introductory linguistics
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Study Exercises for each other
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Study Exercise #3
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Answer to Study Exercise #1
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Answer to Study Exercise #11
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Answer to Study Exercise #20
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S(%10)2 .$%()$(%2K
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Comp S
NP Aux NP VP| |Art N will N V S| | | |
what city Fred say Comp S|that NP VP
|N V S| |
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Pro V PP| |you live P NP
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11. Another transformation: Topicalizationb#-@,.B B0. 0 #(2. 0. $B2 d$&;,)e &1 ,$..2#$2#)2_ JB0$ ,$ ,. 04&($8 FB2.2 .2#$2#)2. B0>2 0 ',.$,#)$@* %B2$&%,)0@ )B0%0)$2%A 0#'&1$2# .&(#' 42.$ ,1 *&( ,
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Topicalization
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Which book will Sue ask that we studye
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P7 P7 G?a P7Ih
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Study Exercise #22
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Answer to Study Exercise #22
Id say that linguistics, I can teach.
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Coordinate Structure Constraint
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Answer to Study Exercise #23
What city have the Romans destroyed and attacked Athens?
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Answer to Study Exercise #24
What city have the Romans attacked and destroyed?
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!"#$% '()*+,-.)+*# /0(1-0%)0.% 23 JEK
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Topicalization
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Wh- Island Constraint
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Answer to Study Exercise #26
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Study Exercise #27Study Exercise #27
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Coordinate Structure Constraint
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/# 0@$2%#0$,>2 2@&;2' $B20..(
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d" 1,@@2' $B2 .0@$ ,#$& $B2 420%8eRUdSB2 )02% $B2%2e
FB2 1,%.$ .2#$2#)2 ,#',)0$2. 0 J%- .(4)0$2-&%,W0$, 1&%D0??G;%&404@* 0)Y(,%2' 4*
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/ )&&@>2 0 critical periodA $B0$ ,.A 0 .;0# &1 $,
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!"#$% '()*+,-.)+*# /0(1-0%)0.% 23 4KK
?B0;$2% [K \2>,2J &1 N&%;B&@&-* 0#' S*#$03
1. Summary: grammar fragmentFB,. ,. 0. 10% 0. J2c%2 -&,#- $& -2$ ))2%#,#- $B2 .*#$0)$,) 0#0@*.,. &1 b#-@,.B8 "$
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!"#$% '()*+,-.)+*# /0(1-0%)0.% 23 4KJ
?.$%()$,#- ,$2%0$2' '2%,>0$,.A -2#2%0@@* d,#.,'2 &($e8
Inflectional morphology
`,#',#-
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!"#$% '()*+,-.)+*# /0(1-0%)0.% 23 4K4
#030%, o$B0$ *&(X.,#-8 #&$ 4(*c #030%,' o$B0$ *&(X;@(%8 #&$ 4(*c#030%0' o$B0$ B2^.B2 #&$ 4(*c #030%0#' o$B0$ $B2* #&$ 4(*c
08 `,#' 0#' -@&.. $B2 0 o.$0#'A .)011&@',#-c
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56$ o$,2c 56$>2 o4'A .2)(%,$*c
52% o0.5 1&%c 5%>2 oY(2.$,#0,%2c
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11. Chamorro Infixation`&%2eIA $a ,. "7/ 1&% *
,. -@&$$0@ .$&;A B20%' ,# $B2 2%* JB,$2c$,$ oB0%'c $,$,$ o>2%* B0%'c$05 o%2'c $0$05 o>2%* %2'c5c0. o40'c 5c05c0. o>2%* 40'c
#0$.c o#20%c #0#0$
.c o>2%* #20%c
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14. Organization of the grammar: morphology"# $B2 >,2J &1 .&
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08 9,. 4%&$B2% 0#' B,. J,12c. 4&&5c. 23)2..,>2 @2#-$B 2l $& $B2 2% $& $B2 )&
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48 S(;;&.2 1&% $B2 2 $& *&( $B0#5. 2 $& )B,@' &1 B,<
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o" -0>2
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EZ8 , 100 5#'
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)8 FB2 5,#-J0 .2#$ $B2 ;%,#)2#, &1 L0@2. 0 @2$$2%&8'8 FB2 52* $& $B2 '&&%J0 ,. &1 -%20$ ,
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Agreement Rule
S(11,3 X0< JB2# k72%.K EA P(,#- dG.IB2 4(*.eK
30% kF2#.2K7%2.2#$A7&@0%,$*K7&.,$,>2AN&&'K"#',)0$,>2A72%.KOAP(2AN&&'K"#',)0$,>2A72%.KOAP(2AN&&'KS(4a(#)$,>2A72%.KOAP(2 \(@2T F2#.2 \(@24230%0' /-%22
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:2%,>,#- d$B0$ G.IB2 #&$ 4(*eK
30% k7&@0%,$*KP2-0$,>2AN&&'KS(4a(#)$,>2A72%.KOAP(2 \(@2 GIT F2#.2 \(@2
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28. Answer to #5, Compounding)01$*90*,Z
q,>2# $B2 23,.$2#)2 &1 k $,-2% lP&(#0#' k 4,%' lP&(#A J2 &4$0,# k k $,-2% lP&(#k 4,%' l P&(#lP&(#AJB,)B 0lP&(#
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30. Answer to #7, English Word Formationk i lt2%4k k i lt2%4lP&(#
N20#,#-K d0# ,#.$0#)2 &1 t2%4,#-e
31. Answer to #8, English Word Formationk i lP&(#k k i 2$$2 lP&(#lP&(#
N20#,#-K d0 @,$$@2 P&(# &% $B,#- B0>,#- $& '& J,$B P&(#e
32. Answer to #9, LuiseoFB2 '0$0 ,@@(.$%0$2 $B2 ))2;$ &1 inalienabilityA 0# ,#1@2)$,@ )0$2-&%* ,# 2% $%(@* 42 %,' &1 ,$K *&(% %2@0$,>2.A $B2 ;0%$. &1$B2 4&'*8
FJ& %(@2. 0%2 #22'2'A JB,)B )&(@' 0;;@* ,# 2,$B2% &%'2%K
Person-Number Marking
i #( i JB2%2 * '%,#52%
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o@,04@2 $& 42 &>2%1,@@2'c_ .0,' ;2%B0;. &1 0 )0% 2#-,#2 $B0$ 0'2. 0# ,#0))(%0$2
)&0@(0$, &1 JB0$ ;2&;@2 $B,#5 04&($ $B2 >0%,2$,2. 0. .()B8
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39. Answer to #17, Syntax: Parsing08 P&$2 $B0$ .,#)2 $B2 ,#1@2)$,@ .(11,3 Xc% ,. 0''2' 4* %(@2. &1
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S
t7
77
P7 P7 P7u
7%& t /%$ P 7 /%$ Pu u u u u u u
FB2* 0J0%'2' $B2 52* $& $B2 ),$*
FB,. ,. $B2
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42. Answer to #20, Subcategorization08 &;,#,
k sss GS}I l 0#' k sss G77I l6,@@c. &;,#,,@@c. &;,#, &1 `%2'6,@@c. &;,#, $B0$ `%2' J,@@ J,#8
48 $%0#.1&%< G0. 0 >2%4Ik sss P7 G77I l 0#' k sss 77 lh`%2' $%0#.1&%0#$ $%22AJB,)B ,.K
S
P7 t7u u
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!"#$% '()*+,-.)+*# /0(1-0%)0.% 23 44K
44. Answer to #22, Sango Phrase Structure Rules9&;,#- 1&% 0 .@,-B$@* )@20#2% 0#.J2% " 2A @2$$,#-;&.$#&2A .,#)2 ,$ @&&5. @,52 ,# -2#2%0@A $B2 /%$,)@2. 1&@@&J $B2#&(#8
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C8 7
/'>7 /'>
P7 P
O8
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Q8 @& 2 $& B,< J0$2%7%& t 7 7%& Po92 -,>2. B,< J0$2%c
t7 t 77 P777 7 P7 G
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V8 , 7 /'> GJc$ %2;20$I
R8
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[8
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ED8 0@0 2 $& B,< #02 $B,. #0
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EC8 @& W,0 0@0 #0 50#-0B2 ;($ $B2< $& a0,@7%& t 7%& 7 Po92 ;($ $B2< ,# a0,@c
t7 t P7 77
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t7 t P7 /'>7 /'>7
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P&$2 (#(.(0@ ).$%()$,A J,$B 0 77
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CC8 oj&( 1&(#' 2%4.8
t7 t P7 /'>7 /'>7
CO8
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CQ8 7 /'>7
t7 t P7 77
t7 t 77
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t7 t 77 P7
/'>7 /'>
/'>7 /'> 77
/7 /
$B2# J2 )0# (.2 $B2 044%2>,0$&%* #&$0$,.A 0#' 0 @,$$@2 -(2.. J&%5A $& ;%&'()2 0 7 /'> G77I
FB2 ,'2#$@* t7c. J,$B 4&$B P7 77 0#' 77P7 &%'2%8 N* -(2.. J&(@' 42 $B0$ $B,. ,. '2$2%
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Rules of inflectional morphology
S(11,3 XJ0 JB2# k?0.2KP&2lS(11,3 X& JB2# k?0.2K/))(.0$,>2lS(11,3 X#, JB2# k?0.2K:0$,>2l
P&$2K $B2 #&2 0#' $B2 0))(.0$,>2 B2%2 G4($ #&$ $B2 '0$,>2I 0%2 >2%* %&(-B@* 0. ,#g0;0#2.28
47. Answer to #25, constituency testing08 " ;($ $B2 52* (#'2% $B2
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?B0;$2% ZK S22@&; 1&%2 2#a&*2'A J%,$$2# 1%&< 0 .&42% 4($ 23;@&%0$&%* >,2J;&,#$A ,.L(0C"? \0(,%A 4*:@' q%,11,# G=#,>2%.,$* &1 ?B,)0-& 7%2..A EZZCI8
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0#0;B&%0
&;2%0$&%. 0#' .)&;2
3. Predicate-argument structure/ predicate-argument structure,. 0 5,#' &1 .22% .@&$.A J,$B J,'2@*X0;;@,)04@2 $2%
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!"#$% '()*+,-.)+*# /0(1-0%)0.% 23 45@
FB2 ;&,#$ ,. $B0$ @0#-(0-2. '& (.2 @,#20% &%'2% $& )>2* ;%2',)0$2X0%-(&,)2e 0#' $B2 .2)' ,# $B2 d;0..,>2>&,)28e `&% 4&$B .2#$2#)2.A $B2 ;%2',)0$2X0%-(2 ,# 0 )&B2%2#$ J0* $B0$ 4(,@'. &@'2% ,#1&%
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%2),;,2#$ ,. $B2 1,%.$ P7 0#' $B2 ,$2< -,>2# ,. $B2 .2)' P78 6&$B B0>2 $B2 .0
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0%-(
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Answer to Study Exercise #28
08 g&B# 0;;20%. $& B0>2 422# -,>2# 0 4&&5 4* S(28
/77b/\ GG7%&;&.,$,q"tbGGq,>2%S(2 IA Gq,1$4&&5 IA G\2),;,2#$g&B#I III
48 "$ .222 %0,#2'8
SbbN G G7%&;&.,$,\/"P I I
)8 "$ .22
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Study Exercise #29: The predicate-argument structure ofAs-phrases
FB2 ;0%$,)@2 "%B0. ,#$2%2.$,#- .*#$0)$,) 0#' .2,&%A ,# JB,)B $B2 ;B%0.2 .$%()$(%20-0,#
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Answers to Study Exercise #29
N0$)B,#- (; $B2 4%0)52$. ,. $%,)5*_ "c>2 (.2' )&@&%. $& B2@; )B2)58
E8 \bq/\: GGb3;2%,2#)2%$B2* I G7%&;&.,$,\/"SbL]\F9j GG?B0%0)$2%,W2'B2 I III
C8 g=:qb GGb3;2%,2#)2%J2 I G7%&;&.,$,=P`]\F=P/Fb GG7%&;&.,$,t"S"F GGt,.,$&%B2 IA Gt,.,$22N0%* I I I IIO8 \bq/\: GGb3;2%,2#)2%J2 I G7%&;&.,$,/77b/\ GG7%&;&.,$, S"?{ GG"@@72%.B2 I IIIII
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
/P/79]\/
4. Defining Anaphora/@@ @0#-(0-2. B0>2 ;%&(#.8 `&% 2300%,&(. 1&%
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L?0.$ )+?, M-$ )7") %7$ :$*#+($ )70(8% $:$*#+($ 0% " 1$(0-%3
6($ $B,. '22; .$%()$(%2 &4>,&(.@* 2. ,$ J,@@ -2$ $B2 ;%,W2 .B2 J0#$.8
FB,. .2#$2#)2 )$0,#. $J& ;%&(#.A 0)0#'%7$8 /))&%',#- $& $B2 7%&
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!"#$% '()*+,-.)+*# /0(1-0%)0.% 23 46=
FB2 -,%@ JB& '2.2%>2. k$B2 ;%,W2 .B2 J0#$.l J,@@ -2$ $B2 ;%,W2 k$B2 -,%@ JB& '2.2%>2. ,$lJ0#$.8
6($ $B,. .2#$2#)2 0@.& )$0,#. ;%&(#.w FB(.A $& 0%%,>2 0$ $B2 $%(2 '22; .$%()$(%2 J2 J,@@B0>2 $& .(4.$,$($2 1&% $B2.2 0. J2@@K
FB2 -,%@ JB& '2.2%>2. k$B2 ;%,W2 k$B2 -,%@ JB& '2.2%>2. ,$l J0#$.l J,@@ -2$ $B2 ;%,W2 k$B2 -,%@JB& '2.2%>2. k$B2 ;%,W2 .B2 J0#$.ll J0#$.8
/#' J2 0%2 .$,@@ #&$ 'A .&K
FB2 -,%@ JB& '2.2%>2. k$B2 ;%,W2 k$B2 -,%@ JB& '2.2%>2. k$B2 ;%,W2 .B2 J0#$.ll J0#$.l J,@@ -2$$B2 ;%,W2 k$B2 -,%@ JB& '2.2%>2. k$B2 ;%,W2 k$B2 -,%@ JB& '2.2%>2. ,$l J0#$.lll J0#$.8
P& 2 (#,#$2%;%2$2' ;%&(#. ,# &(%%2;%2.2#$0$,A .& ,$c. )@20% $B0$ $B,. ;%&)2.. ,. #2>2% -&,#- *,2@' 0# ,#$2%;%2$2' %2;%2.2#$0$,
FB2 (;.B&$ ,. $B0$ d.;2@@,#- &($e ;%&(#. 0. $B2,% 1(@@ #&(# ;B%0.2. '&2. #&$ .22< ;%&2 a(.$ .22#A
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E35 XN.+CC"(,+0.$@*A 0 $2)B#,)0@ '21,#,$,K
"# 0 .*#$0)$,) $%22A ).$,$(2#$ / c-commands ).$,$(2#$ 6 ,1 $B2 2. 0$ 68
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Answer to Study Exercise #30
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8. An interpretive analysis for reflexive pronouns`&% %21@23,>2.A J2 )0# J%,$2 $B2 1&@@&J,#- %(@2 &1 ,#$2%;%2$0$,K
Reflexive Interpretation93
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Answer to Study Exercise #31
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Study Exercise #32K ,# $B2 1&@@&J,#-A JB* )0# $B2 $J&B0??c. 42 $B2 .0
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Answer to Study Exercise #32
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Reflexive Interpretation
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