By Rajeev RoushanC.I (C&W) / IRIMEE

Classification Of Rly. LinesClassification Of Rly. Lines

Group-A Sanctioned speed-160 kmphSanctioned speed-160 kmph

Group-B Sanctioned speed-130 kmphSanctioned speed-130 kmph

Group-C Suburban sections of DLI,KOL,MAS,MUMBAISuburban sections of DLI,KOL,MAS,MUMBAI

Group-D Sanctioned speed-100 kmph

Group-E Less than 100 kmph

TRACK STRUCTURETRACK STRUCTURE

FormationFormation BallastBallast Sleepers & Sleepers &

FasteningsFastenings RailsRails

Track StructureTrack Structure

FORMATIONFORMATION

distributes the wt. of train, track and ballast distributes the wt. of train, track and ballast over natural ground.over natural ground.

facilitates good drainage .facilitates good drainage . provides a smooth and regular surface on provides a smooth and regular surface on

which the ballast and track can be laid.which the ballast and track can be laid. It is affected by base failure, ballast It is affected by base failure, ballast

puncturing due to heavy rain and puncturing due to heavy rain and muddiness.muddiness.

Track Formation

BallastBallast

BallastBallast

BallastBallast

BALLASTBALLAST It absorbs noise, shocks, vibrations and distributes It absorbs noise, shocks, vibrations and distributes

the load transmitted by the wheels over the formation.the load transmitted by the wheels over the formation. Controls the lateral and longitudinal movement of Controls the lateral and longitudinal movement of

track.track. Cushion Ballast 300 mm.Cushion Ballast 300 mm. Shoulder ballast 400 mm in F/ Plated track Shoulder ballast 400 mm in F/ Plated track

& SWR , 350 mm on straight and inside of curve of & SWR , 350 mm on straight and inside of curve of LWR and 500 mm on outside of curve of LWR.LWR and 500 mm on outside of curve of LWR.

Crib ballast controls longitudinal movement.Crib ballast controls longitudinal movement. Inadequate quantity of ballast may causeInadequate quantity of ballast may cause””

BUCKLINGBUCKLING” ” of track, leading to Derailment of track, leading to Derailment

Sleeper densitySleeper density

The sleeper density is the number of The sleeper density is the number of sleepers used per rail length.sleepers used per rail length.

Described as M+1, M+2, M+3 etc. Where M Described as M+1, M+2, M+3 etc. Where M is the length of standard rail in meters.is the length of standard rail in meters.

In case of LWR/CWR, this is expressed in In case of LWR/CWR, this is expressed in number of sleeper per Km of track.number of sleeper per Km of track.

Sleeper density depends upon max. Sleeper density depends upon max. permissible speed and traffic density.permissible speed and traffic density.

Types of SleepersTypes of Sleepers

Wooden SleepersWooden Sleepers

Cast Iron SleepersCast Iron Sleepers

Steel SleepersSteel Sleepers

Concrete Sleepers Concrete Sleepers

Canted Bearing plateCanted Bearing plate

Cast Iron SleepersCast Iron Sleepers

Type of Cast Iron SleepersType of Cast Iron Sleepers:: A) C. I. Pot SleepersA) C. I. Pot Sleepers B) C S T- 9 SleepersB) C S T- 9 Sleepers Advantages of Cast Iron Sleepers:Advantages of Cast Iron Sleepers: i) Lesser corrosion.i) Lesser corrosion. ii) Easy handling due to light weight.ii) Easy handling due to light weight. iii) Higher Scrap value.iii) Higher Scrap value.

Pot sleeperPot sleeper

CST-9 SleeperCST-9 Sleeper

ST SleeperST Sleeper

ST Sleepers with loose jawsST Sleepers with loose jaws

Concrete Sleepers & FasteningsConcrete Sleepers & Fastenings

Types of concrete SleepersTypes of concrete Sleepers::

i)Mono-block Prestressed Concrete i)Mono-block Prestressed Concrete Sleepers.Sleepers.

a) PSC-12 for 52 Kg Railsa) PSC-12 for 52 Kg Rails

b) PSC-14 for 60 Kg Railsb) PSC-14 for 60 Kg Rails

ii) Two block reinforced concrete Sleepers.ii) Two block reinforced concrete Sleepers.

SLLEEPER & FASTENINGSSLLEEPER & FASTENINGS

Holding rails to correct gauge and alignment.Holding rails to correct gauge and alignment. Transferring load evenly from the rails to ballast.Transferring load evenly from the rails to ballast. Provides lateral and longitudinal stability to Provides lateral and longitudinal stability to

permanent way.permanent way. Sleeper density – M+7Sleeper density – M+7 Wooden sleeper - dog spikes, round spikes.Wooden sleeper - dog spikes, round spikes. Steel trough sleeper - loose jaws, keys.Steel trough sleeper - loose jaws, keys. CST-9 – cotter (4), keys (2), pots (2), tie bar (1).CST-9 – cotter (4), keys (2), pots (2), tie bar (1). Concrete sleeper - rubber pad, liner, pandrol clip.Concrete sleeper - rubber pad, liner, pandrol clip.

RailRail

RAILSRAILS

The rails provide continuous and level The rails provide continuous and level surface for movement of trains.surface for movement of trains.

Transmitting load to formation vide sleepers, Transmitting load to formation vide sleepers, rails.rails.

Rail – head, web, foot, fishing angle, height Rail – head, web, foot, fishing angle, height of rail.of rail.

IRS-52 kg-710-TISCO-II 1991 OBIRS-52 kg-710-TISCO-II 1991 OB ( grade) (( grade) (open hearth basic process) open hearth basic process)

ESSENTIALS TERMSESSENTIALS TERMS Fish plated track Fish plated track SWR- (short welded rail)- the rails are SWR- (short welded rail)- the rails are

welded into 3 rail lengths to make SWR.welded into 3 rail lengths to make SWR. LWR-(Long welded rail)- It is a welded rail LWR-(Long welded rail)- It is a welded rail

the central part of which does not undergo the central part of which does not undergo any longitudinal movement due to any longitudinal movement due to temperature variations. A length greater temperature variations. A length greater than 250 m should function LWR.than 250 m should function LWR.

CWR-(continuous welded rail) – CWR-(continuous welded rail) – combination of LWR. Length – one block combination of LWR. Length – one block section.section.

Gauge – The distance between the two Gauge – The distance between the two running edges of left and right rails is known as running edges of left and right rails is known as Gauge.Gauge.

Cross level – The relative difference in the Cross level – The relative difference in the height of left and right rail at a given point on height of left and right rail at a given point on the track is known as Cross level (on straight the track is known as Cross level (on straight track). Not more than 2 mm sleeper to sleeper track). Not more than 2 mm sleeper to sleeper (Maintenance), Service - 4 mm (Maintenance), Service - 4 mm

Twist – Algebraic difference of cross level per Twist – Algebraic difference of cross level per meter is known as Twist.meter is known as Twist.

AlignmentAlignment UnevennessUnevenness

GaugeGauge

Creep – The longitudinal movement of rails Creep – The longitudinal movement of rails in the track is called Creep.in the track is called Creep.

Buckling – It occurs when very high Buckling – It occurs when very high compressive forces are created in the rails.compressive forces are created in the rails.

USFD of Rail – OBS,REM,IMRUSFD of Rail – OBS,REM,IMR DistressingDistressing

Traffic DensityGMT/yr

Broad-gauge Routes and their Rail Weights

A B C D Spl D E Spl E

> 20 60kg 60kg 60kg 60kg 60kg 60kg 60kg

10-20 60kg 60kg 60kg 60kg 60kg 60kg52kg 90UTS

5-10 60kg52kg 90UTS

52kg 90UTS

52kg 90UTS

52kg 90UTS

52kg 90UTS

52kg 90UTS

< 552kg 90UTS

52kg 90UTS

52kg 90UTS

52kg 90UTSor 60kg SH

52kg 90UTSor 60kg SH

52kg 90UTSor 60kg SH

52kg 90UTSor 60kg SH

Loop Lines 52kg SH 52kg SH 52kg SH 52kg SH 52kg SH 52kg SH 52kg SH

'SH' = Second-hand

Traffic DensityGMT/yr

Broad-gauge Routes and their Sleeper Densities

A B C D Spl D E Spl E

> 20 1660 1660 1660 1660 1660 1660 1660

10-20 1660 1660 1660 1660 1660 1660 1540

< 10 1660 1540 1540 1540 1540 1540 1540

Loop Lines 1340 1340 1340 1340 1340 1340 1340

Manual Maintenance of TrackManual Maintenance of Track

Through PackingThrough Packing

Systematic overhauling - Systematic overhauling - - Through Packing &- Through Packing & - Shallow Screening- Shallow Screening

Slack PickingSlack Picking Deep screeningDeep screening

Directed track Maintenance - Other than Directed track Maintenance - Other than Routine WorkRoutine Work

Track Renewals-Track Renewals- - TRR (P/S)- TRR (P/S) - CTR(P/S)- CTR(P/S) -TSR(P/S)-TSR(P/S) Mechanized Maintenance Of Track – Mechanized Maintenance Of Track –

TTM,BCM,DTS etc.TTM,BCM,DTS etc.

CURVECURVE Def-It is defined either by radius or by its degree.Def-It is defined either by radius or by its degree.1.1. Degree of a curveDegree of a curve - It is the angle subtended at its - It is the angle subtended at its

centre by a chord of 30.5 m. It is defined by D. D=1750/R centre by a chord of 30.5 m. It is defined by D. D=1750/R Where = radius in meter. Where = radius in meter.

2.2. VersineVersine - V = 125 C - V = 125 C22/R mm. C=chord in meter, R= /R mm. C=chord in meter, R= radius in meterradius in meter

3.3. Super elevation or cantSuper elevation or cant – Difference in height between – Difference in height between outer and inner rail on a curve . Functions are (i) to have outer and inner rail on a curve . Functions are (i) to have a better distribution of load on both rails. (ii) to reduce the a better distribution of load on both rails. (ii) to reduce the wear and tear of rails and rolling stock. (iii) to neutralize wear and tear of rails and rolling stock. (iii) to neutralize the effect of lateral forces. Max cant – 165 mm (A,B,C) & the effect of lateral forces. Max cant – 165 mm (A,B,C) & D,E – 140 mmD,E – 140 mm

4.4. Equilibrium speedEquilibrium speed – speed at which the effect of – speed at which the effect of centrifugal force is exactly balanced by the cant provided.centrifugal force is exactly balanced by the cant provided.

How to measure VersineHow to measure Versine

CurveCurve

Cant deficiencyCant deficiency – It occurs when a train travels – It occurs when a train travels around a curve at a speed higher than the around a curve at a speed higher than the equilibrium speed. Cequilibrium speed. Cdd= theoretical cant required - = theoretical cant required -

actual cant providedactual cant provided. Max. Cant deficiency – 75mm. Max. Cant deficiency – 75mm

Cant excessCant excess – It occurs when a train travels – It occurs when a train travels around a curve at a speed lower than the around a curve at a speed lower than the equilibrium speed. Cequilibrium speed. Caa = actual cant provided - = actual cant provided -

theoretical cant required .Max. Cant excess – theoretical cant required .Max. Cant excess – 75mm75mm

Transition CurveTransition Curve

Transition CurveTransition Curve Objectives – to decrease the radius of curvature Objectives – to decrease the radius of curvature

gradually from infinity at the straight to that of gradually from infinity at the straight to that of circular curve to help the vehicle to negotiate a circular curve to help the vehicle to negotiate a curve smoothly.curve smoothly.

to provide a gradual increase of the super elevation.to provide a gradual increase of the super elevation. to enable the vehicles to negotiate a curve smoothly to enable the vehicles to negotiate a curve smoothly

due to gradual increase or decrease of centrifugal due to gradual increase or decrease of centrifugal forces. forces.

V = 0.27(CV = 0.27(Caa+C+Cdd) * R , V=Velocity) * R , V=Velocity

e = GVe = GV22/127R, e = Super elevation/127R, e = Super elevation

Calculation of super elevationCalculation of super elevation

e = (Eq. Speed/10)e = (Eq. Speed/10)2 2 X Degree/13 (Cm) X Degree/13 (Cm) For 1For 10 0 curve & 100 kmph speed sectioncurve & 100 kmph speed section e = (75/10)e = (75/10)2 2 X1/13 =4.32 cm=43.2 mmX1/13 =4.32 cm=43.2 mm

Points & CrossingPoints & Crossing

TurnoutTurnout – It is an of Pts &Xing's with lead rails by – It is an of Pts &Xing's with lead rails by means of which rolling stock may be diverted from means of which rolling stock may be diverted from one track to another track.one track to another track.

Stock railStock rail – It is a running rail against which a – It is a running rail against which a tongue rail operates.tongue rail operates.

Tongue railTongue rail – It is tapered movable rail made of – It is tapered movable rail made of high carbon or manganese steel to withstand high carbon or manganese steel to withstand wear.wear.

SwitchSwitch – A pair of tongue and stock rails with – A pair of tongue and stock rails with necessary connections and fittings. necessary connections and fittings.

PointsPoints – A pair of tongue rails with their – A pair of tongue rails with their stock rails.stock rails.

CrossingCrossing – A crossing is a device – A crossing is a device introduced at the junction where two rails introduced at the junction where two rails across to permit the wheel flange of a across to permit the wheel flange of a railway vehicle to pass from one track to railway vehicle to pass from one track to another track. another track.

CrossingCrossing

Diamond CrossingDiamond Crossing