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INTRODUCTION TO TAXONOMY

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Taxonomy Taxonomy: How we organize organisms into different groups depending on their structures or their origins.

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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Primative Organisms No membrane bound organelles No nuclear membrane Contains ribosomes Much bigger than prokaryotic cells Contain membrane bound organelles Contains ribosomes ProkaryotesEukaryotes

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Taxonomy Chart BacteriaArcheaEukaryote Prokaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells Protists Fungi Animal Plant Mult. phyla Chordates Vertebrate

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Cladogram

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Monophyletic

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Animals Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

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Animals No cell wall: instead animals have structural proteins: collagen Unique intercellular junctions: Tight junctions: small intestine Desmosomes: skin Gap junctions: cardiac muscle Reproduction Cleavage: mitotic divisions without cell growth Blastula: hollow ball Gastrula: embryonic tissue

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Animals: metamorphosis Most animals: life dominated by the diploid stage Larva stage: sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically distinct from adult: must Metamorphosis: new development that transforms animal to adult form

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A Deeper Look into Invertebrates! 97% of animals are invertebrates Invertebrates are animals that lack a backbone. Inhabit land and water Range anywhere from head lice to a MASSIVE octopus

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Types of Invertebrates

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Three Basic Evolutionary Trends in Invertebrates Embryonic Cell Layers: - ectoderm: outer layer becomes skin, nervous system, inner ear, lens of eye -endoderm: inner layer becomes organs, linings -mesoderm: middle layer becomes notochord, skeleton Body Cavity : Coelom : Place for organs to grow and function Body Compartments: Segments : Increases body size and is specialized for specific functions

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Systems in Invertebrates FOR EXAMPLE, The open circulatory system is more primitive than the closed circulatory system because blood is completely contained within blood vessels. A grasshopper has an open circulatory system while a worm has a closed system.

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Symmetries in Invertebrates NO Symmetry: varying in shapes and sizes Radial Symmetry: body parts repeat around an imaginary line drawn around the body Bilateral Symmetry: left and right sides are mirror images if an imaginary line through the body longway

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Invertebrate phyla Pofifera: spongeradialNo tissueNo coelom Cnidarian: jellyfishradial2 planaria: flatwormbilateral3 tissuesimplest CNS Small brain Nematode: round worm Psuedo col: gastro- vasc cavity, alimentary canal Annalids: earthworm segmentedStart: coelomates: Protostome: mouth Deuterostome: anus Only invert with closed circ. syst Mollusks: snail squid Echinoderm: starRadial: bilat embyo Arthropod: insects & crustaceans Breath thru skin, gills or tracheal syst. Open circ: hemolymph: bl and intestinal fluid chordate

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chordates Notochord: becomes vertebral column Gill slits Post anal tail Subphyla: Vertebrates (6 classes) Skeleton of cartilage or bone Neural crest: in embryo: these cells become: bones of skull, teeth, adrenal glands, periph. Nervous system

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Vertebrates

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Bony fish: jawless fish Lamprey, hagfish Cartilagenous fish: sharks, rays Oldest vertebrates 2 chamber heart: no sep of ox and deox blood Heart to gills then to system Kidneys: osmotic balance: need lots ammonia in body No lung, swimbladder Amphibians: tadpole/frogs Part of life on land, part live in water 3 chamber heart Skin breath Slimy eggs external fertilize in fresh water Reptiles: lizards snakes 1 st move to land Dry tough skin Breath air Amniotes: egg protected by membranes Internal fertilization Oviparous: egg laying Birds4 chamber heart Sep pulmonary and systemic (no mix ox deox) Endotherm: warm blooded Feathers, wings, lg breast bone Mammals: make milk Placental: eutherians Or marsupial Viviparous: live birth Hair or fat

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Mammals Internal fertilization Placental or marsupial Viviparous: (placental) give birth to live young Make milk Have hair or fur

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Embryo development Oviparous: egg develops external to body fertilization can be internal or external Aquatic invertebrates Insects Birds Viviparous: live birth Marsupials Mammals

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A Deeper look into Vertebrates 3% of the animals are vertebrates Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone. Inhabit land and water

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Types of Vertebrates Mammals Reptiles Amphibians Birds Fish

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MAMMALS: Warm blooded, hair or fur, birth live young, make milk.

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THE END (: