Introduction to VerbsIntroduction to VerbsChapter 15Chapter 15

Exegetical Insight Exegetical Insight

1 John 2:1 and 3:61 John 2:1 and 3:6

• 1 John 2:1 Tekni,a mou( tau/ta gra,fw u`mi/n i[na mh. a`ma,rthteÅ kai. eva,n tij a`ma,rth|( para,klhton e;comen pro.j to.n pate,ra VIhsou/n Cristo.n di,kaion\

• 1 John 3:6 pa/j o` evn auvtw/| me,nwn ouvc a`marta,nei\ pa/j o` a`marta,nwn ouvc e`w,raken auvto.n ouvde. e;gnwken auvto,nÅ

English GrammarEnglish Grammar• Verb – a word that describes action or state of being.

– I am studying Greek.– Greek is the language of the New Testament.

• Person– First (I, we)– Second (you)– Third (he, she, it, they)

• Number – either singular or plural– I am the teacher.– You are the students.

• Agreement – A verb must agree with its subject in person and number.

• Time – when the action takes place (past, present, future)

English GrammarEnglish Grammar

• Tense – In English, tense refers to both the time of the action and the form of the word.– I study – present tense– I will study – future tense– I studied – past tenseNote: the time of the verb is from the standpoint of the

speaker/writer, not the reader.

• Aspect: What is the difference between:– I studied last night.– I was studying last night.– The difference is in the kind of action: completed versus

continuous.

English GrammarEnglish Grammar

• Aspect and time

present past future

completed I study I studied I will study

continuous I am studying

I was studying

I will be studying

English GrammarEnglish Grammar

• Voice – refers to the relationship between the subject and the verb.– Active – the subject does the action of the

verb.• Bill hit the ball.

– Passive – the subject receives the action of the verb.

• Bill was hit by the ball.

Greek VerbsGreek Verbs

Tenses PresentAoristFuture

ImperfectPerfect

Pluperfect

Greek Verbs- tensesGreek Verbs- tenses

PresentShows action in present time

Greek Verbs- tensesGreek Verbs- tenses

Future

Shows action of the verb as defined in the future.

Greek Verbs- tensesGreek Verbs- tenses

Aorist Simple, undefined action.

Greek Verbs- tensesGreek Verbs- tenses

Imperfect

Continuous or linear action

in past time.

Greek Verbs- tensesGreek Verbs- tenses

Perfect

The action was completed in the past, but has lasting and

continuing results into the future.

Greek Verbs- tensesGreek Verbs- tenses

Pluperfect

The action was completed in the past, with continuing results in the

past.

Greek Verbs- MoodsGreek Verbs- Moods

Indicative

Imperative

Subjunctive

Optative

Participle*

Infinitive

Greek Verbs- MoodsGreek Verbs- Moods

Indicative

Makes an assertion of fact

Greek Verbs- MoodsGreek Verbs- Moods

Imperative

A command to do something.

Greek Verbs- MoodsGreek Verbs- Moods

SubjunctiveMakes an assertion about

which there is some doubt, uncertainty, or indefiniteness

Greek Verbs- MoodsGreek Verbs- Moods

Optative

Usually expresses a wish or desire.

Greek Verbs- MoodsGreek Verbs- Moods

Participle*

A verbal adjective

Greek Verbs- MoodsGreek Verbs- Moods

Infinitive*

A verbal noun

Greek Verbs- VoicesGreek Verbs- Voices

Active

Passive

Middle

Greek Verbs- VoicesGreek Verbs- Voices

Active

Action was completed by the subject of the verb.

Greek Verbs- VoicesGreek Verbs- Voices

Passive

The subject receives the action of the verb.

Greek Verbs- VoicesGreek Verbs- Voices

Middle

The subject acts in some way upon itself or to itself.

Present Active IndicativePresent Active Indicative

Present tense stem + Connecting Vowel + Primary active personal

endings

lu + o + men = luvomen

Greek Verbs- ChartsGreek Verbs- Charts

• Stem: This is the part of the verb that carries the basic meaning.• Connecting vowel: Greek verbs sometimes need a vowel after the stem to aid in the pronunciation of the word.• Personal endings: Suffixes added to the end of the verb indicating person and number

Keep Parsing of Nouns and Verbs Keep Parsing of Nouns and Verbs StraightStraight

• Verbs do not have case or gender; nouns do not have person.

• Nouns– Case, gender, number

• Verbs– Tense, voice, mood, person and number

Greek Verbs- ChartsGreek Verbs- Charts

• Our first set of endings and the primary active endings are as follows:

1s-w2s-eiV3s-ei

1p-omen2p-ete

3p-ousi(n)

Greek Verbs- ChartsGreek Verbs- Charts

•Parsing: the breaking down of the verb and denoting of: person, number, tense, voice, mood, lexical form, and definition of inflected form.

•Lexical form: For verbs, this will be the 1st person singular, present indicative.

Paradigm: Present Active Indicative- Paradigm: Present Active Indicative- luvvwluvvw

Tense Aug/ Tense Tense Conn. Personal 1st Sing.Redup Stem Form. Vowel Endings Paradigm

Present Present o / e Prim act luvw

1sg luvw I am loosing o -

2sg luveiV You are loosing e V

3sg luvei he/she/it is loosing

e i

1pl luvomen we are loosing o men

2pl luvete ya’ll are loosing e te

3pl luvousi(n)

they are loosing

o nsi

Primary Active endingPrimary Active ending1s -w2s -eiV3s -ei1p -omen2p -ete3p -ousi(n)

Greek Verbs- TenseGreek Verbs- Tense

•Aspect: This can be either continuous or undefined.

–Aspect ALWAYS takes precedence over time

•Time: Present tense generally indicates an action occurring in the present tense.

Verbs & Personal PronounsVerbs & Personal Pronouns

• It is not usually necessary to provide the personal pronoun as the subject of a verb because the verb ending indicates the personal pronoun subject of the verb.

•Reasons for including the personal pronoun are twofold:

–Emphasis. –Gender.

BetaBeta

th.n fwnh.n auvtou/ avkou,eij

You hear its sound

GammaGamma

evxousi,an e;cei o` ui`o.j tou/ avnqrw,pou

the son of man has authority

DeltaDelta

to. fw/j tou/ ko,smou tou,tou ble,pousin

They see the light of the world