introduction to zoology: classification, taxonomy intro, and body systems
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Introduction to Zoology: Classification, Taxonomy Intro, and Body Systems. Ch 1, 8, and 9. Introduction. Zoology is the study of animal life # of species currently classified: 1.5 million Use taxonomy to help classify animals What is taxonomy? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Introduction to Zoology: Classification, Taxonomy Intro, and Body Systems
Ch 1, 8, and 9
Zoology is the study of animal life # of species currently classified: 1.5 million Use taxonomy to help classify animals
◦What is taxonomy? Naming and evolutionary background of animals
◦How? Using what? Use patterns of physical, chemical and ecological relationship to classify animals Use 5 categories to classify animals
Introduction
Definition◦Balanced proportions, how does size/shape
compare on opposite halves 4 main types
#1: Symmetry
Spherical
RadialBilateral
Biradial
1) Spherical◦ Any plane passing through center divides body
into equivalent parts/halves, very rare◦ Ex: some unicellular organisms
2) Biradial◦ Only two planes produce mirrored halves◦ Ex: comb jelly fish
3) Radial◦ More than two planes creates similar halves◦ Ex: starfish, hydra, sponge
4) Bilateral◦ Divides along a sagittal plant making right/left ½◦ Ex: most insects, mammals, birds, reptiles
#1: Symmetry
Evidence types◦1) Fossils◦2) Protein/DNA structure◦3) Biochemistry (molecular make-up)◦4) Biogeography
#2: Evolutionary Evidence
Most widely used TODAY, in modern science to classify organisms
Use phylogeny to group/classify organisms◦Def: origin and diversity of organisms◦Where did organisms come from?
#2: Evolutionary Evidence
10 major body systems
#3: Body System Organiz.
1) Circulatory◦Transports nutrients, gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide), hormones and wastes◦Organs: heart, veins, arteries, vessels,
capillaries, blood
2) Digestive◦To breakdown food into proteins, vitamins,
minerals, carbs and fats; absorbs nutrients necessary for growth and maintenance
◦Organs: mouth, stomach, esophagus, intestines
#3: Body System Organiz.
3) Endocrine◦To rely chemical message throughout the
body◦Organs: pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
pancreas, liver, gall bladder, ovaries and testes
4) Lymphatic/Immune◦To destroy and remove invading microbes
and viruses; remove fat and excess fluid◦Organs: lymph nodes, white blood cells, T-
cells
#3: Body System Organiz.
5) Muscular system◦To provide movement, control
movement of materials through some organs
◦Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
6) Nervous system ◦To relay electrical signals throughout the
body, directs behavior and/or movement◦Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves
#3: Body System Organiz.
7) Reproductive system◦To manufacture cells that allow for
reproduction (sperm and egg)◦Organs: ovaries, vagina, uterus,
mammary glands, fallopian tubes; testis, penis
8) Respiratory system◦To provide gas exchange between blood
and the environment◦Organs: lungs, trachea, nose,
bronchial tubes
#3: Body System Organiz.
9) Skeletal system◦To provide support for the body,
protection of organs, provides attachment site for organs/muscles
◦Organs: bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
10) Excretory/Urinary system◦To filter out cellular wastes, toxins and
excess water from the circulatory system◦Organs: kidney, bladder, ureter
#3: Body System Organiz.
Homologous is similarities between organisms resulting from a common ancestor
This characteristic and evolutionary evidence work together
Ex:
#4: Homologous Features
Ecological: different biomes, different areas to eat, sleep, etc.◦Niche/Habitat
Diet: What do they eat?Predator/Prey:
◦Hunting for eating purposes
#5: Other relationships
HierarchyFrom largest group to smallest group1. Kingdom2. Phylum3. Class4. Order5. Family6. Genus7. Species
Taxonomy
King Philip can’t
order five giant
slurppies
How many do we currently have?◦5
Names of these:◦Animal, plant, fungi, monerans/bacteria, protists
Major differences between them:◦Fun/Animals: must consume food◦Plants: cell wall, chloroplasts◦Protists/monerans: unicellular
Kingdom
9 we study◦Names of each◦Example of each◦8 invertebrates, 1 vertebrate◦Invert vs. vert.
Phylum
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes Nematoda
Mollusca
Annelida
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
Porifera
Used in naming system called binomial nomenclature, current system of naming and classifying animals
Scientist who invented system: Carl Linnaeus◦Genus – capitalized◦Species – NOT capitalized◦Both are italicized or underlined
Ex: Homo sapiens
Genus/Species
How does phylogeny relate to classification and taxonomy◦Classification is categorizing◦Taxonomy is naming◦Phylogeny is using evolution to classify and
name animals
Phylogeny
◦They are related because they all rely upon each other to get species organized into workable categoriesSpecies is a reproductive community
living in a specific area/location3 criteria for recognizing species 1) Common ancestor or common descent 2) Small grouping w/ distinct and unique
characteristics 3) Must be able to reproduce
Phylogeny, cont.
◦After a NEW species is discovered: Must name it Classify it
Use phylogeny (evolutionary evidence) 1) Comparative homology 2) Character variation 3) Ecological relationships
Phylogeny, cont.