introduction to the human cardiovascular...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to the Human
Cardiovascular System
Dr. Rakesh Kumar Verma
Assistant Professor
Department of Anatomy
KGMU UP Lucknow
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INTRODUCTION
� The cardiovascular system is
transport system of body
� It comprises blood, heart and
blood vessels.
� The system supplies nutrients
to and remove waste
products from various tissue
of body.
� The conveying media is liquid
in form of blood which flows
in close tubular system.
Figure 1-2(f)
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FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
�Transport nutrients, hormones
�Remove waste products
�Gaseous exchange
� Immunity
� Blood vessels transport blood
◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes
�Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
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COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
•BLOOD
•HEART
•BLOOD VESSELS
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BLOOD
•The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma
•Blood cells
1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
2- Leucocytes
3- Thrombocytes
•Plasma is fluid portion
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HEART
• Heart is a four chambered, hollow
muscular organ approximately the size
of your fist
• Location:
– Superior surface of diaphragm
– Left of the midline
– Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior
to the sternum
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 6
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HEART
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 7Figure 18.1
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FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
• Generating blood pressure
• Routing blood
Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
• Ensuring one-way blood flow
Heart valves ensure one-way flow
• Regulating blood supply
Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
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BLOOD VESSELS
•Blood Vessels -A closed network of tubes
•These includes:
� Arteries
� Capillaries
� Veins
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BLOOD VESSELS
-Arteries(Distributing channel)
• Thick walled tubes
• Elastic Fibers
• Circular Smooth Muscle
–Capillaries (microscopic vessels)
• One cell thick
• Serves the Respiratory System
–Veins (draining channel)
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BLOOD VESSELS
• General structure
1.Tunica intima
2.Tunica media
3.Tunica adventitia
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CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD VESSELS
•Conducting Vessels
•Distributing Vessels
•Resistance Vessels
•Exchange Vessels
•Capacitance / Reservoir Vessels
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ARTERIES
� Blood vessels that
carry blood away from
the heart are called
arteries.
� They are the thickest
blood vessels and they
carry blood high in
oxygen known as
oxygenated blood
(oxygen rich blood).
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ARTERIES
• Accompanied by vein and nerves
• Lumen is small
• No valves
• Repeated branching
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CLASSIFICATION OF ARTEIES
• Elastic- e.g. (Aorta & its Major branches)
• Muscular -e.g.(Renal, Testicular, Radial, Tibial etc.)
• Arterioles (<0.1 mm)-
Terminal arterioles
Meta-arterioles
Thoroughfare
channel/ preferred
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CAPILLARIES (5-8 micron)
• The smallest bloodvessels arecapillaries and theyconnect the arteriesand veins.
• This is where theexchange ofnutrients and gasesoccurs.
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BODY CONTAINS TWO KINDS OF CAPILLARIES
• CONTINUOUS-SKIN, LUNG, SMMOTH MUSCLE, CONNECTIVE TISSUES
• FENESTRATED- PANCREAS,ENDOCRINE GLANDS, SMALL INTESTINE,CHOROID PLEXUS,CILLIARY PROCESS etc.
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SINUSOIDS
•SINUSOIDS- Large irregular vascular space (30-
40 micron) eg.Liver, Spleen, Bone marrow,
suprarenal, Parathyroid etc.
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VEINS
• Blood vessels that carryblood back to the heartare called veins.
• They have one-wayvalves which preventblood from flowingbackwards.
• They carry blood that ishigh in carbon dioxideknown as deoxygenatedblood (oxygen poorblood).
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VEINS
• Thin Walled
• Large irregular lumen
• Have valves
• Dead space around
• Types:
Large
Medium
Small
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VEINS
• Veins without valves:
� SVC & IVC
� Hepatic, Renal
� Uterine, Ovarian not Testicular
� Facial
� Pulmonary
� Umbilical
� Emissary
� Portal Veins <2mm
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VEINS
• Veins without Muscular tissue:
� Dural venous sinuses
� Pial Veins
� Retinal
� Veins of erectile tissue of sex organs
� Veins of spongy bones
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VEINS
• Factors responsible for venous return:
1.Muscle contraction
2.Negative intrathoracic pressure
3.Pulsation of arteries
4. Gravity
5. Valves
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ANASTOMOSIS
• Communicationbetween vessels
• ARTERIAL:
Actual( end to end &convergent)-Palmar,plantar, Circle ofWillis, LabialIntestinal arcade, etc.
Potential-Coronary,around joints etc.
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ANASTOMOSIS
• ARTERIOVENOUS
ANASTOMOSIS:
1. Skin of nose
2. Lips
3. External Ear
4. Mucus membrane of GI
& nose
5. Erectile tissue of sex
organ
6. Thyroid
7. Tongue
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END ARTERIES
• END ARTERIES:
1.Central artery of
retina
2. Arteries of spleen,
liver, kidneys,
metaphyses of long
bones
3. Central branches of
cerebral cortex
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CIRCULATION
–Coronary circulation – the circulation
of blood within the heart.
–Pulmonary circulation – the flow of
blood between the heart and lungs.
–Systemic circulation – the flow of
blood between the heart and the cells
of the body.
–Fetal Circulation
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SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY
CIRCULATION
Pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood
between the heart
and lungs.
Systemic circulation
The flow of blood
between the heart
and the cells of the
body.
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 29Figure 18.5
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Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 30
CORONARY CIRCULATION: ARTERIAL
SUPPLY
Figure 18.7a
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PORTAL CIRCULATION
�Portal circulation -
the flow of blood
between tow set of
capillaries before
draining in systemic
veins.
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FETAL CIRCULATION
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UMBILICAL ARTERY
DESCENDING AORTA
(Through Ductus Arteriosus)
PULMONARY TRUNK
RIGHT VENTRICLE
ASCENDING AORTA
UMBILICAL VEIN
PORTAL VEIN
(Through Ductus Venosus)
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
RIFHT ATRIUM
(Through Foramen Ovale)
LEFT ATRIUM
PLACENTA
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APPLIED
� Diseases and Disorders� BLOOD PRESSURE
� HAEMORRHAGE/STROKE
� ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
� ANEURYSM
� CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
� HEART ATTACK
� CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
� ANEMIA, HEMOPHILIA, AND LEUKEMIA
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APPLIED
• Problems with the
cardiovascular
system are
common, but they
don’t just affect
older people.
• Many heart
problems affect
children and
teenagers.
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QUESTIONS
1-All of the following are the example of elastic
arteries except:
a)Aorta
b)Common carotid artery
c)Subclavian artery
d)Radial artery
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QUESTIONS
2-All of the following are the example of end
arteries except:
a)Central branches of cerebral arteries
b)Central artery of retina
c)Facial artery
d)Splenic artery
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QUESTIONS
3-Arteriovenous anastomosis are found at all
of the following sites except:
a)Skin of lips
b)Erectile tissue of penis
c)Thyroid gland
d)Liver
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QUESTIONS
4-All of the following are the example of portal
circulation except:
a)Hepatic circulation
b)Renal circulation
c)Circulation of hypophysis cerebri
d)Pulmonary circulation
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QUESTIONS
5-All of the following are features of veins
except:
a)Thin walls
b)Thin tunica media
c)Thin tunica adventia
d)Wide lumen
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REFERENCES
1- General Anatomy by Vishram Singh
2- Clinical Anatomy by R. Snell
3-Gray’s Anatomy