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Introduction to Systems Analysis and
Design
Shelly Cashman Rosenblatt
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Chapter 1
Introduction to Systems Analysis
and Design
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Objectives
Discuss the impact of information
technology on business operations
Describe an information system and
explain its components and
characteristics
Identify common types of information
systems and explain who uses them
Distinguish between structured
analysis and object-oriented
methodology
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Objectives
Explain systems development
techniques and tools, including
modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools
Describe the systems development life
cycle
Discuss the role of the information
technology department and the
systems analysts who work there
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Why do businesses depend on
information more than ever?
Global competition
Intense pressure for quality
Information technology can mean
the difference between survival and
failure
Introduction
•Successful firms treat information as a vital asset that
must be used effectively, updated constantly, and
safeguarded carefully.
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Introduction
What is Information Technology?
IT is driving a new economy
Most businesses give IT budget a
relatively high priority
Information System Development
is a step-by-step process
An information system combines
IT, people and data to support
business requirements Systems Analysis and Design 4e
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
What is required for successful
business information systems?
The right hardware and software
System analyst plan develop, and
maintain information systems.
A team of talented, motivated
people who use information
technology to achieve business
goals
Introduction
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Who develops information
systems?
Traditionally, a company either
develops its own information
system, called in-house app.
Or purchases a system called
software package
Today the choice is much more
complex
The greatest risk: how before what
Introduction
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Introduction
IBM summed it up this way:
“Information system professionals
need to work closely with managers
and users to create a shared
business model…”
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
IT professionals must understand
a company’s business operations
to design successful system.
Each business situation is different
e.g. hotel chain
Each business has its own unique
requirements
Understanding the business
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Business Process Modeling
Business process modeling is
used to represent a company’s
operations and information needs
Business process modeling
requires a business profile and a
series of models that documents
various business processes.
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems and Procedures
Business process modeling is
used to represent a company’s
operations and information needs
Business profiles, models, and
processes
Business profile
Business model
Business process reengineering
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems and Procedures
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Information System Components
A system is a set of related
components that produces specific
result.
Hardware
Software
Data
Processes
People
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Information System Components
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Hardware is the physical layer of
the information system
Information System Components
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Software
System software controls the
hardware and software environment
and includes the operating system
Application software consists of
programs that that process data to
produce information Horizontal system such as inventory, payroll
Vertical system such as medical practice
A company must consider interaction of new
system with legacy systems
Information System Components
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Computer Software
Application Software System Software
General Purpose
Application
Programs
Application
Specific
Programs
System
development
programs
System
management
programs
•Software suites
•Web browsers
•Electronic mail
•Word processing
•Spreadsheets
•Database managers
•Presentation graphics
•Personal information
managers
•groupware
•Business-accounting
Transaction processing
CRM
ERP
EC
•Science and Engineering
•Education,
Entertainment
•Operating systems
•Network management
programs
•Database management
systems
•Application servers
•System utilities
•Performance and security
monitors
•Programming
language translators
•Programming editors
and tools
•CASE packages
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Data stored in files and databases
is a vital component of every
system
Information System Components
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Processes define the tasks and
business functions that must be
performed by users, managers,
and IS staff to achieve specific
result.
Information System Components
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
People who use the system are
called users, or end users, and
include employees, customers,
vendors, or others who interact
with the system
Information System Components
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Business Information Systems
Companies are classified based
on their main activities:
Production-oriented (industrial )
companies that manufacture & sell
goods
Service companies that mainly offer
information, services, or sell goods
made by others
Internet-dependent firms – dot-com
(.com)
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Business Information Systems
Internet-based commerce is
called e-commerce or I-commerce
The growth of e-commerce
B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
B2B (Business-to-Business)
New roles and opportunities for
systems analysts
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Web-Based System Development
Internet-based development is
changing rapidly
Software industry compete in
market for overall software
services, rather individual
products
These services include Powerful development environment
Software solution e.g. WebShpere or .Net
Many firms offer Web Services
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Business Information Systems
Characteristics of business
information systems
4 main characteristics affect a
business information system’s
complexity
Relationships with other systems
Boundaries
Specialized business needs
Size of the company
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Types of Information Systems
Traditional categories
Operational systems
Management information systems
Decision support systems
Executive information systems
Expert systems
Office systems
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Types of Information Systems
Enterprise computing systems
Support company-wide data
management requirements
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
The main objective of enterprise computing is to
integrate a company’s primary functions (such as
production, sales, services, inventory control,
and accounting) to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and
help managers make key decisions.
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Types of Information Systems
Transaction processing systems
TP systems data generated by day-
to-day business operations
TP and online transaction processing
(OLTP)
TP captures data and triggers
updates
TP ensures data integrity
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Types of Information Systems
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Types of Information Systems
Business support systems
Provide job-related information to
users at all levels in the company
Management information systems
(MIS)
What-if analysis
Decision support
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Types of Information Systems
Knowledge management systems
Expert systems
Simulate human reasoning by
combining data with inference rules
Fuzzy logic
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
User productivity systems
Tools to improve quality and job
performance
Word processing is an example
Information systems integration
Important that all information systems
can communicate intelligently
Types of Information Systems
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Four organizational levels
Operational employees
Empowerment
Lower management
Operational plans
Middle management
Tactical planning
Top management
Strategic planning
Organizational Structure
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Organizational Structure
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems Development Techniques and Tools
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems Development Techniques and Tools
Modeling
Graphical representation of a concept or process
Business model
Requirements model
Data model
Object model
Network model
Process model
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Prototyping
Early working version of the system
Allows analysis before final
decisions are made
Systems Development Techniques and Tools
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems Development Techniques and Tools
Computer-aided systems
engineering (CASE)
Framework for systems design and
analysis
Upper CASE tools
Lower CASE tools
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems Development Techniques and Tools
Joint application development
and rapid application development
JAD – Team based fact finding
techniques
RAD – Condense development
process
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems Development Techniques and Tools
Other systems development tools
Word processing
Spreadsheets
Presentation software
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Overview of Systems Development Methodologies
Structured Analysis
Process-centered
Uses systems development life
cycle (SDLC)
Developing into a technique known
as information engineering
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems planning
Systems analysis
Systems design
Systems implementation
Systems operation and support
Waterfall model
Systems Development Life Cycle
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems Development Life Cycle
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems planning
Systems analysis
Systems design
Systems implementation
Systems operation and support
Waterfall model
Interactive model
Systems Development Life Cycle
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems Development Life Cycle
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems planning
Purpose – identify problem’s nature/scope
Systems request – begins the process & describes desired changes/improvements
Systems planning – includes preliminary investigation or feasibility study
End product – preliminary investigation report
Systems Development Life Cycle
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems analysis
Purpose is to learn exactly how the
current system operates
Fact-finding or requirements
determination is used to define all
functions of the current system
Systems Development Life Cycle
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Options Develop a system in-house
Purchase a commercial package
Modify an existing system
Stop development
The end product for this phase is the
systems requirements document
Systems Development Life Cycle
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems design
Purpose is to satisfy all documented
requirements
Identify all outputs, inputs, files,
manual procedures, & application
programs
Avoid misunderstanding through
manager and user involvement
End product is system design
specification
Systems Development Life Cycle
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems implementationConstruct/deliver information system Prepares functioning, documented
systemWrite, test, document application
programsUser and manager approval obtainedFile conversion occursUsers, managers, IS staff trained to
operate and support the systemPost-implementation evaluation
performed
Systems Development Life Cycle
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems operation and supportNew system supports business
operations
Maintenance changes correct errors or meet requirements
Enhancements increase system capability
After several years of operation, systems experience need for extensive changes
Systems development life cycle ends with system replacement
Systems Development Life Cycle
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Systems Development Life Cycle
Systems development guidelines
Stick to a plan
Involve users
Identify milestones
Establish checkpoints
Be flexible
Provide accurate and reliable cost and
benefit information
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Information Technology Department
Operations group responsible for
centralized computers and
processing
Technical support group installs and
supports systems software and
serves in an advisory and support
capacity to other groups in the IS
department
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Information Technology Department
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Information Technology Department
Application development
Systems support
User support
Database administration
Network administration
Web support
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
The Systems Analyst Position
Responsibilities
Required skills and background
Certification issues
Career opportunities
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Background and history
Company organization chart
IT department structure
SOFTWEAR, LIMITED
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
SOFTWEAR, LIMITED
Background and history Manufactures and sells casual and
recreational clothing
Formed in 1991
$250 million total 1997 sales
Total of 450 employees
California & Texas manufacturing
plants
125 people work at SWL’s
headquarters in Raleigh, N.C.
SWL maintains a Web site
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Company organization chart
President, Robert Lansing – four direct reports
Vice President Operations, David Josephs
Vice President Marketing, Amy Neal
Vice President Finance, Michael Jeremy
Vice President Human Resources, Tina Pham
SOFTWEAR, LIMITED
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
SOFTWEAR, LIMITED
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
Company organization chart President, Robert Lansing – four
direct reports Vice President Operations, David
Josephs Vice President Marketing, Amy
Neal Vice President Finance, Michael
Jeremy Director of Information Technology,
Ann Hon, reports to the Vice President Finance, Michael Jeremy
Vice President Human Resources, Tina Pham
SOFTWEAR, LIMITED
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
SOFTWEAR, LIMITED
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
SOFTWEAR, LIMITED
IT department structure
Director of Information Technology,
Ann Hon, has three direct reports
Manager Systems Support, Jane
Rossman
Manager User Support, Kerry
Krauss
Manager Web Support, Altovise
Martin
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Systems Analysis and Design 4e
SOFTWEAR, LIMITED
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End
Chapter 1