Gandhi National Parkand Malshej Ghat, where substantial work was carried out.The light traps were operated during new moon nights inareas with minimum illumination for good catch. Altogether,84 light traps were set up from 2004-2008.

The light trap comprised a 3 x 4 m white cloth stretchedbetween two posts or trees, in front of which was hung amercury vapour light bulb (Philips, B/73, ML 160 W)(William 1987). This set-up is more suited to tropicalconditions than are box or tub style traps, such as the Robinsontrap or Skinner trap (Waring 1994). A portable generator(Honda, GK 200, 2.28 KW/ 3600 rpm) was used for powersupply. The survey team camped in resorts with closeproximity to forests; the light traps were operated overnightfrom 19:00 hrs to 05:00 hrs. The light traps were switchedoff at 05:00 hrs to allow the moths (and other insects) todisperse before sunrise, which usually happened after 05:30hrs; this was to prevent their predation by birds (Longcoreand Rich 2004).

Moths attracted to the light traps were photographed.Where necessary, a maximum of five voucher specimens perspecies were collected for identification. These specimenswere killed in plastic containers with ethyl acetate vapourand pinned (Dickson 1992) the following day. All specimensare currently retained by the first author at the ConservationEducation Centre of the Bombay Natural History Society,Mumbai. Besides data collected through light traps,photographic evidences have also been considered whenlisting the species.

Identification of moths and compilation of distributionranges were carried out with the assistance of literaturesources: Hampson (1892-96), Bell and Scott (1937),Holloway (1983-2005), Arora and Gupta (1979), Barlow andD’Abrera (1982), Peigler (1989), Robinson et al. (1994),Shubhalaxmi and Chaturvedi (1999), Kendrick (2002, 2004),



Pittaway and Kitching (2004), Kononenko and Pinratana(2005), Smetacek (2008) and personal communications fromI.J. Kitching, based on the BMNH collection. Web-basedresources used to aid identification included Herbison-Evansand Crossley (n.d.), Beccaloni et al. (n.d.), Beck and Kitching(n.d.), Savela (1999), Anonymous (2003), Zwier (2004), andKorea Institute of Science and Technology Information(2007). Taxonomic order follows Holloway et al. (1983-2000), with Noctuoidea updated to follow Lafontaine andFibiger (2006), and Lafontaine and Schmidt (2010).

As identification of all moth species was not possibledue to lack of literature and genitalia dissection facility, somewere identified to genus level. Species identified to genusand superficially similar to a particular species, thoughidentification is unconfirmed, have been referred to in thetext as genus c.f. species.

RESULTS

The study recorded 418 moth taxa (303 identified tospecies and 116 identified to genus level) from 28 mothfamilies belonging to 15 superfamilies. Of these, 11 speciesfrom five families are new records for India, of whichmaximum are from Family Erebidae (n = 4), and from MalshejGhat (n=4). The study area details are given in Table 1.

There were 130 species from 16 families for whichrange extensions were recorded. Maximum range extensionswere recorded from Family Erebidae (n = 47) and MalshejGhat (n = 89). Altogether, 25 species from six familiesrecorded were endemic to India. Maximum endemic specieswere recorded from Family Erebidae (n = 9) and MalshejGhat (n = 16). Among the moth families, the highest speciesrichness was recorded for Family Erebidae (n = 128), followedby Geometridae (n = 65) and Crambidae (n = 47) (see Table2). Among the study sites, highest species richness wasrecorded for Sanjay Gandhi National Park (n = 226 in

Table 2: List of Recorded Moth Families and Species

Families Number of Species

1. Hepialidae 12. Adelidae 13. Tineidae 14. Oecophoridae 25. Gelechiidae 16. Gracillariidae 17. Lecithoceridae 18. Sesiidae 19. Cossidae 210. Limacodidae 1911. Zygaenidae 212. Torticidae 113. Crambidae 4214. Pyralidae 615. Thyrididae 616. Pterophoridae 317. Sphingidae 4518. Bombycidae 319. Eupterotidae 420. Saturniidae 521. Lasiocampidae 522. Uraniidae 823. Geometridae 6524. Notodontidae 1725. Erebidae 12826. Euteliidae 427. Nolidae 928. Noctuidae 35

Total 418

26 families) followed by Bheemashankar Wildlife Sanctuary(n = 211 in 16 families) and Malshej Ghat (n = 239 in15 families).

Details of individual taxa recorded are given in Table 4Despite unequal sampling we have presented a list of all sites(Table 3). Though incomplete, this provisional list is valuableas it provides baseline data on moths of the northern WesternGhats (Table 3).

Table 3: Summary of Moth Fauna by Site

Locations Number of No. of Species Number of New Number of Number of Range Nights when (No. of families) Records Endemic Species Extensions

Light Trapswere operated

Mahabaleshwar 2 8 (4) 0 1 2Matheran 2 12 (4) 0 1 1Phansad WS 4 30 (11) 1 0 5Amboli 4 83 (10) 3 1 27Koyna WS 4 126 (14) 4 3 35Bheemashankar WS 8 211 (16) 1 4 39Sanjay Gandhi NP 48 226 (26) 1 14 70Malshej Ghat 12 239 (15) 4 16 89



Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m n

orth

ern

Wes

tern

Gha

ts

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes

IH

EPIA

LOID

EA

(i)

Hep

ialid

ae, S

ubfa

mily

Una

ssig

ned

1.

Pha

ssus

sig

nife

r Wal

ker,

1856

Indi

a (W

est B

enga

l, ea

st to

nor

th-w

est H

imal

aya)

, Nep

al, B

angl

ades

h, M

yanm

ar,

SG

NP,

MG

RE

Mya

nmar

, Ind

ones

ia, M

alay

sia

IIIN

CU

RVA

RIO

IDEA

(ii) A

delid

ae, A

delin

ae

2.

Ade

la s

p.D

DSG

NP

DD

IIITI

NEO

IDEA

(ii

i) Ti

neid

ae

3.E

dosa

sp.

DD

SG

NP

DD

IVG

ELEC

HIO

IDEA

(iv) O

ecop

horid

ae

4.

Toni

ca n

ivife

rana

(Wal

ker,

1864

)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, V

ietn

am, C

hina

SG

NP,

PW

S—

Sta

thm

opod

inae

5.

Stat

hmop

oda

sp.

DD

BW

SD

D(v

) Gel

echi

idae

, Dic

hom

erid

inae

6.

Dic

hom

eris

sp.

DD

BW

SD

D

(vi)

Gra

cilla

riida

e

7.C

alop

tilia

sp.

DD

SG

NP

DD

(vii)

Lec

ithoc

erid

ae

8.Le

cith

ocer

a sp

.D

DS

GN

PD

D

VSE

SIO

IDEA

(v

iii) S

esiid

ae, P

aran

thre

nina

e

9.P

aran

thre

ne s

p.D

DS

GN

P D

D

VIC

OSS

OID

EA

(ix) C

ossi

dae,

Cos

sina

e

10.

Xyl

eute

s pe

rson

a (L

e G

uillo

u, 1

841)

In

dia

(Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Sik

kim

, Wes

t Ben

gal),

Sri

Lank

a, In

done

sia,

Chi

na,

MG,

BW

SR

EM

alay

sia,

New

Gui

nea

Ze

uzer

inae

11

.Ze

uzer

a in

dica

Her

rich-

Sch

äffe

r, 18

54In

dia

(Sik

kim

, Him

acha

l Pra

desh

), B

angl

ades

h, S

ri La

nka,

Nep

al, M

yanm

ar,

SG

NP

RE

New

Gui

nea,

Aus

tralia

VII

ZYG

AEN

OID

EA

(x) L

imac

odid

ae, L

imac

odin

ae

12.

Alth

a ni

vea

Wal

ker,

1862

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, J

hark

hand

, sou

ther

n In

dia)

, Sri

Lank

aM

GR

E13

.C

ania

bili

nea

Wal

ker,

1859

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, M

anip

ur, s

outh

ern

Indi

a), V

ietn

am, C

hina

, Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia

KW

SR

E14

.C

ania

pul

ligon

is S

win

hoe,

188

9In

dia

(Kar

nata

ka)

MG

EN

, RE

15.

Can

ia s

p.D

DM

GD

D16

.C

hero

met

tia a

pica

ta M

oore

, 187

9In

dia

(Sik

kim

, Man

ipur

)M

GE

N, R

E17

.M

iresa

niv

aha

Moo

re, 1

858/

59In

dia

(Kar

nata

ka, K

eral

a)S

GN

P, M

GE

N, R

E18

.N

aros

a co

nspe

rsa

Wal

ker,

1855

Indi

a (N

agal

and,

sou

ther

n In

dia)

, Sri

Lank

a, In

done

sia,

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o)M

GR

E19

.P

aras

a bi

colo

r (W

alke

r, 18

55)

Indi

a, M

yanm

ar to

Mal

aya,

Jav

a, C

hina

, Tai

wan

AM

–



20.

Par

asa

dhar

ma

Moo

re, 1

859

Indi

a (S

ikki

m),

Mya

nmar

, Ind

ones

iaS

GN

PR

E21

.P

aras

a he

rbife

ra (W

alke

r, 18

55)

Indi

a (H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, M

egha

laya

, Tam

il N

adu)

, Nep

alS

GN

P, B

WS

RE

22.

Par

asa

lepi

da (C

ram

er, 1

799)

Thro

ugho

ut In

dia

and

Sri

Lank

aK

WS

, SG

NP,

BW

S–

23.

Par

asa

past

oral

is B

utle

r, 18

80In

dia

(Sik

kim

), P

akis

tan,

Nep

al, B

huta

n, C

hina

, Vie

tnam

, Ind

ones

iaM

GR

E24

.P

aras

a c.

f. dh

arm

aD

DS

GN

PD

D25

.P

hlos

sa s

p.D

DP

WS

DD

26.

Pho

code

rma

sp.

DD

KW

S, S

GN

P,BW

S, P

WS

DD

27.

Sco

pelo

des

sp.

DD

MG

DD

28.

Sco

pelo

des

veno

sa W

alke

r, 18

55In

dia

(Sik

kim

, Utta

rakh

and)

, Sri

Lank

a, B

angl

ades

h, M

yanm

arS

GN

PR

E29

.Th

osea

gra

ndis

Her

ing,

193

1In

dia

(Meg

hala

ya, S

ikki

m),

Chi

na, M

yanm

ar, M

alay

sia

MG,

AM

RE

30.

Thos

ea s

p.D

DM

GD

D(x

i) Zy

gaen

idae

, Cha

lcos

iinae

M

GD

D31

.E

teru

sia

aede

a (C

lerc

k, 1

759)

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, A

ssam

, Meg

hala

ya, N

agal

and)

, Chi

na, N

epal

, Ban

glad

esh,

SG

NP,

MG

, AM

RE

Sri

Lank

a, T

haila

nd, J

apan

32.

Arto

na s

p.D

DS

GN

PD

D

VIII

TOR

TRIC

OID

EA:

(x

ii) T

ortr

icid

ae, T

ortr

icin

ae

33.

Arc

hips

c.f.

mac

hlop

isD

DS

GN

PD

D

IXPY

RA

LOID

EA:

(x

iii) C

ram

bida

e

Spilo

mel

inae

34.

Aet

holix

flav

ibas

alis

(Gue

née,

185

4)In

dia

(Mah

aras

htra

, Guj

arat

, And

aman

Is.),

Sri

Lank

a, M

yanm

ar, C

hina

, Ind

ones

ia,

KW

S, S

GN

P, B

WS

– M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

, Aus

tralia

, Haw

aii I

s., A

frica

35.

Aet

holix

sp.

DD

BW

SD

D36

.A

gath

odes

ost

enta

lis (G

eyer

, 183

7)In

dia

(Utta

rakh

and,

Sik

kim

, Kha

si H

ills, N

agal

and)

, Sri

Lank

a, M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

–K

WS

37.

Agr

oter

a sc

issa

lis (W

alke

r, 18

66)

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, M

egha

laya

, Nag

alan

d), S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Ind

ones

iaK

WS

RE

38.

Arth

rosc

hist

a hi

lara

lis (W

alke

r, 18

59)

Indi

a (N

.W. a

nd E

. Him

alay

as),

Sri

Lank

a, M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

, Mal

aysi

aS

GN

PR

E(B

orne

o), A

ustra

lia39

.B

otyo

des

asia

lis G

uené

e, 1

854

Indi

a, P

akis

tan

(Bal

uchi

stan

), S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Nep

al, C

hina

, Ind

ones

ia a

ndS

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,–

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), T

haila

nd, V

ietn

am, S

inga

pore

, Phi

lippi

nes,

New

Gui

nea,

KW

S, A

MA

ustra

lia, A

frica

40.

Cna

phal

ocro

cis

poey

alis

(Boi

sduv

al, 1

833)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

, Chi

na, J

apan

, Ind

ones

ia, A

ustra

lia, A

frica

,K

WS

Mau

ritiu

s, L

a R

éuni

on–

41.

Con

oget

hes

punc

tifer

alis

(Gue

née,

185

4)In

dia,

Chi

na, T

haila

nd, A

ustra

liaK

WS

–

42C

ydal

ima

latic

osta

lis (G

uené

e, 1

854)

Indi

a (A

ndam

an Is

.), S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, M

yanm

ar, T

haila

ndS

GN

P, M

G,

RE

BWS,

KW

S43

.D

aulia

affr

alis

Wal

ker 1

859

Indi

a (T

amil

Nad

u), B

huta

n, M

yanm

ar, C

hina

, Ind

ones

ia, M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

KW

S, S

GN

P, A

MD

D44

.D

iaph

ania

indi

ca (S

aund

ers,

185

1)In

dia,

Nep

al, C

hina

, Ind

o-A

ustra

lia, J

apan

, Kor

ea. S

audi

Ara

bia,

Cen

tral A

mer

ica,

SG

NP,

BW

S, K

WS

–A

frica

, Mad

agas

car

45.

Dic

hocr

ocis

nilu

salis

Wal

ker,

1859

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Indo

nesi

a, M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

MG,

KW

S–

Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m n

orth

ern

Wes

tern

Gha

ts (c

ontd

.)

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes



Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m n

orth

ern

Wes

tern

Gha

ts (c

ontd

.)

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes

46.

Filo

des

fulv

idor

salis

Hub

ner,

1832

Indi

a (S

ikki

m),

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Vie

tnam

, Ind

ones

iaM

G, A

MR

E47

.G

lyph

odes

bic

olor

(Sw

ains

on, 1

821)

Afri

ca, I

ndia

(Sik

kim

), S

ri La

nka,

Nep

al, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

, Vie

tnam

,K

WS

RE

Phi

lippi

nes,

Jap

an, A

ustra

lia48

.G

lyph

odes

biv

itral

is G

uené

e, 1

854

Indi

a (U

ttara

khan

d, S

ikki

m, A

ssam

, wes

tern

and

sou

ther

n In

dia,

And

aman

Is.),

SG

NP,

MG

, KW

SR

ES

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Chi

na, I

ndon

esia

, Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), T

haila

nd, S

inga

pore

, Phi

lippi

nes,

Aus

tralia

, Am

eric

a49

.G

lyph

odes

c.f.

act

orio

nalis

DD

KW

SR

E50

.G

lyph

odes

cae

salis

Wal

ker,

1859

Indi

a (S

ikki

m),

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

, Vie

tnam

, Mal

aya,

Chi

na,

SG

NP

RE

Sin

gapo

re, I

ndon

esia

, Phi

lippi

nes

51.

Gly

phod

es s

tola

lis G

uené

e, 1

854

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, A

ssam

), S

ri La

nka,

Nep

al, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

, Vie

tnam

,M

G, S

GN

PR

EIn

done

sia,

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), P

hilip

pine

s, N

ew G

uine

a, A

ustra

lia,

Pap

ua N

ew G

uine

a, F

iji52

.H

arita

lode

s de

roga

ta (F

abric

ius,

177

5)In

dia

(And

aman

& N

icob

ar Is

.), N

epal

, Mal

aysi

a, S

inga

pore

, Ind

ones

ia (B

ali)

SG

NP

RE

Chi

na, J

apan

, New

Gui

nea,

Aus

tralia

, Pap

ua N

ew G

uine

a, S

amoa

, Fiji,

Wes

t Afri

ca.

53.

Her

peto

gram

ma

c.f.

luct

uosa

lisD

DS

GN

P, K

WS

, AM

RE

54.

Lam

pros

ema

com

mix

ta B

utle

r, 18

79In

dia

(Ass

am),

Sri

Lank

a, V

ietn

am, N

epal

, Chi

na, I

ndon

esia

, Jap

anB

WS

RE

55.

Lygr

opia

qua

tern

alis

Zel

ler,

1852

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Chi

na, W

. Mal

aysi

a, A

ustra

lia A

frica

SG

NP

–56

.M

aruc

a vi

trata

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

787)

In

dia,

Pak

ista

n, S

ri La

nka,

Ban

glad

esh,

Jap

an, C

hina

(inc

ludi

ng H

ong

Kon

g),

SG

NP,

MG

,Ta

iwan

, Cam

bodi

a, L

aos,

Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

, Vie

tnam

, Ind

ones

ia, P

hilip

pine

s, K

WS

, AM

–M

alay

sia,

Sin

gapo

re, K

orea

, Aus

tralia

, Tas

man

ia, N

ew G

uine

a, N

ew C

aled

onia

,N

ew Z

eala

nd, M

elan

esia

, Mic

rone

sia,

Pol

ynes

ia, S

outh

and

Cen

tral A

mer

ica,

Afric

a, A

rabi

a, M

adag

asca

r57

.N

ausi

noe

geom

etra

lis (G

uené

e,18

54)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Nep

al, C

hina

, Tai

wan

, Mya

nmar

, Ind

ones

ia, P

hilip

pine

s, A

ustra

lia,

KW

S, A

M–

Afri

ca58

.O

mio

des

anal

is S

nelle

n, 1

880

Indi

a, C

hina

, Tai

wan

, Ind

ones

ia.

KW

S–

59.

Om

iode

s di

emen

alis

(Gue

née,

185

4)In

dia

(And

aman

& N

icob

ar Is

.), S

ri La

nka,

Tha

iland

, Sey

chel

les,

Vie

tnam

,K

WS

RE

Sin

gapo

re, N

epal

, Chi

na, J

ava,

Indo

nesi

a, M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

, Phi

lippi

nes,

Fiji

,To

nga,

Aus

tralia

, Van

uatu

, Tah

iti, S

outh

Am

eric

a, N

orth

Afri

ca60

.P

agyd

a sa

lval

is W

alke

r, 18

59In

dia

(Sik

kim

), S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Chi

na, T

haila

nd, I

ndon

esia

, Phi

lippi

nes,

Jap

an,

KW

SR

EN

ew G

uine

a, A

ustra

lia61

.P

arot

is m

argi

nata

(Ham

pson

, 189

3)In

dia

(Sik

kim

, Wes

t Ben

gal,

Nic

obar

Is.),

Sri

Lank

a, P

apua

New

Gui

nea

KW

S, A

MR

E62

.P

leur

opty

a io

pasa

lis (W

alke

r, 18

59)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, I

ndon

esia

, Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), P

hilip

pine

s.K

WS

–63

.P

ycna

rmon

c.f.

alb

ofla

valis

DD

KW

SD

D64

.P

ygos

pila

tyre

s (C

ram

er, 1

780)

Indi

a (T

amil

Nad

u), S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Nep

al, C

hina

, Tha

iland

, Vie

tnam

,S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,R

EIn

done

sia

and

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), P

hilip

pine

s, J

apan

, New

Gui

nea,

Aus

tralia

, Afri

caK

WS

, AM

65.

Sam

eode

s ca

ncel

lalis

(Zel

ler,

1852

)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

, Ind

o-ch

ina,

Chi

na, I

ndon

esia

, Aus

tralia

,K

WS

–A

mer

ica

66.

Spo

lade

a re

curv

alis

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Nep

al, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

, Mal

aysi

a, A

ustra

lia, N

orth

and

SG

NP,

MG

, KW

S,

–S

outh

Am

eric

a, A

frica

, sou

ther

n E

urop

eA

M67

.Te

rast

ia e

gial

ealis

Wal

ker,

1859

Indi

a, N

epal

, Chi

na, T

haila

nd, M

alay

sia

SG

NP,

MG

, KW

S,

–A

M68

.Ty

span

odes

c.f.

line

alis

DD

SG

NP

DD

Pyra

ustin

ae

69.

Hya

loba

thra

sp.

DD

KW

S –



Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m n

orth

ern

Wes

tern

Gha

ts (c

ontd

.)

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes

Cra

mbi

nae

70

.C

hilo

sup

pres

salis

(Wal

ker,

1863

)In

dia

(Pun

jab,

Ass

am, K

olka

ta),

Sri L

anka

, Chi

na, T

aiw

an, K

orea

, Jap

an,

SG

NP

RE

Mal

aysi

a, H

awai

i, Sp

ain

71.

Gla

ucoc

haris

sp.

1D

DB

WS

DD

72.

Gla

ucoc

haris

sp.

2D

DS

GN

PD

D

A

cent

ropi

nae

[= N

ymph

ulin

ae]

73

.E

riste

na c

.f. p

osta

lbal

isD

DK

WS

DD

74.

Par

acym

oriz

a va

galis

(Wal

ker,

1865

)In

dia

(Pun

jab,

Tam

il N

adu)

, Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Chi

na, M

yanm

ar, T

haila

nd,

KW

SR

EIn

done

sia,

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o)75

.P

arap

oynx

dim

inut

alis

Sne

llen,

188

0E

urop

e, A

frica

, Ind

ia (P

unja

b, M

ahar

asht

ra),

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Ind

ones

ia,

SG

NP

–N

orth

Am

eric

a(x

iv) P

yral

idae

Py

ralin

ae76

.B

ostra

indi

cato

r Wal

ker,

1863

Nep

al, C

hina

, Jap

anK

WS

NR

77.

Ocr

asa

sp.

DD

KWS

–78

.Ta

mra

ca to

rrid

alis

(Led

erer

, 186

3)In

dia

(N.W

. Him

alay

as N

agal

and,

Mah

aras

htra

, Guj

arat

, Kar

nata

ka),

Sri

Lank

a,K

WS

–M

yanm

ar, J

ava,

Indo

nesi

a, C

hina

79.

Vite

ssa

sura

deva

Moo

re, 1

860

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, A

ssam

, hills

of s

outh

ern

Indi

a, A

ndam

an Is

.), S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

,A

MR

EIn

done

sia,

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o)80

.Zi

tha

tact

ilis

Sw

inho

e, 1

890

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, T

amil

Nad

u), M

yanm

arK

WS

RE

Epip

asch

iinae

81

.S

alm

a sp

.D

DS

GN

P D

D

XTH

YRID

OID

EA

(xv)

Thy

ridid

ae, S

trig

linin

ae

82.

Ban

isia

myr

susa

lis (W

alke

r, 18

59)

Indi

a, A

ustra

lia, N

orth

and

Sou

th A

mer

ica,

Bra

zil

SG

NP

—83

.C

ollin

sa s

p.D

DS

GN

PD

D84

.St

riglin

a sc

itaria

(Wal

ker,

1862

)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

, Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), T

aiw

an, J

apan

,K

WS

, SG

NP,

PW

S —

New

Gui

nea,

Aus

tralia

, Pap

ua N

ew G

uine

a, F

iji85

.St

riglin

a sp

. 1D

DB

WS

DD

86.

Strig

lina

sp. 2

DD

BW

SD

D87

.St

riglin

a sp

. 3D

DP

WS

DD

XIPT

ERO

PHO

RO

IDEA

(x

vi) P

tero

phor

idae

88

.E

mm

elin

a sp

.D

D

SG

NP,

KW

SD

D89

.M

egal

orrh

ipid

a sp

.D

DP

WS

DD

90.

Hel

linsi

a sp

.D

DS

GN

PD

D

XII

BO

MB

YCO

IDEA

(x

vii)

Sphi

ngid

ae

Smer

inth

inae

, Sm

erin

thin

i91

.M

arum

ba s

pect

abili

s (B

utle

r, 18

75)

Indi

a (e

aste

rn &

wes

tern

Him

alay

a no

rther

n In

dia,

Mah

aras

htra

, Utta

rakh

and,

SG

NP,

MG

–W

est B

enga

l, M

egha

laya

), N

epal

, Chi

na, T

haila

nd, L

aos,

Vie

tnam

, Mal

aysi

a,In

done

sia



92.

Mar

umba

dyr

as (W

alke

r, 18

56)

Indi

a (J

amm

u &

Kas

hmir,

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Sik

kim

, Ass

am,

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

–M

egha

laya

, Aru

nach

al P

rade

sh, N

agal

and,

Man

ipur

, Miz

oram

, Kar

nata

ka,

KW

SG

ujar

at, M

ahar

asht

ra, A

ndam

an &

Nic

obar

isla

nds)

, Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

,B

huta

n, B

angl

ades

h, M

yanm

ar, T

haila

nd, S

. Chi

na, P

hilip

pine

s, In

done

sia,

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), T

aiw

an93

.M

arum

ba p

olio

tis H

amps

on, 1

907

Indi

a (M

ahar

asht

ra, s

outh

ern

Indi

a)S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

EN94

.M

arum

ba in

dicu

s (W

alke

r, 18

56)

Indi

a (M

ahar

asht

ra, K

arna

taka

), S

ri La

nka

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

–K

WS

95.

Mar

umba

nym

pha

Rot

hsch

ild &

Jor

dan,

190

3In

dia

(Mah

aras

htra

, sou

ther

n In

dia)

MB

EN

, RE

96.

Sat

aspe

s ta

galic

a f.

haux

wel

liIn

dia,

Mya

nmar

, Chi

naS

GN

P–

97.

Leuc

ophl

ebia

line

ata

Wes

twoo

d, 1

847

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Nep

al, T

haila

nd, C

ambo

dia,

Vie

tnam

, Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia,

MG

RE

Phi

lippi

nes,

Chi

na, T

aiw

an98

.C

lani

s ph

alar

is (C

ram

er, 1

777)

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, A

ssam

, Aru

nach

al P

rade

sh, N

agal

and,

Man

ipur

, Meg

hala

ya,

SG

NP,

MG

–M

izor

am, M

ahar

asht

ra, K

arna

taka

, Utta

rakh

and,

Mad

hya

Pra

desh

, Tam

il N

adu,

And

hra

Pra

desh

, Pon

dich

erry

, And

aman

& N

icob

ar Is

.), S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

99.

Pol

ypty

chus

den

tatu

s (C

ram

er, 1

777)

Pak

ista

n, In

dia

(Utta

rakh

and,

Sik

kim

, Wes

t Ben

gal,

Mah

aras

htra

), S

ri La

nka,

SG

NP

–Bh

utan

Smer

inth

inae

, Am

buly

cini

100.

Am

plyp

teru

s pa

nopu

s (C

ram

er, 1

779)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Chi

na, M

alay

sia,

Phi

lippi

nes,

Indo

nesi

aA

M–

101.

Am

buly

x su

bstri

gilis

(Jor

dan,

192

3)In

dia

(sou

ther

n In

dia)

BW

S, M

GE

N, R

E

Sphi

ngin

ae, S

phin

gini

10

2.P

silo

gram

ma

men

ephr

on (C

ram

er, 1

780)

Indi

a (J

amm

u &

Kas

hmir,

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Sik

kim

, Ass

am,

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

SR

EM

egha

laya

, Aru

nach

al P

rade

sh, N

agal

and,

Man

ipur

, Miz

oram

, Guj

arat

,A

ndam

an Is

.), S

ri La

nka,

Nep

al, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

, Vie

tnam

, Ind

ones

ia,

Phi

lippi

nes,

Aus

tralia

103.

Psi

logr

amm

a in

cret

a (W

alke

r, [1

865]

)In

dia

(Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir, U

ttara

khan

d, M

ahar

asht

ra),

Sri

Lank

a, M

yanm

ar, N

epal

,S

GN

P, M

G–

Chi

na, T

haila

nd, V

ietn

am, M

alay

sia,

Kor

ea, T

aiw

an, J

apan

104.

Agn

osia

orn

eus

(Wes

twoo

d, 1

847)

Indi

a (J

amm

u &

Kas

hmir,

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Mad

hya

Pra

desh

,S

GN

P, M

G, K

WS

–U

ttar P

rade

sh, B

ihar

, Cha

ttisg

arh,

Raj

asth

an, G

ujar

at, M

ahar

asht

ra, G

oa,

Tam

il N

adu,

Kar

nata

ka, A

ndhr

a P

rade

sh),

Sri

Lank

a10

5.A

gnos

ia m

icro

ta (H

amps

on, 1

907)

Indi

a (M

adhy

a P

rade

sh, U

ttar P

rade

sh, B

ihar

, Cha

ttisg

arh,

Raj

asth

an,

SG

NP,

KW

S–

Jhar

khan

d, G

ujar

at, M

ahar

asht

ra, T

amil

Nad

u, K

arna

taka

, And

hra

Pra

desh

),S

ri La

nka

Sphi

ngin

ae, A

cher

ontin

i

106.

Agr

ius

conv

olvu

li (L

inna

eus,

175

8)In

dia

(Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir, H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d, S

ikki

m, A

ssam

,S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,–

Meg

hala

ya, A

runa

chal

Pra

desh

, Nag

alan

d, M

anip

ur, M

izor

am, M

ahar

asht

ra,

KW

S, M

B, M

NG

ujar

at, A

ndam

an Is

.), P

akis

tan,

Sri

Lank

a, M

yanm

ar, C

hina

, Mal

aysi

a,In

done

sia,

Mon

golia

, Sib

eria

, Jap

an, A

frica

, Aus

tralia

, the

Pac

ific

and

Sou

ther

n E

urop

e10

7.A

cher

ontia

lach

esis

Fab

riciu

s, 1

798

Indi

a (J

amm

u &

Kas

hmir,

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Sik

kim

, Ass

am,

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

–M

egha

laya

, Aru

nach

al P

rade

sh, N

agal

and,

Man

ipur

, Miz

oram

, Mah

aras

htra

,K

WS

, MB

, MN

Guj

arat

, Goa

, Tam

il N

adu,

Kar

nata

ka, A

ndhr

a P

rade

sh, A

ndam

an Is

.),S

ri La

nka,

Pak

ista

n, N

epal

, Mya

nmar

, Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia,

Chi

na, J

apan

,P

hilip

pine

s, H

awai

i Is.

, Rus

sia

Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m n

orth

ern

Wes

tern

Gha

ts (c

ontd

.)

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes



Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m N

orth

ern-

wes

tern

Gha

ts (c

ontd

.)

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes

108.

Ach

eron

tia s

tyx

(Wes

twoo

d,18

48)

Indi

a (J

amm

u &

Kas

hmir,

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Sik

kim

, Ass

am,

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

–M

egha

laya

, Aru

nach

al P

rade

sh, N

agal

and,

Man

ipur

, Miz

oram

, Mah

aras

htra

,K

WS

Guj

arat

, And

aman

Is),

Sri L

anka

, Pak

ista

n, C

hina

, Nep

al, M

yanm

ar, B

angl

ades

h,In

done

sia,

Sau

di A

rabi

a, Ir

aq, I

ran

109.

Dol

bina

inex

acta

(Wal

ker,1

856)

Indi

a (W

.& E

. Him

alay

a, T

amil

Nad

u, K

arna

taka

, And

hra

Pra

desh

), C

hina

,S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

RE

Mal

aysi

a, B

huta

n, T

haila

nd, V

ietn

am11

0.M

egan

oton

rube

scen

s (B

utle

r, 18

76)

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, A

ndam

an Is

.), T

haila

nd, I

ndon

esia

, Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), P

hilip

pine

s,S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,R

EAu

stra

liaM

N

Mac

rogl

ossi

nae,

Dilo

phon

otin

i

111.

Cep

hono

des

sp.

Indi

a (J

amm

u &

Kas

hmir,

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Sik

kim

, Ass

am,

SG

NP,

PW

S–

Meg

hala

ya, A

runa

chal

Pra

desh

, Nag

alan

d, M

anip

ur, M

izor

am, M

ahar

asht

ra,

Goa

, Guj

arat

, And

hra

Pra

desh

, Tam

il N

adu,

Kar

nata

ka),

Afric

a, S

ri La

nka,

Bhu

tan,

Nep

al, E

ast A

sia,

Sou

th-E

ast A

sia,

Aus

tralia

Mac

rogl

ossi

nae,

Mac

rogl

ossi

ni,

Mac

rogl

ossi

na

–

112.

Neo

gure

lca

hyas

(Wal

ker,

1856

)In

dia

(Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir, H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d, S

ikki

m, A

ssam

,S

GN

P, M

G–

Meg

hala

ya, A

runa

chal

Pra

desh

, Nag

alan

d, M

anip

ur, M

izor

am,

Mad

hya

Pra

desh

, Mad

hya

Pra

desh

, Utta

r Pra

desh

, Cha

ttisg

arh,

Raj

asth

an,

Mah

aras

htra

, Goa

, Guj

arat

, And

hra

Pra

desh

, Tam

il N

adu,

Kar

nata

ka),

Nep

al,

Bhu

tan,

Mya

nmar

, Ban

glad

esh,

Tha

iland

, Vie

tnam

, Jap

an, M

alay

sia,

Indo

nesi

a(S

umat

ra, J

ava)

, Phi

lippi

nes

113.

Nep

hele

hes

pera

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Indi

a (J

amm

u &

Kas

hmir,

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Sik

kim

, Ass

am,

SG

NP,

MG

, MN

,–

Meg

hala

ya, A

runa

chal

Pra

desh

, Nag

alan

d, M

anip

ur, M

izor

am, M

adhy

a P

rade

sh,

BW

S, K

WS

Tam

il N

adu,

And

hra

Pra

desh

, Pon

dich

erry

, Kar

nata

ka, G

ujar

at, M

ahar

asht

ra,

And

aman

& N

icob

ar Is

.), S

ri La

nka,

Pak

ista

n, B

huta

n, N

epal

, Chi

na, T

haila

nd,

Viet

nam

, Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia

114.

Dap

hnis

ner

ii (L

inna

eus,

175

8)In

dia

(Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir, H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d, S

ikki

m, A

ssam

,S

GN

P–

Meg

hala

ya, A

runa

chal

Pra

desh

, Nag

alan

d, M

anip

ur, M

izor

am, M

ahar

asht

ra,

Guj

arat

), S

ri La

nka,

Pak

ista

n, B

huta

n, M

yanm

ar, T

haila

nd, C

hina

, Tai

wan

, Jap

an,

Mal

aysi

a, E

urop

e,Ye

men

, Afri

ca, M

aurit

ius,

Sau

di A

rabi

a, A

fgha

nist

an11

5.A

cosm

eryx

she

rvill

ii B

oisd

uval

, 187

5In

dia

(Sik

kim

, nor

ther

n In

dia,

Mah

aras

htra

, sou

ther

n In

dia)

, Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Chi

na,

SG

NP,

MG

, KW

S–

Bhu

tan,

Tha

iland

, Vie

tnam

, Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia

116.

Aco

smer

yx p

seud

onag

a B

oisd

uval

, 187

5In

dia,

Mal

aysi

a, P

hilip

pine

sM

G–

117.

Mac

rogl

ossu

m g

yran

s W

alke

r, 18

56In

dia

(Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir, H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d, S

ikki

m, A

ssam

,S

GN

P, M

G–

Meg

hala

ya, A

runa

chal

Pra

desh

, Nag

alan

d, M

anip

ur, M

izor

am, M

adhy

a P

rade

sh,

Kar

nata

ka, T

amil

Nad

u, G

ujar

at, M

ahar

asht

ra),

Sri

Lank

a,P

akis

tan,

Bhu

tan,

Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

118.

Mac

rogl

ossu

m p

artic

olor

Rot

hsch

ild &

Indi

a (M

ahar

asht

ra, s

outh

ern

Indi

a), S

ri La

nka,

Mal

dive

Isla

nds

SG

NP

–Jo

rdan

, 190

311

9.M

acro

glos

sum

bel

is (L

inna

eus,

175

8)P

akis

tan,

Indi

a (J

amm

u &

Kas

hmir,

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Sik

kim

,A

ssam

, Wes

t Ben

gal,

Mad

hya

Pra

desh

, Kar

nata

ka, G

ujar

at, M

ahar

asht

ra),

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Chi

na, B

huta

n, T

haila

nd, V

ietn

am, I

ndon

esia

, Tai

wan

, Jap

anS

GN

P–

120.

Mac

rogl

ossu

m c

oryt

hus

Wal

ker,

1856

Indi

a (E

aste

rn H

imal

aya,

sou

ther

n In

dia,

And

aman

Isla

nds)

, Chi

naM

GR

E12

1.M

acro

glos

sum

siti

ene

Wal

ker,

1856

Indi

a (E

aste

rn H

imal

aya,

sou

ther

n In

dia.

), S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, B

angl

ades

h,S

GN

P–

Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

, Vie

tnam

, Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia,

Phi

lippi

nes,

Tai

wan

, Jap

an



Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m N

orth

ern-

wes

tern

Gha

ts (c

ontd

.)

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes

Mac

rogl

ossi

nae,

Mac

rogl

ossi

ni,

Cho

eroc

ampi

na

–

122.

Hip

potio

n ro

setta

(Sw

inho

e, 1

892)

Indi

a (M

ahar

asht

ra, G

oa, K

arna

taka

, Tam

il N

adu,

And

hra

Pra

desh

, Guj

arat

,S

GN

P, M

G–

Oris

sa, S

ikki

m, W

est B

enga

l, B

ihar

, Utta

r Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Him

acha

lP

rade

sh, H

arya

na, A

ssam

, Aru

nach

al P

rade

sh, M

egha

laya

, Lak

shad

wee

pIs

land

s, A

ndam

an &

Nic

obar

Is.),

Sri

Lank

a, P

akis

tan,

Tha

iland

, sou

ther

n C

hina

and

Taiw

an to

sou

ther

n Ja

pan

(Ryu

kyu

Arc

hipe

lago

), P

hilip

pine

s, e

aste

rn In

done

sia,

Papu

a N

ew G

uine

a12

3.H

ippo

tion

cele

rio (L

inna

eus,

175

8)In

dia

(Wes

tern

and

Eas

tern

Him

alay

a, s

outh

ern

Indi

a) a

nd th

roug

hout

the

wor

ldS

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

RE

exce

pt in

the

far N

orth

, New

Zea

land

124.

Hip

potio

n ra

ffles

ii (M

oore

, 185

8)In

dia

(Eas

tern

Him

alay

a, s

outh

ern

Indi

a), S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

,M

G, K

WS

RE

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), T

aiw

an12

5.P

erge

sa a

cteu

s (C

ram

er, 1

779)

Indi

a (J

amm

u &

Kas

hmir,

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Sik

kim

, Ass

am,

SG

NP,

MG

–M

egha

laya

, Aru

nach

al P

rade

sh, N

agal

and,

Man

ipur

, Miz

oram

, Wes

t Ben

gal,

Mah

aras

htra

, Kar

nata

ka, A

ndam

an Is

.), S

ri La

nka,

Nep

al, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

,Th

aila

nd, C

hina

, Tai

wan

, Jap

an, M

alay

sia,

Sin

gapo

re, I

ndon

esia

, Phi

lippi

nes

126.

Hyl

es li

vorn

ica

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Indi

a (W

este

rn H

imal

aya

and

sout

hern

Indi

a), P

akis

tan,

Chi

na, E

urop

e, A

frica

SG

NP,

MG

RE

127.

Ther

etra

nes

sus

(Dru

ry, 1

773)

.In

dia

(Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir, H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d, S

ikki

m, A

ssam

,S

GN

P, M

G,

Meg

hala

ya, A

runa

chal

Pra

desh

, Nag

alan

d, M

anip

ur, M

izor

am, G

ujar

at,

BW

S, K

WS

–M

ahar

asht

ra, G

oa, A

ndhr

a P

rade

sh, K

arna

taka

, Tam

il N

adu,

And

aman

Is.),

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Chi

na, B

huta

n, M

yanm

ar, T

haila

nd12

8.Th

eret

ra b

oisd

uval

ii (B

ugni

on, 1

839)

Indi

a (e

aste

rn H

imal

aya,

Mah

aras

htra

, Guj

arat

, Utta

rakh

and,

Meg

hala

ya,

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S–

Sik

kim

), S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, T

haila

nd, M

alay

sia,

Indo

nesi

a, V

ietn

am, T

aiw

an,

Turk

ey, I

ran

129.

Ther

etra

gno

ma

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Indi

a (s

outh

ern

Indi

a), S

ri La

nka

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

RE

KW

S13

0.Th

eret

ra c

loth

o (D

rury

, 177

3)In

dia

(Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir, H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d, S

ikki

m, A

ssam

,S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,–

Meg

hala

ya, A

runa

chal

Pra

desh

, Nag

alan

d, M

anip

ur, M

izor

am, W

est B

enga

l,K

WS

, MN

, AM

Guj

arat

, Mah

aras

htra

, Kar

nata

ka, T

amil

Nad

u, A

ndam

an Is

.),S

ri La

nka,

Nep

al, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Ind

ones

ia13

1.Th

eret

ra a

lect

o (L

inna

eus,

175

8)In

dia

(Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir, H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d, S

ikki

m, A

ssam

,S

GN

P, M

G–

Meg

hala

ya, A

runa

chal

Pra

desh

, Nag

alan

d, M

anip

ur, M

izor

am),

Pak

ista

n, Ir

aq, I

ran,

Afg

hani

stan

, Uzb

ekis

tan,

Kyr

gyzs

tan,

Gre

ece,

Bul

garia

, Egy

pt, L

eban

on, I

srae

l,Tu

rkey

, Tur

kmen

ista

n13

2.Th

eret

ra ly

cetu

s (C

ram

er 1

775)

Indi

a (J

amm

u &

Kas

hmir,

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Sik

kim

, Ass

am,

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

–M

egha

laya

, Aru

nach

al P

rade

sh, N

agal

and,

Man

ipur

, Miz

oram

, Wes

t Ben

gal,

KW

SG

ujar

at, M

ahar

asht

ra, K

arna

taka

), S

ri La

nka,

Bhu

tan,

Mya

nmar

, Ind

ones

ia13

3.Th

eret

ra o

lden

land

iae

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Indi

a (J

amm

u &

Kas

hmir,

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Sik

kim

, Ass

am,

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

–M

egha

laya

, Aru

nach

al P

rade

sh, N

agal

and,

Man

ipur

, Miz

oram

, Mad

hya

Pra

desh

, K

WS

Guj

arat

, Mah

aras

htra

, Kar

nata

ka),

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Chi

na,

Bhu

tan,

Mya

nmar

, Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia,

Phi

lippi

nes

134.

Ther

etra

silh

eten

sis

(Wal

ker,

1856

)In

dia

(eas

tern

Him

alay

as, s

outh

ern

Indi

a, A

ndam

an Is

.), S

ri La

nka,

Nep

al, C

hina

,M

GR

EB

angl

ades

h, T

haila

nd, V

ietn

am, M

alay

sia,

Indo

nesi

a, T

aiw

an, J

apan

, Aus

tralia

135.

Ther

etra

cas

tane

a (M

oore

, 187

2)In

dia

(Mah

aras

htra

, Kar

nata

ka, K

eral

a, T

amil

Nad

u)S

GN

P, M

GEN



(xvi

ii) B

omby

cida

e, B

omby

cina

e

136.

Oci

nara

sp.

DD

SG

NP

DD

137.

Trilo

cha

c.f.

varia

nsD

DS

GN

PD

D13

8.Tr

iloch

a c.

f. fri

edel

iD

DS

GN

PD

D(x

ix) E

upte

rotid

ae, E

upte

rotin

ae

139.

Eup

tero

te li

neos

a (W

alke

r, 18

55)

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, N

agal

and)

, Ban

glad

esh,

Bhu

tan

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

RE

AM, P

WS

140.

Eup

tero

te m

urin

a (M

oore

, 187

7)S

ri La

nka

BWS,

PW

S N

R,

RE

14

1.E

upte

rote

sp.

DD

MG

DD

Subf

amily

Una

ssig

ned

14

2.G

anis

a si

mili

s M

oore

, 188

4In

dia

(Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Sik

kim

, Utta

rakh

and,

Nag

alan

d), S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na,

SG

NP,

AM

RE

Ban

glad

esh,

Mal

aysi

a(x

x)Sa

turn

iidae

, Sat

urni

inae

14

3.A

ctia

s se

lene

(Hüb

ner,

1806

)In

dia

(Kas

hmir,

Sik

kim

, Ass

am, M

egha

laya

, Man

ipur

, Wes

t Ben

gal,

Bih

ar, O

rissa

,S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,–

Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Guj

arat

, Mah

aras

htra

, Kar

nata

ka,

MN

, AM

, MB

Tam

il N

adu)

, Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Chi

na, B

huta

n, B

angl

ades

h, M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

,P

hilip

pine

s, A

fgha

nist

an, R

ussi

a, M

alay

sia

144.

Atta

cus

tapr

oban

is M

oore

, 188

2-18

83In

dia

(Mah

aras

htra

, Kar

nata

ka, K

eral

a, T

amil

Nad

u, G

ujar

at),

Sri

Lank

aS

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,–

KW

S14

5.A

nthe

raea

pap

hia

(Lin

naeu

s, 1

758)

Indi

a (K

ashm

ir, S

ikki

m, A

ssam

, Meg

hala

ya, W

est B

enga

l, B

ihar

, Oris

sa,

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

–H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d, M

adhy

a P

rade

sh, A

ndhr

a P

rade

sh, G

ujar

at,

KW

S, M

BM

ahar

asht

ra, K

arna

taka

, Tam

il N

adu)

, Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Bhu

tan,

Ban

glad

esh,

Mya

nmar

, Pak

ista

n14

7.Lo

epa

schi

ntlm

eist

eri B

rech

lin, 2

000

Indi

a (H

imal

aya,

Mah

aras

htra

), M

yanm

ar, T

haila

nd, M

alay

sia,

Indo

nesi

aM

G, B

WS

–

XIII

LASI

OC

AM

POID

EA

(xxi

) Las

ioca

mpi

dae,

Las

ioca

mpi

nae

14

8.Tr

abal

a vi

shno

u (L

efèb

vre,

182

7)In

dia

(Utta

rakh

and,

Wes

t Ben

gal,

And

aman

Is.),

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Bhu

tan,

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

SR

EB

angl

ades

h, M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

, Jap

an14

9.A

rgud

a fla

vovi

ttata

Moo

re, 1

879

Indi

a (H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d), B

huta

nS

GN

PR

E15

0.Le

beda

nob

ilis

Wal

ker,

1855

Indi

a (N

agal

and,

Wes

t Ben

gal,

east

to n

orth

-wes

t Him

alay

a), N

epal

, Ban

glad

esh

MG,

KW

S, B

WS

RE

151.

Met

anas

tria

acon

yta

(Cra

mer

, 177

7)In

dia

(Kar

nata

ka, K

eral

a, S

ikki

m),

Ban

glad

esh

PW

SR

E15

2.St

rebl

ote

siva

(Lef

èbvr

e, 1

827)

Indi

a (W

est B

enga

l, so

uthe

rn In

dia,

nor

th-w

est H

imal

aya)

, Mya

nmar

, Ira

q, P

akis

tan

SG

NP

RE

XIV

GEO

MET

RO

IDEA

(x

xii)

Ura

niid

ae

Mic

roni

inae

153.

Mic

roni

a ac

ulea

ta G

uené

e, 1

857

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Chi

na, T

aiw

anS

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,–

KWS,

AM

Epip

lem

inae

15

4.O

rudi

za p

roth

ecla

ria W

alke

r, 18

61In

dia

(Sik

kim

, Utta

rakh

and,

Meg

hala

ya, M

ahar

asht

ra, K

arna

taka

, Ker

ala)

,S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

–M

yanm

ar, B

angl

ades

h, T

haila

nd, C

ambo

dia,

Indo

nesi

a15

5.M

onob

olod

es s

p.D

D

SG

NP,

MG

DD

156.

Pha

zaca

leuc

ocer

a H

amps

on, 1

891

Indi

a (U

ttara

khan

d, s

outh

ern

Indi

a), S

ri La

nka,

Indo

nesi

a, M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

,S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,Pa

pua

New

Gui

nea

KWS

RE

Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m N

orth

ern-

wes

tern

Gha

ts

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes



Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m N

orth

ern-

wes

tern

Gha

ts

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes

157.

Pha

zaca

sp.

B

WS

DD

158.

Pha

zaca

c.f.

thec

lata

DD

SG

NP

–A

uzei

nae

15

9.D

ecet

ia n

umic

usar

ia (W

alke

r, 18

60)

Indi

a, B

angl

ades

h.S

GN

P–

160.

Dec

etia

sub

obsc

urat

a W

alke

r, 18

62In

dia

(Nor

th In

dia,

Tam

il N

adu,

Ker

ala)

, Sri

Lank

aM

GR

E(x

xiii)

Geo

met

ridae

En

nom

inae

, Hyp

ochr

osin

i16

1.H

ypoc

hros

is h

yada

ria G

uené

e, 1

858

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, U

ttara

khan

d, K

hasi

Hills

, Tam

il N

adu)

, Sri

Lank

aK

WS

RE

162.

Ach

rosi

s in

cita

ta (W

alke

r, 18

62)

Indi

a, N

epal

, Chi

naS

GN

P–

Enno

min

ae, P

luto

dini

16

3.P

luto

des

trans

mut

ata

Wal

ker,

1861

Indi

a (H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d), N

epal

BW

SR

E16

4.C

aber

ini m

edar

daria

Her

rich-

Sch

äffe

r, 18

56In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Mya

nmar

, Ban

glad

esh,

Aus

tralia

SG

NP

–En

nom

inae

, Cab

erin

i

165.

Hyp

eryt

hra

lute

a (S

toll,

178

7)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, M

yanm

ar, C

hina

, Ind

ones

ia, N

ew G

uine

aS

GN

P–

Enno

min

ae, A

brax

ini

16

6.A

brax

as s

p.D

DM

GD

D16

7.G

onod

ontis

c.f.

cle

liaD

DS

GN

PD

DEn

nom

inae

, Cas

sym

ini

16

8.H

eter

oste

gane

sp.

DD

MG

DD

Enno

min

ae, E

utoe

ini

16

9.E

utoe

a he

tero

neur

ata

(Gue

née,

185

7)In

dia,

Aus

tralia

, New

Brit

ain

MG

–17

0.Lu

xiar

ia s

p.D

DS

GN

PD

DEn

nom

inae

, Mac

ariin

i

171.

Chi

asm

ia fr

ugal

iata

(Gue

née,

185

8)In

dia

(Mah

aras

htra

, Che

nnai

, Utta

rakh

and)

, Pak

ista

n, S

ri La

nka

SG

NP,

MG

–17

2.C

hias

mia

inch

oata

(Wal

ker,

1861

)In

dia

(Mah

aras

htra

, nor

th In

dia)

SG

NP,

MG

EN17

3.C

hias

mia

ele

onor

a (C

ram

er, 1

780)

Indi

a (N

orth

Indi

a, U

ttara

khan

d), M

alay

sia

SG

NP,

MG

, AM

–17

4.G

oden

ela

sp.

DD

MG,

AM

DD

175.

Chi

asm

ia e

mer

saria

(Wal

ker,

1861

)In

dia,

Nep

al, C

hina

, Tha

iland

, Jap

anB

WS

–17

6.C

hias

mia

c.f.

tria

ngul

ata

DD

SG

NP

DD

En

nom

inae

, Boa

rmiin

i

177.

Hyp

osid

ra ta

laca

(Wal

ker,

1860

)In

dia

(N.E

. Him

alay

a, U

ttara

khan

d, A

ndam

an &

Nic

obar

Is.),

Chi

na, A

ustra

liaS

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,R

EA

M17

8.D

asyb

oarm

ia c

.f. s

ubpi

losa

DD

KWS,

BW

SD

D17

9.K

rana

nda

sp.

DD

MG

DD

180.

Alc

is s

p.D

DP

WS

DD

181.

Am

blyc

hia

hym

enar

ia (G

uené

e, 1

857)

Indi

a (C

entra

l Ind

ia, S

ikki

m, A

ssam

, Meg

hala

ya, U

ttara

khan

d, C

hhat

tisga

rh),

SG

NP,

MG

RE

Nep

al, B

angl

ades

h, M

alay

sia,

Indo

nesi

a18

2.B

isto

n sp

.D

DD

DD

D18

3.C

leor

a in

ject

aria

(Wal

ker,

1860

)Ja

pan,

Indo

-Aus

tralia

n Tr

opic

s to

Fiji

and

New

Cal

edon

iaS

GN

P, B

WS

—18

4.C

leor

a sp

. 1D

DM

GD

D18

5.C

leor

a sp

. 2D

DM

GD

D18

6.C

leor

a sp

. 3D

DM

GD

D18

7.C

leor

a sp

. 4D

DS

GN

PD

D18

8.C

leor

a sp

. 5D

DS

GN

PD

D18

9.C

leor

a sp

. 6D

DS

GN

PD

D



Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m N

orth

ern-

wes

tern

Gha

ts

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes

190.

Cle

ora

sp. 7

DD

SG

NP

DD

191.

Cle

ora

sp. 8

DD

SG

NP

DD

192.

Ect

ropi

s sp

. 1D

DM

GD

D19

3.E

ctro

pis

sp. 2

DD

MG

DD

194.

Rut

telle

rona

ces

saria

(Wal

ker,

1860

)In

dia

(sou

ther

n In

dia)

, Sri

Lank

aM

GR

E19

5.A

ploc

hlor

a c.

f. vi

vila

caD

DS

GN

PD

DG

eom

etrin

ae, D

ysph

aniin

i

196.

Dys

phan

ia p

erco

ta (S

win

hoe,

189

1)In

dia

(Mah

aras

htra

, Goa

, Kar

nata

ka, T

amil

Nad

u)S

GN

P, M

N, B

WS

,E

N, R

EM

GG

eom

etrin

ae, P

seud

oter

pnin

i

197.

Pin

gasa

sp.

DD

BWS,

AM

DD

198.

Her

ochr

oma

sp.

DD

KW

SD

D19

9.H

eroc

hrom

a c.

f. or

ient

alis

DD

KW

SD

DG

eom

etrin

ae, G

eom

etrin

i

200.

Aga

thia

ang

ustil

imes

Pro

ut, 1

926

Indi

a (D

elhi

)S

GN

P, M

GE

N, R

E20

1.A

gath

ia e

rom

ena

Pro

ut, 1

916

Indi

aB

WS

EN20

2.A

gath

ia la

etat

a (F

abric

ius,

179

4)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Bhu

tan,

Ban

glad

esh,

Mal

aysi

a, T

aiw

anA

M–

203.

Pel

agod

es fa

lsar

ia P

rout

, 191

2In

dia,

Indo

nesi

a, M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

MG

–20

4.A

gath

ia c

.f. ly

caen

aria

Kol

lar,

DD

BW

SD

D20

5.C

omos

tola

c.f.

chl

orar

gyra

DD

SG

NP

DD

Geo

met

rinae

, Com

ibae

nini

20

6.C

omib

aena

cas

sida

ra (G

uené

e, 1

857)

Indi

a, C

hina

, Tha

iland

, Sin

gapo

re, I

ndon

esia

, Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o)S

GN

P–

207.

Max

ates

sp.

DD

MN

DD

208.

Hem

ithea

trito

naria

(Wal

ker,

1863

)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Chi

na, K

orea

, Jap

an, R

yuku

Is.,

Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia,

MG

–Ph

ilippi

nes

209.

Thal

asso

des

quad

raria

Gue

née,

185

7In

dia,

Afri

ca, C

hina

MG

–21

0.Th

alas

sode

s sp

.D

DS

GN

PD

DSt

errh

inae

21

1.A

ntitr

ygod

es c

unei

linea

(Wal

ker,

1863

)In

dia

SG

NP

EN21

2.C

hrys

ocra

sped

a ol

earia

(Gue

née,

185

8)In

dia,

Chi

naM

B –

213.

Chr

ysoc

rasp

eda

sp.

DD

KW

SD

D21

4.P

robl

epsi

s vu

lgar

is B

utle

r, 18

89In

dia

(Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Utta

rakh

and,

Wes

t Ben

gal,

Sou

ther

n P

enin

sula

),S

GN

P, B

WS

, AM

RE

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Chi

na21

5.S

copu

la s

p.D

DKW

S, A

MD

D21

6.S

copu

la c

.f. e

mis

saria

DD

SG

NP

DD

217.

Sco

pula

c.f.

pul

chel

lata

DD

BW

SD

D21

8.Ti

man

dra

conv

ecta

ria W

alke

r, 18

61C

hina

, Ban

glad

esh,

Indo

nesi

a, J

apan

, Kor

eaK

WS

NR

219.

Tram

inda

mun

diss

ima

(Wal

ker,

1861

)In

dia

(Utta

rakh

and,

sou

ther

n In

dia)

SG

NP

EN

, RE

220.

Zyth

os c

.f. o

blite

rata

DD

SG

NP

DD

Lare

ntiin

ae

221.

Eup

ithec

ia s

p. 1

DD

S

GN

PD

D22

2.E

upith

ecia

sp.

2D

D

MG

DD

Des

mob

athr

inae

, Des

mob

athr

ini

22

3.C

onol

ophi

a ni

grip

unct

a (H

amps

on, 1

891)

Indi

a (U

ttara

khan

d, N

ilgiri

Hill

s), M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

, Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o)M

G, B

WS

RE



Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m N

orth

ern-

wes

tern

Gha

ts

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes

Des

mob

athr

inae

, Eum

elei

ni

224.

Eum

elea

ludo

vica

ta G

uené

e, 1

857

Sou

th C

hina

, Gua

m, P

apua

New

Gui

nea

MG,

AM

NR

225.

Oxy

mac

aria

sp.

DD

MG

DD

XVN

OC

TUO

IDEA

:

(xxi

v) N

otod

ontid

ae

Dud

usin

ae22

6.A

mba

dra

sp.

DD

SG

NP,

KW

SD

D22

7.H

yper

aesc

hrel

la s

p. D

DM

GD

D22

8.N

etria

viri

desc

ens

Wal

ker,

1855

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, U

ttara

khan

d, N

agal

and)

, Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Ind

ones

ia, N

ew G

uine

aS

GN

PR

E22

9.D

udus

a sy

nopl

a S

win

hoe,

190

7In

dia,

Chi

na, M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

, Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), T

aiw

anM

GR

E23

0.B

ireta

long

ivitt

a W

alke

r, 18

56In

dia

(Him

acha

l Pra

desh

, Sik

kim

, Nag

alan

d), M

yanm

arM

GR

E23

1.Va

neec

keia

pal

lidifa

scia

Ham

pson

, 189

2In

dia

(N.E

. Him

alay

a), C

hina

, Vie

tnam

, Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia,

Phi

lippi

nes,

Jap

an,

SG

NP,

MG

RE

New

Gui

nea

232.

Neo

ceru

ra li

tura

ta (W

alke

r, 18

55)

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, U

ttara

khan

d, A

ssam

, Mah

aras

htra

, Tam

il N

adu)

, Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

MG,

SG

NP

Nil

Not

odon

tinae

23

3.M

icro

mel

alop

ha s

p.D

D

PW

SD

D23

4.N

eodr

ymon

ia b

asal

is (M

oore

, 187

9)In

dia

(Wes

t Ben

gal,

Sik

kim

), C

hina

SG

NP

RE

235.

Cle

apa

latif

asci

a W

alke

r 185

5M

yanm

ar, P

akis

tan

SG

NP

NR

Phal

erin

ae

236.

Pha

lera

gro

tei M

oore

, 185

9In

dia

(Sik

kim

, Nag

alan

d, W

est B

enga

l, H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d,S

GN

P, M

G–

Mah

aras

htra

, Tam

il N

adu)

, Chi

na, V

ietn

am, I

ndon

esia

and

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o),

Kore

a23

7.P

hale

ra s

anga

na M

oore

, 185

9In

dia

(nor

th-e

ast a

nd n

orth

-wes

t Him

alay

a), B

huta

n, C

hina

MG

RE

238.

Qua

dric

alca

rifer

aIn

dia

(N.E

. Him

alay

a), C

hina

, Tai

wan

, Sun

dala

nd, P

hilip

pine

s (M

inda

nao)

MG

RE

virid

imac

ulat

a M

atsu

mur

a, 1

922

239.

Syn

typi

stis

fasc

iata

(Moo

re, 1

879)

Indi

a (S

ikki

m),

Chi

naS

GN

P, M

G, P

WS

RE

240.

Syn

typi

stis

sp.

DD

M

GD

DC

eirin

ae

241.

Gar

getta

sp.

DD

SG

NP

DD

Subf

amily

Una

ssig

ned

24

2.E

upyd

na te

stac

ea (W

alke

r, 18

56)

Indi

a (N

.E. H

imal

aya)

, Ind

ones

ia a

nd M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

MG

RE

(xxv

) Ere

bida

e

Lym

antr

inae

, Lym

antr

iini

24

3.Ly

man

tria

mat

hura

(Moo

re, 1

865)

Indi

a (N

.W. H

imal

ayas

, Utta

rakh

and,

Sik

kim

), N

epal

, Chi

na, K

orea

, Jap

anS

GN

P, M

GR

E24

4.Ly

man

tria

sp.

DD

SG

NP

DD

Lym

antr

inae

, Org

yiin

i

245.

Org

yia

sp.

DD

SG

NP

DD

Lym

antr

inae

, Arc

torn

ithin

i

246.

Arc

torn

is s

p.D

DB

WS

DD

Lym

antr

inae

, Nyg

miin

i

247.

Eup

roct

is s

p.D

DKW

S, P

WS

DD

248.

Som

ena

sp.

DD

PW

SD

D24

9.N

ygm

ia s

p.D

DP

WS

DD

250.

Nyg

mia

c.f.

mad

ana

DD

BW

SD

D



Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m N

orth

ern-

wes

tern

Gha

ts

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes

Lym

antr

inae

, trib

e un

assi

gned

25

1.C

ispi

a ch

arm

a S

win

hoe,

189

9In

dia

(Kar

nata

ka)

BW

SE

N, R

EA

rctii

nae,

Lith

osiin

i

252.

Bar

sine

stri

ata

(Bre

mer

et G

rey,

185

2)In

dia

(N.W

. Him

alay

a, H

imac

hal P

rade

sh),

Chi

na, K

orea

, Jap

an, R

ussi

aB

WS

RE

253.

Bru

nia

antic

a (W

alke

r, 18

54)

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, U

ttara

khan

d, M

egha

laya

, Nic

obar

Is),

Sri

Lank

a, C

hago

s Is

., C

hina

,S

GP,

MG,

KW

S,

Indo

nesi

a, M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

BW

SR

E25

4.C

yana

ridl

eyi H

amps

on, 1

900

Indi

a (N

orth

ern

Indi

a, U

ttara

khan

d), M

alay

sia,

Sin

gapo

re, I

ndon

esia

,S

GN

P, M

GR

EM

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

255.

Cya

na s

p.D

DS

GN

PD

D25

6.D

idug

a sp

.D

D K

WS

DD

257.

Eile

ma

serv

a (W

alke

r, 18

54)

Indi

a (S

ikki

m, W

est B

enga

l, A

ssam

, Meg

hala

ya, N

agal

and)

, Nep

al, J

apan

, Eur

ope

SG

NP,

MG

RE

258.

Lith

osia

sp.

DD

SG

NP

DD

259.

Mac

robr

ochi

s gi

gas

(Wal

ker,

1854

)In

dia

(Sik

kim

, Utta

rakh

and,

Ass

am),

Nep

al, C

hina

, Bhu

tan,

Indo

nesi

aS

GN

P, M

G, K

WS

RE

260.

Nep

ita c

onfe

rta (W

alke

r, 18

54)

Indi

a (G

ujar

at, M

ahar

asht

ra, G

oa, K

arna

taka

, Tam

il N

adu,

Nor

th In

dia)

, Sri

Lank

aS

GN

P, M

G, K

WS

,–

PW

S26

1.O

eoni

stis

ent

ella

(Cra

mer

177

9)In

dia

(sou

ther

n In

dia)

, Sri

Lank

aS

GN

P, M

G, K

WS

, R

EB

WS

Arc

tiina

e, S

ynto

min

i

262.

Am

ata

bici

ncta

Kol

lar,

1844

Indi

a (H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d, S

ikki

m, K

hasi

Hill

s), C

hina

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

SR

E26

3.A

mat

a cy

ssea

Sto

ll 17

82In

dia

(Him

alay

as, U

ttara

khan

d, S

ikki

m),

Sri

Lank

aS

GN

P, M

GR

E26

4.A

mat

a m

inor

War

ren

1888

Indi

a (P

unja

b)M

G, B

WS

EN

, RE

265.

Cae

nere

ssa

sp.

DD

BW

SD

D26

6.N

anno

arct

ia d

enta

ta (W

alke

r, 18

55)

Indi

a (s

outh

ern

Indi

a to

eas

tern

Indi

a)S

GN

P, M

GE

N, R

EA

rctii

nae,

Arc

tiini

26

7.A

mer

ila a

stre

us (D

rury

, 177

3)In

dia

(Sik

kim

, Utta

rakh

and,

Aru

nach

al P

rade

sh, W

est B

enga

l, M

ahar

asht

ra,

MG,

KW

S, A

M–

Tam

il N

adu)

, Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia,

Phi

lippi

nes,

New

Gui

nea

268.

Arg

ina

argu

s K

olla

r, 18

44In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Chi

na, B

angl

ades

h, M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

, Phi

lippi

nes,

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

RE

Japa

n, N

ew G

uine

a, A

ustra

lia, O

cean

ia, G

hana

, Mad

agas

car,

Sey

chel

les

KW

S, A

M26

9.C

reat

onot

os tr

ansi

ens

(Wal

ker,

1855

)In

dia

(eas

tern

Indi

a, U

ttara

khan

d, S

ikki

m),

Nep

al, C

hina

, Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia,

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

RE

Phi

lippi

nes,

Jap

anK

WS

, AM

270.

Lem

yra

spilo

som

ata

(Wal

ker,

1864

)In

dia

(sou

ther

n In

dia)

SG

NP,

KW

S, M

G,E

N, R

EBW

S, A

M27

1.Sp

iloso

ma

mon

tanu

m G

uérin

-Mén

eville

, 184

3In

dia

(Pun

jab,

Tam

il N

adu)

.S

GN

P, M

GE

N, R

E27

2.R

ajen

dra

perr

otte

ti (G

uérin

-Mén

evill

e, 1

844)

Indi

a (P

unja

b, H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d, W

est B

enga

l, B

ihar

,S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,M

adhy

a P

rade

sh, M

ahar

asht

ra, K

arna

taka

, Tam

il N

adu)

AM

, PW

SE

N, R

E27

3.R

ajen

dra

sp.

DD

BWS,

AM

DD

274.

Euc

hrom

ia p

olym

ena

(Lin

naeu

s, 1

758)

Indi

a (N

agal

and,

Mah

aras

htra

, Kar

nata

ka, G

ujar

at, A

ndam

an Is

), S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na,

SG

NP,

PW

S–

Mya

nmar

, Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia,

Phi

lippi

nes,

Aus

tralia

275.

Per

ical

lia ri

cini

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

–KW

S, P

WS

Her

min

iinae

27

6.A

drap

sa e

rebo

ides

(Wal

ker,

1864

)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, M

yanm

ar, S

inga

pore

, Ind

ones

ia, I

ndon

esia

, Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o)S

GN

P, M

G–

277.

Hyd

rillo

des

c.f.

abav

alis

DD

KW

SD

D



Aga

nain

ae

278.

Aso

ta fi

cus

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Pak

ista

n, In

dia

(Utta

rakh

and,

sou

ther

n In

dia)

, Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Nep

al, M

yanm

ar,

MG,

BW

SR

ETh

aila

nd, M

alay

sia,

Jap

an27

9.A

sota

car

icae

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, M

alay

sia,

Indo

nesi

a, P

hilip

pine

s, A

ustra

liaS

GN

P, M

G–

280.

Aso

ta s

eric

ea (M

oore

, 187

8)In

dia

(sou

ther

n In

dia)

SG

NP

EN

, RE

281.

Dig

ama

mar

chal

i (G

uérin

, Mén

eville

, 184

3)In

dia

(Mah

aras

htra

, Guj

arat

, sou

ther

n In

dia)

, Mya

nmar

SG

NP,

MG

,–

BWS,

PW

SH

ypen

inae

28

2.D

ichr

omia

pul

lata

Moo

re, 1

885

Sri

Lank

aM

G, A

MN

R28

3.N

aard

a sp

.D

DK

WS

DD

Scol

iopt

eryg

inae

28

4.G

oniti

s m

esog

ona

(Wal

ker,

1858

)In

dia,

Tha

iland

, Vie

tnam

, Ind

ones

ia, I

ndon

esia

, Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), J

apan

PW

S–

285.

Rus

icad

a al

bitib

ia (W

alke

r, 18

57-1

858)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Jap

an, C

hina

, Ind

ones

ia, A

ustra

lia, P

apua

New

Gui

nea,

SG

NP

–Fi

ji, S

amoa

286.

Rus

icad

a co

mbi

nans

(Wal

ker,

1858

)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, M

yanm

ar, C

hina

, Aus

tralia

, Fiji,

Afri

caM

G–

287.

Rus

icad

a le

ucol

opha

(Pro

ut, 1

928)

Chi

na, J

apan

, Sum

atra

KW

SN

R28

8.R

usic

ada

met

axan

tha

(Wal

ker,

1858

)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Ind

ones

ia, J

apan

, Aus

tralia

, Sol

omon

Is.,

MG,

KW

S–

Fiji,

Sam

oaC

alpi

nae,

Cal

pini

28

9.C

alyp

tra m

inut

icor

nis

(Gue

née,

185

2)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Ind

ones

ia, J

apan

, Aus

tralia

MG,

KW

S–

290.

Eud

ocim

a sa

lam

inia

Wal

ker,

1857

Indi

a, C

hina

, Phi

lippi

nes,

Jap

an, N

ew G

uine

a.M

G, S

GN

P, A

M–

291.

Eud

ocim

a ph

alon

ia (L

inna

eus,

176

3)In

dia,

Chi

na, I

ndon

esia

, Kor

ea, J

apan

, New

Gui

nea,

Aus

tralia

, New

Zea

land

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

– K

WS

, AM

292.

Eud

ocim

a ho

mae

na (H

übne

r, 18

16)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, M

yanm

ar, M

alay

sia,

Indo

nesi

a, S

inga

pore

, Phi

lippi

nes

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

–KW

S, A

M29

3.E

udoc

ima

hype

rmne

stra

(Sto

ll, 1

780)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

SG

NP,

AM

–29

4.E

udoc

ima

mat

erna

(Lin

naeu

s, 1

767)

Indi

a (U

ttara

khan

d, A

ssam

), N

ew G

uine

a, A

ustra

lia, C

anad

a, A

mer

ica,

SG

NP,

MG

, KW

SR

EFr

ench

Ant

illes,

Afri

ca29

5.O

raes

ia c

.f. a

rgyr

osig

naD

DM

GD

D29

6.O

raes

ia e

mar

gina

ta (F

abric

ius,

179

4)In

dia,

Chi

na, K

orea

, Jap

an, A

ustra

liaM

G, A

M–

297.

Plu

siod

onta

coe

lono

ta (K

olla

r, 18

44)

Indi

a (U

ttara

khan

d, A

ndam

an &

Nic

obar

Is.),

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

,K

WS

, MG

RE

Indo

nesi

a, S

inga

pore

, Phi

lippi

nes,

Jap

an, N

ew G

uine

aC

alpi

nae,

Phy

llodi

ni

29

8.P

hyllo

des

cons

obrin

a W

estw

ood,

184

8In

dia

(N.E

. Ind

ia, A

ndam

an Is

.), S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

AM

RE

Cal

pina

e, O

phid

erin

i

29

9.A

chae

a ja

nata

(Lin

naeu

s, 1

758)

Indi

a, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Ind

ones

ia, S

inga

pore

, Phi

lippi

nes,

Jap

an, N

ew G

uine

a,S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,–

New

Zea

land

, Aus

tralia

KW

S, A

M

300.

Ach

aea

serv

a (F

abric

ius,

177

5)In

do-A

ustra

lian

Trop

ics,

Chi

na, P

hilip

pine

s.S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,–

KWS,

AM

301.

Bas

tilla

cra

mer

i (M

oore

, 188

5)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, P

akis

tan,

Chi

na, M

yanm

ar, T

haila

nd, I

ndon

esia

and

MG,

SG

NP,

AM

,M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

PW

S–

302.

Bas

tilla

jovi

ana

(Sto

ll, 1

782)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Pak

ista

n, B

huta

n, N

epal

, Ban

glad

esh,

Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

,M

G, A

M–

Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia,

Chi

na, N

ew G

uine

a, A

ustra

lia

Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m N

orth

ern-

wes

tern

Gha

ts

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes



Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m N

orth

ern-

wes

tern

Gha

ts

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes

303.

Buz

ara

onel

ia (G

uené

e, 1

852)

Indi

a, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia,

Sin

gapo

re, P

hilip

pine

sK

WS

, AM

–30

4.P

aral

lelia

stu

posa

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

794)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, I

ndon

esia

, Phi

lippi

nes,

Jap

an, K

orea

SG

NP,

MG

, AM

–30

5.P

aral

lelia

sp.

DD

SG

NP

DD

306.

Pin

dara

illib

ata

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Chi

na, J

apan

, Sin

gapo

re, P

hilip

pine

s, In

done

sia,

MG

–M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

307.

Oph

iusa

tirh

aca

(Cra

mer

, 177

7)

Indi

a, C

hina

, Jap

an, P

hilip

pine

s, A

ustra

lia, S

.E. E

urop

e, A

frica

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

–K

WS

308.

Oph

iusa

olis

ta (S

win

hoe,

189

3)In

dia,

Chi

na, K

orea

, Jap

anS

GN

P, M

G–

309.

Oph

iusa

trip

haen

oide

s (W

alke

r, 18

58)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Pak

ista

n, B

huta

n, N

epal

, Ban

glad

esh,

Chi

na, T

aiw

an, T

haila

nd,

SG

NP

–M

yanm

ar, S

umat

ra, I

ndon

esia

, Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o)B

olet

obiin

ae

310.

Dio

mea

lign

icol

ora

(Wal

ker,

1858

)S

ri La

nka,

Tha

iland

, Chi

na, I

ndon

esia

.A

MN

R31

1.D

iom

ea s

p.D

DM

G, A

MD

DAv

entii

nae

31

2.La

spey

ria s

p.D

DK

WS

DD

313.

Cer

ynea

c.f.

con

tent

aria

DD

KW

SD

DA

nobi

nae

31

4.P

leco

pter

a re

flexa

(Gue

née,

185

2)In

dia,

Chi

na, S

inga

pore

, Phi

lippi

nes

MG,

SG

NP

DD

315.

Teph

riopi

s c.

f. di

vuls

aD

DK

WS

DD

316.

Crit

hote

hor

ridip

es W

alke

r, 18

64In

dia,

Chi

na, I

ndon

esia

and

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o)S

GN

P, K

WS

–31

7.A

noba

pec

tinat

a (H

amps

on, 1

896)

Indi

a (N

.E. H

imal

aya)

, Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Ind

ones

ia a

nd M

alay

sia

AM

RE

(Bor

neo,

Sum

atra

, Jav

a)Er

ebin

ae, E

rebi

ni

318.

Ere

bus

ephe

sper

is (H

übne

r, 18

27)

Indi

a (A

ndam

an &

Nic

obar

Is.),

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Ind

ones

ia, T

aiw

an, J

apan

MG,

BW

S, A

MR

E31

9.E

rebu

s ca

prim

ulgu

s (F

abric

ius,

178

1)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, M

yanm

arM

G, A

M–

320.

Ere

bus

hier

ogly

phic

a (D

rury

, 177

3)In

dia

(Utta

rakh

and)

, Pak

ista

n, S

ri La

nka,

Ban

glad

esh,

Jap

an, C

hina

MG,

AM

RE

(incl

udin

g H

ong

Kon

g), T

aiw

an, C

ambo

dia,

Lao

s, M

yanm

ar, T

haila

nd, V

ietn

am,

Indo

nesi

a, P

hilip

pine

s, M

alay

sia,

Sin

gapo

re, K

orea

321.

Ere

bus

mac

rops

(Lin

naeu

s, 1

770)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Nep

al, M

yanm

ar, C

hina

SG

NP,

MN

, MG

,–

PW

S, A

M, B

WS

,32

2.E

rebu

s sp

.D

DM

GD

D32

3.C

hilk

asa

falc

ata

Sw

inho

e, 1

885

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Nep

al, M

yanm

ar, B

huta

n, B

angl

ades

h, T

haila

nd, C

hina

,M

G–

Indo

nesi

a, M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

, Phi

lippi

nes

324.

Arte

na d

otat

a (F

abric

ius,

179

4)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Ind

ones

ia, M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

, Sin

gapo

re, J

apan

SG

NP,

MG

,–

BWS,

AM

325.

Arte

na s

ubm

ira W

alke

r, 18

58In

dia

(Tam

il N

adu)

, Ban

glad

esh,

Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

, Vie

tnam

SG

NP,

MG

RE

326.

Hyp

ocal

a de

flora

ta F

abric

ius,

179

4)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, T

haila

nd, N

epal

, Ind

ones

ia, C

hina

, Tai

wan

, Jap

an, K

orea

,A

M–

New

Zea

land

, Aus

tralia

, Sou

th A

frica

, Mad

agas

car

327.

Hyp

ocal

a su

bsat

ura

(Gue

née,

185

2)In

dia

(N.W

. Him

alay

as, U

ttara

khan

d, K

arna

taka

, Tam

il N

adu)

, Chi

na, E

& S

Afri

caA

M, M

GR

E32

8.C

halc

iope

myg

don

(Cra

mer

, 177

7)In

dia

(Sik

kim

, Nic

obar

Is.),

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Ind

ones

ia a

nd M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

,S

GN

P, M

G, K

WS

RE

Sin

gapo

re, J

apan

329.

Gra

mm

odes

geo

met

rica

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

, Sin

gapo

re, T

aiw

an, N

ew G

uine

a,S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,–

Aus

tralia

, Eur

ope,

Afri

ca.

KW

S, A

M

330.

Gra

mm

odes

sto

lida

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Indi

a, E

urop

e, A

frica

, Yem

enM

G, K

WS

–



Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m N

orth

ern-

wes

tern

Gha

ts

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes

331.

Trig

onod

es h

yppa

sia

(Cra

mer

, 177

9)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Jap

an, A

ustra

lia, A

frica

.S

GN

P, M

G, K

WS

–33

2.M

ocis

frug

alis

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Indi

a (S

ikki

m),

Sri L

anka

, Mya

nmar

, Chi

na, J

apan

, Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia,

Sin

gapo

re,

MG

RE

New

Gui

nea,

Aus

tralia

, Afri

ca33

3.M

ocis

und

ata

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Indi

a (U

ttara

khan

d, N

icob

ar Is

.), S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

, Sin

gapo

re,

MG,

KW

S, A

MR

EK

orea

, Phi

lippi

nes,

Jap

an, A

ustra

lia, A

frica

, Mad

agas

car

334.

Thya

s co

rona

ta (F

abric

ius,

177

5)In

dia

(Sik

kim

, Utta

rakh

and)

, Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Ban

glad

esh,

Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

,S

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

RE

Indo

nesi

a, P

hilip

pine

s, C

hris

tmas

Is.,

Aus

tralia

, New

Cal

edon

ia33

5.Th

yas

hone

sta

Hüb

ner,

1806

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Pak

ista

n, N

epal

, Bhu

tan,

Ban

glad

esh,

Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

,M

G, K

WS

–In

done

sia,

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), P

hilip

pine

s33

6.S

erro

des

inar

a (C

ram

er, 1

779)

Indi

a (T

amil

Nad

u, K

eral

a, A

ndhr

a P

rade

sh).

SG

NP,

MG

EN

, RE

337.

Ser

rode

s ca

mpa

na G

uené

e, 1

852

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, B

angl

ades

h, M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

, Sin

gapo

re,

SG

NP,

MG

, AM

–N

ew G

uine

a, A

ustra

lia.

338.

Rem

a co

stim

acul

a (G

uene

e, 1

852)

Indi

a (S

ikki

m),

Chi

na, S

inga

pore

, Ind

ones

ia, A

ustra

liaS

GN

PR

EEr

ebin

ae, C

atoc

alin

i

339.

Cat

ocal

a sp

.D

DS

GN

PD

D34

0.Av

atha

chi

nens

is (W

arre

n, 1

913)

.C

hina

, Tai

wan

, Jap

anM

GN

R34

1.A

ttath

a re

galis

(Moo

re, 1

872)

Indi

a (n

orth

ern

Indi

a), V

ietn

am, T

haila

nd, N

epal

, Chi

na, P

hilip

pine

sS

GN

P, M

GR

E34

2.S

ympi

s ru

fibas

is G

uené

e, 1

852

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Nep

al, T

haila

nd, C

ambo

dia,

Vie

tnam

, Chi

na, T

aiw

an,

AM

–P

hilip

pine

s, In

done

sia

343.

Sph

ingo

mor

pha

chlo

rea

(Cra

mer

177

7)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Tha

iland

, Chi

na, U

nite

d A

rab

Em

irate

s, O

man

,S

GN

P–

Sau

di A

rabi

a, Y

emen

, Egy

pt, A

frica

, Uga

nda,

Sud

anEr

ebin

ae, H

ypop

yrin

i

344.

Spi

ram

a re

torta

(Cle

rck,

176

4)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Chi

na, M

yanm

ar, T

haila

nd, M

alay

sia,

Indo

nesi

a,S

GN

P, M

G, A

M, M

N–

Phi

lippi

nes,

Kor

ea, J

apan

345.

Hyp

opyr

a os

sige

ra G

uené

e, 1

852

Indi

a (A

ssam

, Sik

kim

), C

hina

, Ind

ones

ia a

nd M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

RE

KW

S34

6.H

ypop

yra

vesp

ertil

io (F

abric

ius,

178

7)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Ind

ones

ia, J

apan

SG

NP,

MG

, AM

, MN

–Er

ebin

ae, T

inol

ini

34

7.C

ales

ia d

asyp

tera

(Kol

lar,

1844

)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Ban

glad

esh,

Tha

iland

, Lao

s, V

ietn

am, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

SG

NP,

MG

–34

8.C

ales

ia rh

odot

ela

Ham

pson

, 192

6Th

aila

nd, M

yanm

arM

GN

R34

9.C

ales

ia s

tillif

era

Feld

er, 1

874

Sri

Lank

a, In

dia,

Tha

iland

, Cam

bodi

a, V

ietn

am, C

hina

, Phi

lippi

nes

KW

S–

Ereb

inae

, Hul

odin

i

350.

Eric

eia

inan

gula

ta (G

uené

e, 1

852)

Indi

a (H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, U

ttara

khan

d), S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, B

angl

ades

h, M

yanm

ar,

SG

NP,

MG

RE

Sin

gapo

re, J

apan

, New

Gui

nea

351.

Eric

eia

c.f.

inan

gula

taD

DM

GD

D35

2.E

ricei

a c.

f. pe

rtend

ens

DD

MG

DD

353.

Hul

odes

car

anea

(Cra

mer

, 178

0)In

dia

(Ass

am),

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Tha

iland

, Ind

ones

ia, S

inga

pore

,S

GN

P, M

G,

Phi

lippi

nes,

New

Gui

nea

BW

S, A

MR

EEr

ebin

ae, P

eric

ymin

i

354.

Per

icym

a um

brin

a (G

uené

e, 1

852)

Indi

aM

GEN

Ereb

inae

, Erc

hein

i

355.

Erc

heia

cyl

laria

(Cra

mer

, 177

9)In

dia

(Utta

rakh

and,

Nic

obar

Is.),

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Vie

tnam

, Mal

aysi

a,M

G, A

M R

EIn

done

sia,

Sin

gapo

re, J

apan

, Eth

iopi

a35

6.E

rche

ia d

iver

sipe

nnis

Wal

ker,

1857

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Ind

ones

ia, M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

MG

–35

7.E

rche

ia s

p.D

DKW

S, A

MD

D



358.

Hyp

ospi

la b

olin

oide

s G

uené

e, 1

852

Indi

a (C

entra

l Ind

ia, A

ndam

an &

Nic

obar

Is.),

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Tha

iland

, Vie

tnam

,S

GN

P, K

WS

RE

Cam

bodi

a, C

hina

, Jap

an, K

orea

, Ind

ones

ia a

nd M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo,

Jav

a),

New

Gui

nea,

Aus

tralia

Subf

amily

Una

ssig

ned

359.

Die

rna

acan

thus

alis

Wal

ker,

1858

Indi

a (T

amil

Nad

u), S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

MG

RE

360.

Egn

asia

eph

yrod

alis

Wal

ker,

1858

Indi

a (N

orth

Indi

a), B

angl

ades

h, S

ri La

nka.

SG

NP,

MG

–36

1.Fo

dina

con

tigua

Wile

man

, 191

4In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Jap

an, P

hilip

pine

s, In

done

sia,

Afri

caS

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,–

PW

S36

2.H

amod

es a

uran

tiaca

Gue

née,

185

2In

dia

(wes

tern

Indi

a, A

ssam

, Sik

kim

, And

aman

Is),

Mya

nmar

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

–A

M36

3.H

amod

es p

ropi

tia (G

uerin

-Men

eville

, 183

1)In

dia

(Utta

rakh

and)

, Ban

glad

esh,

Nep

al, M

yanm

ar, T

haila

nd, L

aos,

Chi

na,

SG

NP,

MG

, BW

S,

RE

Indo

nesi

a, M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

, Phi

lippi

nes,

Aus

tralia

, Pal

au, P

apua

New

Gui

nea

AM

364.

Isch

yja

man

lia (C

ram

er, 1

776)

Indi

a (H

imal

ayas

, Utta

rakh

and)

, Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Ind

ones

ia,

Phi

lippi

nes,

Aus

tralia

SG

NP

RE

365.

Ani

sone

ura

aluc

o (F

abric

ius,

177

5)In

dia

(nor

ther

n In

dia,

Utta

rakh

and)

, Chi

na, M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

,M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

, Sin

gapo

re, A

ustra

liaM

G, K

WS

RE

366.

Ars

acia

rect

alis

(Wal

ker,

1863

)In

dia

(Pun

jab,

Mah

aras

htra

, Tam

il Nad

u), S

ri La

nka,

Nep

al, C

hina

, Mal

aya,

SG

NP

–In

done

sia,

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), N

ew G

uine

a, A

ustra

lia36

7.B

ocul

a xa

ntho

stol

a H

amps

on, 1

926

Sri

Lank

a, In

done

sia,

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o).

KW

SN

R36

8.C

hrys

oper

a co

mbi

nans

(Wal

ker,

1858

)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, N

epal

, Chi

na, T

haila

nd, M

alay

sia,

Indo

nesi

a, A

ustra

liaS

GN

P, M

G, K

WS

–36

9.E

pisp

aris

litu

rata

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

787)

Indi

a (P

unja

b, K

eral

a, U

ttara

khan

d), S

ri La

nka,

Mya

nmar

, Chi

na, T

haila

ndS

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

RE

370.

Psi

mad

a qu

adrip

enni

s W

alke

r, 18

58In

dia

(Utta

rakh

and,

And

aman

& N

icob

ar Is

.), S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, M

yanm

ar,

MG

RE

Indo

nesi

a, S

inga

pore

(xxv

i) Eu

telii

dae

Eu

telii

nae

371.

Eut

elia

favi

llatri

xoid

es P

oole

, 198

9In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

KW

S–

372.

Pen

icill

aria

joco

satri

x G

uené

e, 1

852

Indi

a (U

ttara

khan

d), I

ndo-

Aus

tralia

n Tr

opic

s, C

hina

KW

SR

ESt

icto

pter

inae

37

3.Lo

phop

tera

squ

amm

iger

a G

uené

e, 1

852

Indi

a (U

ttara

khan

d), P

akis

tan,

Sri

Lank

a, B

angl

ades

h, J

apan

, Chi

naK

WS

, AM

RE

(incl

udin

g H

ong

Kon

g), T

aiw

an, C

ambo

dia,

Lao

s, M

yanm

ar, T

haila

nd, V

ietn

am,

Indo

nesi

a, P

hilip

pine

s, M

alay

sia,

Sin

gapo

re, K

orea

374.

Loph

opte

ra s

quam

mili

nea

Hol

low

ay, 1

983

Indi

a (N

.E. H

imal

aya)

, Ind

ones

ia a

nd M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

MG,

KW

SR

E(x

xvii)

Nol

idae

N

olin

ae37

5.S

elep

a ce

ltis

Moo

re, [

1860

] 185

8In

dia

(Nag

alan

d), S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, M

alay

sia,

Indo

nesi

a, P

hilip

pine

s, J

apan

,M

G, S

GN

P, K

WS

RE

Aust

ralia

Chl

oeph

orin

ae, C

hloe

phor

ini

37

6.C

area

ang

ulat

a (F

abric

ius,

179

3)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Ind

ones

iaM

G, A

M–

377.

Gab

ala

poly

spila

lis W

alke

r, 18

66In

dia

(Sik

kim

, Guj

arat

, Mah

aras

htra

, Goa

, Kar

nata

ka, T

amil

Nad

u)S

GN

PEN

Chl

oeph

orin

ae, C

arei

ni

378.

Xeno

chro

a sp

.D

DS

GN

PD

DW

este

rman

niin

ae

379.

Wes

term

anni

a su

perb

a H

übne

r, 18

23In

dia

(wes

tern

and

sou

ther

n In

dia)

, Sri

Lank

a, In

done

sia,

Sin

gapo

reS

GN

P, M

G, B

WS

,–

KWS,

AM

Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m N

orth

ern-

wes

tern

Gha

ts

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes



Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m N

orth

ern-

wes

tern

Gha

ts

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes

Ris

obin

ae

380.

Ris

oba

repu

gnan

s (W

alke

r, 18

56)

Indi

a (N

orth

Indi

a, T

amil

Nad

u), S

ri La

nka

MG,

AM

RE

381.

Ris

oba

c.f.

liter

ata

DD

SG

NP

DD

382.

Ris

oba

sp.

DD

MG

–C

ollo

men

inae

38

3.G

adirt

ha s

p.D

DB

WS

– (x

xviii)

Noc

tuid

ae, P

lusi

inae

38

4.C

hrys

odei

xis

acut

a (F

abric

ius,

177

5)In

dia,

Chi

na, I

ndon

esia

, Jap

an, A

ustra

lia, A

frica

.M

G, K

WS,

AM

–38

5.C

hrys

odei

xis

erio

som

a (D

oubl

eday

, 184

3)In

dia,

Mal

aysi

a, In

done

sia,

Chi

na, J

apan

Aus

tralia

, New

Zea

land

, New

Gui

nea

AM

–an

d ne

ighb

ourin

g is

land

s in

the

Pac

ific

Oce

an, N

orth

and

Sou

th A

mer

ica;

Yem

en, U

gand

a38

6.C

teno

plus

ia a

lbos

triat

a (B

rem

er &

Gre

y, 1

853)

Chi

na, I

ndon

esia

, Kor

ea, J

apan

, Aus

tralia

, Fiji,

Indo

-Aus

tralia

n tro

pics

toK

WS

–N

ew Z

eala

nd a

nd R

apa

Is.

387.

Thys

anop

lusi

a or

icha

lcea

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Sou

ther

n E

urop

e an

d A

frica

to S

outh

-eas

t Asi

a, A

ustra

lia a

nd N

ew Z

eala

ndM

G, K

WS

, AM

–Eu

stro

tiina

e

388.

Mal

iatth

a sp

.D

DKW

S, P

WS

DD

389.

Eus

trotia

mar

gina

ta (W

alke

r, 18

66)

Indi

a, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Ind

ones

iaP

WS

–39

0.O

zarb

a pu

nctig

era

Wal

ker,

1865

Indi

a, N

epal

, Pak

ista

n, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Kor

ea, J

apan

, Aus

tralia

, Cen

tral a

ndK

WS

–So

uth

Afric

aB

agis

arin

ae

391.

Par

doxi

a gr

aells

i (Fe

isth

amel

, 183

7)In

dia,

Chi

na, S

outh

Eur

ope,

Afri

ca, M

aurit

ius,

Ade

nS

GN

P, M

G–

392

Xan

thod

es tr

ansv

ersa

Gue

née,

1852

Indi

a (A

ndam

an &

Nic

obar

Is.),

Mya

nmar

, Chi

na, J

apan

, Ryu

kyu

Is.,

Sin

gapo

re,

SG

NP

–In

done

sia,

Aus

tralia

, Van

uatu

393.

Cha

smin

a ca

ndid

a (W

alke

r, 18

65)

Indo

-Aus

tralia

n tro

pics

eas

t to

Fiji

MG,

KW

S–

394.

Cha

smin

a fa

scic

ulos

a W

alke

r, 18

58S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, P

hilip

pine

sS

GN

PN

R39

5.S

phra

gife

ra re

ject

a (F

abric

ius,

177

5)In

dia,

Sri

Lank

a, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

, Phi

lippi

nes

MG

–A

cont

iinae

, Aco

ntiin

i

396.

Aco

ntia

sp.

DD

SG

NP

DD

Aco

ntiin

ae, A

ediin

i

397.

Aed

ia le

ucom

elas

(Lin

naeu

s, 1

758)

Eur

ope

and

Indo

-Pac

ific

regi

ons.

SG

NP,

MG

, KW

S,

–A

M39

8.A

edia

sp.

DD

KW

SD

DPa

nthe

inae

39

9.Tr

isul

a va

riega

ta M

oore

, 185

8In

dia

(nor

ther

n In

dia,

Tam

il N

adu)

MG

EN

, RE

400.

Bel

cian

a he

mod

i Fel

der 1

874

Indi

a (T

amil

Nad

u), S

ri La

nka,

Indo

nesi

a an

d M

alay

sia

(Bor

neo)

MG

RE

401.

Don

da e

uryc

hlor

a ( W

alke

r, 18

58)

Indi

a, In

done

sia,

Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o)M

G–

Aga

ristin

ae

402.

Aeg

ocer

a bi

mac

ula

Wal

ker,

1854

Indi

a (C

entra

l Ind

ia, S

ikki

m),

Sri

Lank

aS

GN

P, M

GR

E40

3.E

pist

eme

adul

atrix

(Kol

lar,

1844

)In

dia

(Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir, H

imac

hal P

rade

sh, P

unja

b, M

ahar

asht

ra, K

arna

taka

,K

eral

a, M

alab

ar, T

amil

Nad

u, A

ssam

) Nep

al, C

hina

, Mya

nmar

MG,

KW

S–

Hel

ioth

inae

40

4.H

elic

over

pa a

ssul

ta (G

uené

e, 1

852)

Old

Wor

ld (i

nclu

ding

Pac

ific)

trop

ics

SG

NP,

KW

S, A

M–

Con

dici

nae

40

5.C

ondi

ca c

ondu

cta

Wal

ker,

1857

Afric

a (C

ongo

, Sou

th A

frica

)KW

S, A

MN

R



Tabl

e 4:

Sta

tus

and

Dis

tribu

tion

of M

oths

Rec

orde

d fro

m N

orth

ern-

wes

tern

Gha

ts

No.

Taxa

Dis

trib

utio

nC

olle

ctio

n Si

tes

Ran

ge N

otes

406.

Con

dica

ille

cta

(Wal

ker,

1865

)In

dia,

Chi

na, J

apan

, Aus

tralia

, tro

pica

l Pac

ific

KW

S, A

M–

Erio

pina

e

407.

Cal

lopi

stria

mai

llard

i( G

uené

e, 1

862)

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Rus

sia,

Chi

na, P

hilip

pine

s Ja

pan,

Indo

-Aus

tralia

, Pac

ific

tropi

cs,

KW

S–

Afri

ca40

8.C

allo

pist

ria c

allo

pist

rioid

es (M

oore

,188

1)In

dia

(N.E

. Him

alay

a), M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

, Mal

aysi

a (B

orne

o), P

hilip

pine

sS

GN

P, A

MR

EN

octu

inae

, Car

adrin

ini

40

9.A

thet

is d

elec

ta (M

oore

, 188

1)In

dia,

Nep

al, C

hina

SG

NP,

MG

–41

0.A

thet

is s

p.D

DS

GN

PD

D41

1.C

ally

na m

onol

euca

Wal

ker,

1858

Indi

a, S

ri La

nka,

Chi

na, M

yanm

ar, I

ndon

esia

, New

Gui

nea

SG

NP

–N

octu

inae

, Glo

ttulin

i

412.

Pol

ytel

a gl

orio

sa F

abric

ius,

178

1In

dia

KW

SEN

N

octu

inae

, Pro

deni

ini

41

3.S

podo

pter

a lit

ura

(Fab

riciu

s, 1

775)

Indi

a (e

aste

rn In

dia)

, Chi

na, I

ndo-

Aus

tralia

n P

acifi

c Tr

opic

s an

d S

ub-tr

opic

sS

GN

P, M

G, K

WS

,R

EA

M41

4.S

podo

pter

a m

aurit

ia (B

oisd

uval

, 183

3)C

hina

, Jap

an, I

ndo-

Aus

tralia

n an

d P

acifi

c Tr

opic

sP

WS

–N

octu

inae

, Dyp

terig

iini

41

5.Tr

ache

a c.

f. au

riple

naD

DK

WS

DD

Noc

tuin

ae

416.

Noc

tua

c.f.

orbo

naD

DS

GN

PD

D41

7.X

estia

sem

iher

bida

(Wal

ker,

1857

)In

dia

(Nor

th In

dia)

, Tai

wan

SG

NP

RE

418.

Axy

lis s

p.D

DB

WS

DD

Abb

revi

atio

ns u

sed

in th

e te

xt a

nd ta

ble

AM

= A

mbo

li; B

WS

= B

him

asha

nkar

Wild

life

San

ctua

ry; D

D =

dat

a de

ficie

nt; E

N =

End

emic

to In

dia;

KW

S =

Koy

na W

ildlif

e S

anct

uary

; MB

= M

ahab

ales

hwar

; MG

= M

alsh

ej G

hat;

MN

= M

athe

ran;

NR

= N

ew re

cord

to In

dia;

PW

S =

Pha

nsad

Wild

life

San

ctua

ry; R

E =

Ran

ge e

xten

sion

; SG

NP

= S

anja

y G

andh

i Nat

iona

l Par

k, –

: Not

hing

to m

entio

n



DISCUSSION

After the Victorian era (Hampson 1892-1896;Dudgeon et al. 1897; Bell and Scott 1937), this study hasnow contributed to the work carried out in 1962 by Shulland Nadkerny, who recorded 180 species over four monthsin Dangs, Gujarat; Saha and Raychaudhuri (1998) recorded31 species in a year long study in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal;Rose (2002) recorded 47 species in seven years fromCherrapunji, Meghalaya; Chandra (2007) recorded 142species between 2001 and 2004 in Madhya Pradesh andChhattisgarh, and most recently Smetacek (2008) publisheda list of 887 species from three locations in Uttarakhandcompiled over 30 years. This indicates that moth studieshave been progressing at a slow pace in our country, andlack of literature and expertise are the prime reasons. Thecurrent study, with a checklist of 419 species fromMaharashtra, is the first extensive study on moths. Moresurveys will certainly result in adding to the numbers ofspecies already known.

The moth fauna of Malshej Ghat, Amboli and Koynawildlife sanctuaries have shown high endemism and manynew records for India. Amboli and Koyna wildlife sanctuariesneed more detailed sampling as these areas have been largelyunexplored for moth studies. Extensive sampling at SanjayGandhi National Park resulted in a number of range

extensions for northern Western Ghats, it is therefore likelythat intensified sampling effort may result in additionalrecords and range extensions from the other sites.

As our objective was to prepare an inventory of mothspecies in the study area, the numbers arriving at the lighttrap were not recorded, and hence, no quantitativecomparisons between study sites were conducted. Futurestudies can now include ecological studies on these species,life histories, habitat preferences, moth assemblagecomposition, especially of endemic species, to provideinformation relevant to habitat restoration and speciesconservation programmes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are extremely grateful to the late Mr. J.C. Daniel,Vice-President, BNHS, for supporting our work. We thankthe Phiroza Godrej Fund for Field Work for providingfinancial support. Our deep gratitude towards Dr. IanKitching, Natural History Museum, London, for commentson our manuscript and help to identify the species; HenryBarlow, Malayan Natural History Society, Kuala Lumpur,for his book MOTHS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA. We thank IsaacKehimkar for his photographic data contribution, RajeevBhatt and Siddarth Jhaver for helping us with datacompilation, and Umesh Shimpi for field assistance.

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