Introductory Course

For

I.T. Fundamentals

Objective:

• To understand the Basics of Computer I/O Operation, Devices, Hardware & Software

• To understand the types of commonly used O/S and use them efficiently

• To understand the importance and type of Networking

• To understand and use Microsoft Office for Day to Day Work

Why Study Computer?

* User

o Understand system capabilities and limitations

o Make informed decisions

o Improve communications with information technology professionals

* Systems Analyst

o Conduct surveys, determine feasibility and define and document user requirements

o Specify computer systems to meet application requirements

Why Study Computer? Contd..

* Programmer

o Create efficient application software for specific processing needs

* System Administrator / Manager

o Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade computer systems

o Maximize system availability

o Optimize system performance

o Ensure system security

Why Study Computer? Contd..

* Web Designer

o Optimize customer accessibility to Web services

o System administration of Web servers

o Select appropriate data formats

o Design efficient Web pages

Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)

* Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards

* Processing: CPU executes the computer program

* Output: monitor, printer, fax machine

* Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape

Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)

* Hardware

o Processes data by executing instructions

o Provides input and output

* Software

o Instructions executed by the system

* Data

o Fundamental representation of facts and observations

* Communications

o Sharing data and processing among different systems

Hardware Component

* Input/Output devices

* Storage Devices

* CPU

o ALU: arithmetic/logic unit

o CU: control unit

o Interface unit

* Memory

o Short-term storage for CPU calculations

Input Devices

* Key-Board

An input device consisting of various keys that allows the user to input data, control cursor and pointer locations, and to control the dialog with the workstation.contains 101/102 Keys (US Standards)

Input Devices

* Mouse

A mouse is a handheld pointing device for computers, involving a small object fitted with one or more buttons and shaped to sit naturally under the hand. The underside of the mouse houses a device that detects the mouse's motion relative to the flat surface on which it sits. The mouse's 2D motion is typically translated into the motion of a cursor on the display

Input Devices

* Scanner

There are different types of scanners which printers use today. There are drum scanners and there are table top scanners. There are even little hand held scanners now used for computer scanning. A device used to read and convert an image into a digital format, so that it can be reproduced (on a web page, or a printed piece).

Input Devices

* Scanner

There are different types of scanners which printers use today. There are drum scanners and there are table top scanners. There are even little hand held scanners now used for computer scanning. A device used to read and convert an image into a digital format, so that it can be reproduced (on a web page, or a printed piece).

CPU: Central Processing Unit

* ALU: arithmetic/logic unit

o Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations

* CU: control unit

o Controls processing of instructions

o Controls movement of data within the CPU

* Interface unit

o Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other hardware components

o Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different components

Memory:

* Also known as primary storage, working storage, and RAM (random access memory)

* Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte)

Holds both instructions and data of a computer program (stored program concept

Output Devices:

Monitor:

Display produced by a device that takes signals and displays them on a television screen or a computer monitor

CRT Monitor (Cathode Ray Tube)

Output Devices:

LCD / TFT Monitor

Thin Film Transistors

Output Devices:

Printers

•A computer printer is a computer peripheral device that produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics, usually on paper) from data stored in a computer connected to it.

Output Devices:

Dot-Matrix Printers

A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer refers to a type of computer printer with a print head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like a typewriter. Unlike a typewriter or daisy wheel printer, letters are drawn out of a dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and arbitrary graphics can be produced. Because the printing involves mechanical pressure, these printers can create carbon copies and carbonless copies.

Output Devices:

DeskJet /Inkjet Printers

DeskJet is a brand name for inkjet printers manufactured by Hewlett-Packard Company. These printers range from small domestic to large industrial models, although the largest models in the range have generally been dubbed Design Jet. The Macintosh-compatible equivalent was branded as the DeskWriter and competed with Apple's Style Writer.

Output Devices:

Laser Printers

A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. Like photocopiers, laser printers employ a xerographic printing process but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer's photoreceptor.

Output Devices:

Storage Devices:

Hard Disks:

•Commonly refers to a form of magnetic media that uses a hard metal disk to store data. Unlike its "floppy" counterparts, a hard disk can typically hold much more data and is much faster, but is non-removable, or "fixed" to your computer. This is typically where the computer’s operating system and other software is installed. The terms "hard disk" and "hard drive" are often used interchangeably since the disk and the drive are usually contained in the same unit

Storage Devices:

Hard Disks:

Storage Devices:

Optical Disks:

A digital data storage technology that uses optical media to store information. Optical disks are slower, but store more data and cost less per unit of stored data than magnetic disks. Several optical platters can be installed in a single device called a jukebox. Optical disks are used when very large amounts of data need to be stored

Storage Devices:

Optical Disks:

Software & Application

System Software:

a set of programs that organise, utilise and control hardware in a computer system like All O/S

Application Software:

is a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted with system software which is involved in integrating a computer's various capabilities, but typically does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. In this context the term application refers to both the application software and its implementation.

Software & Application

Operating System:

o API: application program interface

o File management

o I/O

o Kernel

+ Memory management

+ Resource scheduling

+ Program communication

+ Security

o Network Module

Networking

Networking between any two devices require

• Sender (source which transmits signals)

• Protocol (Language of Communication)

• Medium of Communication (Wired or Wireless)

• Receiver (destination of the signals)

• Amplifier (to boost signals) – Switches or Hub

Networking

Network Topology:

• Peer to peer

• Bus

• Star

• Mesh

Networking

Networking Protocols:

• TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) widely used over hetrogeneous environment

• HTTP (Hyper Text Transmission protocol)

Medium of Communication: (Wired)

• UTP Cat-5/6

• Coaxial Cable

• Fiber Optics

Networking

Networking Amplifiers:

• Hub : Broad Casting of Network

• Switch: Point to point (Full Duplex)

• Router: Routing and Point to point

Windows - XP