INTRODUCTION TO THE CYPRUS ISSUE

THE EVENTS BETWEEN 1950 -1959

Derviş KORKUNAL

POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS IN CYPRUS

Crete invasion by Germans in 1941 Economic revival of Cyprus by: military defensive infrastructure economic aid from London Union Committee (PTUC) 1941 English Government gave permission to the domestic

elections The Progressive Party Of The Working People (AKEL)

vs. Church

Communism vs. NationalismNecati Özkan vs. Fazıl Küçük Kıbrıs Adası Türk Azınlığı Kurumu (KATAK)

1943 Kıbrıs Milli Türk Halk Partisi (KMTHP)

1944 Kıbrıs Türk Birliği İstiklal Partisi 1949 Kıbrıs Türktür Partisi (KTP) 1955Kıbrıs Türk İşçi Birlikleri Kurumu 1945 Preventing left movement

ENOSİS DEMANDS AFTER WWII AND TURKEY’S MANNER

The Labour Party AKEL vs. Church AKEL demands self-government Church’s referandum Enosis Greece Government’s policy before 1954 after 1954 Henry Hopkins’s speech in 28 July 1954 Fuad Köprülü: “Bizim Kıbrıs diye bir meselemiz yoktur. “

before 1955

INTERNATİONALİZİNG AND EOKA

Papagos appealed to the General Secretary of UN after Hopkinson’s speech in 16 August 1954

After that the Cyprus issue became an international problematic issue

England, Turkey and Greece offer their demands in General Assembly in 17 December 1954

After the rejecting of demands of Greece Grivas went to the Cyprus and established the EOKA and then EOKA started its’ attacks in 1 April 1955

After the increasing of aggression of EOKA English government applied new policies

The most important move of England was the threesome –England, Greece and TURKEY- conference in London

LONDON CONFERENCE AND 6-7 SEPTEMBER EVENTS

Macmillan Stefanopulos Fatin Rüştü Zorlu Conference was ended unsuccesfully because of 6-7

September events The results of these events; Turkey started to apply a new policy. When she was

forced in the Cyprus issue she attacked to the minorities groups whose are her citizens

The relationship between Turkey and Greece was spoiled.

SUGGESTIONS OF ENGLAND AND TAKSIM THESIS

KMTHP KTP and first resistance organisation VOLKAN

Makarios was deportied to the Seychelles Islands EOKA increased its’ aggression and Turkish society

started to perceive against them English government changed its’ policy and Lord

Radcliffe went to the Cyprus to make a constitution in July 1956

Failure of Suez operation in 1956 changed the destiny of Cyprus

Foot Plan in 1957 Macmillan Plan in 1958 Makarios and Greece rejected these plans because of taksim

thesis Denktaş and Küçük rejected these plans because of enosis In Turkey “Ya Taksim Ya Ölüm” and in Cyprus Greek-

English opposition turned to the Greek- Turkish opposition (Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı- TMT which was established in 1 August 1958)

Cyprus issue became a very complicated situation because of EOKA’s and TMT’s aggression against each other, English government’s strict policies and Greek Cypriots’ and Greece’s behaviour

These situation was not good for the USA It was going to a Turkey and Greece fight It was weakened the southeast wing of the NATO There was a danger that USSR could be stronger than the

USA UN General Assembly accepted to make a conference NATO meeting in December 1958

THE PERIOD FROM ZURICH SUMMIT TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS

BAŞAK EKENOĞLU

WHY TURKEY CHANGE HER POLICIES ON CYPRUS ?

Turkey supported Partition (TAKSIM) policy in island before Zurich Summit

Policy Change in NATO meeting 1958

WHY? security perception in the cold-war conditions Turkey was a Western alliance country

THE ZURICH SUMMIT 1 JANUARY - 11 FEBRUARY 1959

In January 1959, negotiations started between

Turkey : MENDERES and ZORLU

Greece: KARAMANLIS and AVEROF

In 11 February, parties declared that they agreed on a framework

IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS IN ZURICH SUMMIT

1. Gentlemen Agreement

2. Basic Structure of The Republic of Cyprus

3. Treaty of Guarantee

4. Treaty of Alliance

THE LONDON CONFERENCE 12-19 FEBRUARY 1959

The debate in Turkish National Assembly (T.N.A): Kasım Gülek and Bülent Ecevit who talked on behalf

of Republican People's Party (CHP) criticised the government about giving up the ‘’Taksim policy’’ and also saw the independence of Cyprus as a sacrifice for Turkey

However, Ismet Inönü put forward he agreement was signed in the conditions of the cold-war

The foreign Minister Zorlu emphasise 3 principles Voting in 4 March 1959, the 347 of 487 votes were

positive,138 negative and 2 abstaining

DOCUMENTS WHICH ARE RELATED WITH THE FOUNDATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF

CYPRUS

Basic Structure of The Republic of Cyprus

Treaty of Guarantee

Treaty of Alliance

BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS

o The basic structure that decided in Zurich o Some important points of agreement: The State of Cyprus shall be a Republic with a presidential

regime President -Greek and the Vice-President -Turkish President and the Vice-President shall have the right of

final veto Legislation: 1. House of Representatives : comprise %70

Greek community / %30 Turkish community 2. The Communal Chambers

Separate municipalities in five largest towns for both communities

The Civil Service consist of %70 of Greeks and %30 of Turks

Army consist of 2,000 men, of whom %60 of Greeks and %40 of Turks

MAKARIOS-THE PRESIDENT OF CYPRUS

DR. FAZIL KUCUK- VICE-PRESIDENT OF CYPRUS

TREATY OF GUARANTEE Signed among Republic of Cyprus, Turkey, Greece and

United Kingdom Importance: gave guarentor rights to Turkey, Greece

and United Kingdom Article 3: Greece, the UK, and Turkey undertake to

consult together, with a view to making representations, or taking the necessary steps to ensure observance of those provisions. In so far as common or concerted action may prove impossible, each of the three guaranteeing powers reserves the right to take action with the sole aim of re-establishing the state of affairs established by the present Treaty

Turkey intervene to island in 1974 by depend on this artcile

TREATY OF ALLIANCE Signed among Republic of Cyprus, Turkey and Greece Treaty predict cooperation between Turkey, Greece

and Republic of Cyprus on the common defence Article 3: In the spirit of this alliance and in order to

fulfil the above purpose a tripartite Headquarters shall be established on the territory of the Republic Of Cyprus

Article 4: Greece shall take part in the Headquarters mentioned in the preceding article with a contingent of 950 officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers and Turkey with a contingent of 650 officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers

IN 16 AUGUST 1960 THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS

ANNOUNCED

THE INDEPENDENCE CEREMONY OF REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS

THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1960-1964

NAZ ŞEN

EARLY DISAGREEMENTS IN REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS

Establishment of the armed forces

Procedure for acceptance to the armed services

New tax law order

The vote for new tax law between the two societies

ANKARA VISIT OF MAKARIOS

Inonu and Makarios meeting on new tax law order

Makarios’s demand on changing constitution of Republic of Cyprus

30th November 1963- Makarios’s offer for new constitution

Changing in 13 items on constitution

INTERCOMMUNITIES CLASHES IN 1963 IN REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS

Fights in the streets of Republic of Cyprus

The London Conference

Rauf Denktas’s offer for solution

Offer for solution of England

Makarios’s offer for solution

CLASHES OF ERENKOY

The letter from Rauf Denktas to Ismet Inonu

The intervention of Turkey to Republic of Cyprus

The attitude of UN

JOHNSON’S LETTER AND İNÖNÜ’S ANSWER (1964)

BİRNUR EYOLCU

THE PERİOD BEFORE JOHNSON LETTER / THE INTERVENTİON ATTEMPTS OF TURKEY

December 1963o Increase in the aggressive actions of Greek Community

towards Turkish communityo 21st of December; Gürsel’s letter to US Presidento President Johnson’s neutrality between Turkey and Greece

1964 Period UN’s “Peace Force” was founded to send aid for Cyprus in

4th of March. 13th of March: Turkey sent a message to Makarios to show

her possible intervention to the island Between 14-27 March, UN Peace Forces arrived in Cyprus.

Increase in the secret armament of both Greek and Turkish Communities in Cyprus resulted in the continuity of the clashes between two sides.

Therefore; 16th of March: Turkish National assembly gave an authority

to Turkish Government for intervention to Cyprus.

After 3 intervention attempts Turkey; determined the final intervention day as 6th of June informed USA about her intervention aim in 4th of June

in 5 June 1964, US’s President Lyndon Baines Johnson sent his famous letter to İsmet İnönü.

THE MAİN TOPİCS OF JOHNSON’S LETTER 5 JUNE 1964

1. Turkey should consult US for continuity of the allience between Turkey & USA

2. Turkey’s proposed intervention would affect the partition of the island

3. The obligations of NATO /Results of Possible Turkish & Greek war

4. Possibility of direct involvement by the Soviet Union

5. United Nations factor

6. Turkish Military equipments were supplied by US

7. Ismet Inönü is invited to Washington to discuss the Cyprus issue

INÖNÜ’S ANSWER TO JOHNSON 13 JUNE 1964

1. In the previous 3 attempts, Turkey informed US about her intervention aims

2. UN & US couldn’t stop the conflicts on the island

3. Turkey is aware of her responsibility to consult the other two guaranteeing powers, but Greece is not

4. Turkey does not have a purpose of effecting the partition of Cyprus

5. Turkish-Greek war could only be waged by Greece

6. The principles of NATO Agreement require the protection of Turkey against possible Soviet attack

7. Turkey is respectful to the UN and the principles of the organization

8. Cyprus Government’s actions against the foundation treaties and constitution of Cyprus

9. Prime Minister, Ismet Inönü will come to Washington to discuss Cyprus issue with President Johnson

İSMET İNÖNÜ

CHANGES IN

US-TURKEY

RELATIONS

AYŞE TAŞPINAR

NEGOTİATİONS İN USA

Bilateral negotiations

London Conference & Zurich Conference

Inönü’s insistence on diplomatic relations

Common interests

İNÖNÜ İN WASHİNGTON

FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES İN TFP -AFTER 1964

In terms of; Diplomatic relations Peaceful Cooperations with other states Military issues

CONSEQUENCES OF JOHNSON’S LETTER

Changes in Turkish foreign policy Scepticism on US policies Reluctance to NATO Improvement in foreign relation with other

countries-USSR and some Third World countries Opposition and criticism from Turkish society Joint Defence Agreement New developments on Turkish military equipment