invasive species. species extinction rates causes of endangerment for imperiled species in the u.s....
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Species extinction rates
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Causes of Endangerment forImperiled Species in the U.S.
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Habitat destruction
Non-native spp.
Pollution
Overharvest
Disease
Wilcove et al. 1998 (data from U.S. Federal Register)
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What are invasive species?
Natives vs. non-natives Introduced Aliens Exotics Adventives/casuals Naturalized
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What are invasive species?
Federal Government’s Executive Order defined as:
an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health
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Acceleration of introductions
Rates of species introductions in Hawai’i Natural rate: 1 established introduction every
100,000 years After Polynesians: 1 established introduction
every 50,000 years Since Europeans: 1 established introduction
every 0.25 years, or 4 per year Approximately 1000 plant species
established in the last 200 years out of about 5000 introduced
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History of the study of biological invasions
Darwin’s Origin of the Species (1859) C. Elton’s book in 1958 Early 1980’s, biological invasions began to be
recognized as problematic: call for assessment of scientific understanding
In the early 90’s, invasions were still not given too much attention
1999 – BIG CHANGE An executive order required all federal agencies to refrain
from activities that contribute to introduction and spread of invasives
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How do introductions happen?
Most introduced species do not survive Of those that survive, many do not cause
“severe harm” to native ecosystems, species or humans (only 15% of establishments)
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How do introductions happen?
IntentionalThere is a perceived human benefit from introduction
For example: Food
Pigs, goats, birds, sheep, crops “Friends”
Accidental Hitchhikers
Insects and weedsRats, mice
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How do introductions happen?
Natural range expansion Ex: Barred Owls have
moved westward into Spotted Owl range Prey Habitat Hybridization
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Invasiveness
Undisturbed systems are not safe from invasion
How do you know if a species will
become invasive? Has it invaded elsewhere? Is the introduction within a range
with similar environmental conditions? Vector? Continued vector?
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Vectors
Vector Vehicle or carrier that is able to transfer species,
or route of transmission Examples of vectors of invasive species
Ships Visitors
Other organisms
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Characteristics of good invaders
Tolerant of wide range of environmental conditions Originate from area with diverse biota Generalist diet Ecological range overlaps with potential vectors Natural population controls not present
For example: predators, disease, competition
Abundant within large native range r selected life history traits
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Life History Traits
r (fast species)
Unstable environment, density independent
K (slow species)
Stable environment, density dependent interactions
Organism size Small Large
Energy used to make each individual Low High
# Offspring produced Many Few
Timing of maturation EarlyLate
(with much parental care)
Life expectancy Short Long
Lifetime reproductive events One More than one
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Impacts of invasives
Cost Ecological
Ecosystem properties and processes Disturbance regimes
Hydrology Native species loss
Predation Hybridize- homogenization of unique regional biota Competition Disease
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Disturbance Regime
Cheat Grass (Bromus tectorum)
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Hydrology
American Beaver (Castor canadensis)
Anderson et al. 2006
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Impacts of invasives
Cost Ecological
Ecosystem properties and processes Disturbance regimes
Hydrology Native species loss
Predation Hybridize- homogenization of unique regional biota Competition Disease
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Predation
Brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis)
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Introduced predators can alter community structure including trophic structure
From Groom et al (2006)
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Predation
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New Zealand Grey (A. superciliosa superciliosa)
Hawaiian (A. wyvilliana)
Florida Mottled (A. fulvigula fulvigula)
Rhymer & Simberloff, 1996
Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)
theyangpa.tripod.com/
Hybridization
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Competition
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Disease
Asian songbirds host to avian pox and avian malaria
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What do we do about invasives?
Education, community support Prevention
Quarantine, monitoring/early detection, emergency response Eradication
Must be done early Need community support
Control Ongoing, costly Containment, priority-site, biological control
Biodiversity conservation Biotic resistance hypothesis (Elton 1958)
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Some of the worst invaders
MAMMAL brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) domestic cat (Felis catus)
goat (Capra hircus) grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
macaque monkey (Macaca fascicularis) mouse (Mus musculus)
nutria (Myocastor coypus) pig (Sus scrofa)
rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) red deer (Cervus elaphus)
red fox (Vulpes vulpes) ship rat (Rattus rattus)
small Indian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) stoat (Mustela erminea)
REPTILE brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) red-eared slider (Trachemys
scripta)
BIRD Indian myna bird (Acridotheres tristis) red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer)
starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
AMPHIBIAN bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) cane toad (Bufo marinus)
Caribbean tree frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui)
**From www.issg.org – 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species
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The palila (Loxioides bailleui)
Endangered Restricted population
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The palila (Loxioides bailleui)
Food: mamane pods
and flowers, native caterpillars in pods
Introduced parasitic wasps (94% parasitism at lower elevational range of palila)
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The palila (Loxioides bailleui)
Rats, mice, mongoose, feral cats, goats Alien grasses, increased fire risk