introductory notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify,...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introductory Notes
Hashtag: #COERLL
Website: www.coerll.utexas.edu
Technical Help
Public Domain Image: http://www.flickr.com/photos/smithsonian/7996907227/
Ask Questions!
![Page 3: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ExploreRepositories, online communities, and organizations as sources for language learning OER.
Today’s Mission
DefineWhat are OER?
DiscoverWhere can we find OER?
ContextualizeThe changing landscape of education.
Wrap UpComments & Questions
Text
CC: BY-SA 3.0 NASA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg
![Page 4: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Opening Remarks
Public Domain Image: http://www.flickr.com/photos/statelibraryqueensland/4442673734/
![Page 5: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
CC: BY-NC-ND JAsper Nance http://www.flickr.com/photos/nebarnix/4739284551/
Disruptive Innovation
![Page 6: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
A B
![Page 7: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A B vs.
A B c d e f gh
2
4 18
![Page 8: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
“...life is not linear; it’s organic. We create our lives symbiotically as we explore our talents in relation to the circumstances they help to create for us.”- Sir Ken Robinson (TED 2006)
CC: BY-SA Sebastiaan ter Burg http://www.flickr.com/photos/ter-burg/3570012810/
![Page 9: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
“...it’s not about scaling a new solution; it’s about creating a movement in education in which people develop their own solutions, but with external support based on personalized curriculum.” - Sir Ken Robinson
(TED 2006)
CC: BY-SA Sebastiaan ter Burg http://www.flickr.com/photos/ter-burg/3570012810/
![Page 10: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cultivate Learning
Public Domain Content: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nationaalarchief/5679580299/
![Page 11: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
OER as a Way to Innovate
Public Domain Content: http://www.flickr.com/photos/usnationalarchives/4269081074/
![Page 12: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Free and Open Culture
CC: BY-NC-SA sciencesque http://www.flickr.com/photos/apoptotic/2540055580/
![Page 13: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
What are Open Educational Resources?
“a universal educational resource available for the whole of humanity”
(UNESCO, 2002)
CC: BY-SA Opensourceway http://www.flickr.com/photos/opensourceway/6555466069/
![Page 14: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Open educational resources (OER)
are teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been
released under a copyright license that
permits their free use and repurposing by others.”
License Undetermined http://davidwiley.org/
What are Open Educational Resources?
- Dr. David Wiley (Lumen Learning)
![Page 15: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Many Types of OER
Teaching & Learning Materials• Open Textbooks (Digital / Print-on-Demand)
• Open Courseware (Presentations, Recorded Lectures, Lecture Notes, Syllabi)
• Classroom activities, lesson plans, assessments• Homework and practice exercises
Authentic content in the L2 (texts, video, audio, images, realia)
Public Domain Content: http://www.flickr.com/photos/osucommons/3529534404/
![Page 16: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
No cost vs. Freedom to reuse, revise, remix, redistribute.
Of the vast number of online resources accessible for free; few are actually Open.
Free vs. Open
CC: BY-NC CodyHoffman http://www.flickr.com/photos/thepinklemon/3876034684/
![Page 17: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
grap
hic
from
: Dav
id W
iley
- ite
ratin
g to
war
d op
enne
ss
Free vs. Open
![Page 18: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The 4Rs
CC: BY Ivan Zuber http://www.flickr.com/photos/ivanzuber/2776100984/
Reuse
Revise
Remix
Redistribute
use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form.
adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate).
combine the original or revised content with another OER to create something new.
share copies of the original content, your revisions, or your remixes with others.
![Page 19: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
All Rights Reserved
C
![Page 20: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Copyright
Copyright protects your creativity against uses you don’t consent to.
CC: BY-NC-SA Great Beyond http://www.flickr.com/photos/tonyjcase/7483795014/
![Page 21: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
exclusive right to: • make copies• distribute, share, sell• perform or display in public• make derivative works (adaptations,
translations, supplemental materials)• distribute, share, sell, and copy
derivative works • license others to do those things
Copyright limits the 4Rs
Copyright
Public Domain Content: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nationaalarchief/3915529903/
![Page 22: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Copyright
Art
Writings
MusicMovies
![Page 23: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
remember the earlier definition by UNESCO?
“to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for a limited Time to Authors
and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and
Discoveries."
Purpose of Copyright?
Public Domain Content: http://www.flickr.com/photos/usnationalarchives/4727525216/
- From The U.S. Constitution
![Page 24: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
“to promote the Progress of Science and useful
Arts, by securing for a limited Time to
Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to
their respective Writings and Discoveries."
Purpose of Copyright?
Public Domain Content: http://www.flickr.com/photos/usnationalarchives/4727525216/
- From The U.S. Constitution“seriously. Maybe 150 years
before I can use this photo?”
![Page 25: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
CCSome Rights Reserved
![Page 26: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Benefits of Open Licenses
![Page 28: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Benefits of Open Licenses
Users allowed to:• Copy & distribute (don’t have to ask
permission from the copyright holder)
• Legally download and publish (don’t have to rely just on linking)
• Adapt and customize the material (in most cases)
CC: BY-NC DoimSioraf http://www.flickr.com/photos/cleanslatephotography/7899423426/
![Page 29: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Why Use OER at All?
Make mere possibilities a reality.thoughts shared by our friends at Open Tapestry
![Page 30: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
What if instruction was contextualized in the real events of the world and professional discourse?
What if learners were asked to do their work in the open web where peers, mentors, and practitioners could encourage learners, and where learners could develop a digital identity?
What if learners were encouraged to connect their learning with content being produced by practitioners in their area of study?
What if we encouraged a more organic approach to education, where instead of simply trying to make students learn, we were more focused on finding ways to create the conditions for growth and improvement?
What if students and teachers were connected to others dedicated to the idea of creating resources and developing solutions that could help students, teachers, and others create personalized learning curriculums?
Why Use OER at All?
CC: BY-NC CRASH:candy http://www.flickr.com/photos/crash-candy/2310618299/
![Page 31: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER
www.creativecommons.org
![Page 32: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER
Google - Advanced Search
![Page 33: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER
![Page 34: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
17 million free media files (photos, videos, sounds)
240 million free, sharable photos (with CC license)
42,000 public domain books (65 languages)
4 million openly licensed videos (lectures, modules, etc.)
The Numbers
![Page 35: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Types of OER
![Page 36: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER - Language Learning
Note: Materials are not always OER
Large collection of materials
Ability to browse by language
Curation, peer review, and comments help best resources rise to the top
www.merlot.org
![Page 37: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER - Language Learning
Focused around OER
Includes both “big” OER and “little” OER
Language material collection is small, but growing.
Cannot browse by language.
New authoring feature make it easy to contribute and remix materials.
![Page 38: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER - Language Learning
www.oercommons.org
![Page 39: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Focused on LCTLs
Searching & Finding OER - Language Learning
www.lmp.ucla.edu/
![Page 40: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER - Language Learning
Constantly growing corpus
www.wikiversity.org
![Page 41: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER - Language Learning
manage and publish content
share and find materials
www.languagebox.ac.uk
![Page 42: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER - Language Learning
repository of content
other tools and resources
www.jorum.ac.uk
![Page 43: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER - Language Learning
![Page 45: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER - LRCs
Focused on Free Resources
COERLL focused on OER
Continuously expanding
www.nflrc.org
![Page 46: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER - Language Learning
ROCKIN’ RUSSIAN
![Page 47: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER - Language Learning
Focused around OER
Specific to language teaching
Interface allows for you to create account, publish, and share your own resources.
Connect with other language teachers throughout the globe.
http://loro.open.ac.uk/
![Page 48: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER - Language Learning
Focused on photos
Great realia
http://capl.washjeff.edu/
![Page 49: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER - Social Media
#langchat
#edchat
Foreign Language Teaching
Creating an Open Classroom
Peeragogy in Action
![Page 50: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Searching & Finding OER
Talk to Colleagues
Talk to Students
Public Domain Content: http://www.flickr.com/photos/usnationalarchives/7136282629/
Join online groups
“wanna work together?”
![Page 51: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Challenges & Difficulties in Search
Public Domain Content: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nlscotland/3011974213/
A lack of consistent metadata makes it difficult to always find resources
Various repositories use different APIs
broken links
lack of clear licensing information, difficult to determine if something is OER or not
![Page 52: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Remixing OER
![Page 53: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Remixing OER
Standard office suite word / presentation tools work just fine.
So do Google docs!
![Page 54: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Public Domain Content: http://www.flickr.com/photos/usnationalarchives/4011523181/
Why OER?
let’s get back to the idea of education being an organic environment.
to cultivate an environment for growth and improvement and to
personalize teaching and learning.
![Page 55: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
It’s Good to Share
Public Domain Content: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nationaalarchief/4900465601/
Create content using tools that make it easy to share
Share what you create; license it using Creative Commons
Encourage others to share
Support those who do share
![Page 56: Introductory Notes · use the content in its unaltered / verbatim form. adapt, adjust, modify, improve, or alter (translate). combine the original or revised content with another](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071216/6048e06288fbe118e10667e9/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
“We haven’t come close to tapping the full potential of OER. We need to help more people understand that these materials are not just free, they can also create communities of teachers and learners who collaborate on their continuous improvement, and that’s the real magic – in the actual reuse and remix.” - Cathy Casserly (Creative Commons)
CC BY 3.0 Digital Public Library of America: http://dp.la/info/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/CCasserly_highres.jpg