introduction to standards

8/18/2019 Introduction to Standards

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What is the Standard

“Definition

! A standard is a do"#$ent, esta%lished %& "onsens#s that

'ro(ides r#les, )#idelines or "hara"teristi"s for a"ti(ities

or their res#lts* (ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004)

! Ma& s'e"if& 'erfor$an"e of 'rod#"ts or 'ersonnel

! Ma& define ter$s to alle(iate as $#"h $is#nderstandin)

as 'ossi%le

! +a$'les-! +ns#re that li)ht %#l%s fit into so"kets

! +ns#re fil$ fits into "a$eras that "an %e '#r"hased an&.here in the .orld

! Pro(ide an international definition of “risk


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Standard De(elo'$ent

! Standards de(elo'$ent is a $ethod of do"#$entin)

'ro"esses, 'rin"i'les, or te"hni"al re/#ire$ents and

re"o$$endations that are esta%lished %& a#thorit&,

"#sto$, or "onsent

! Or)ani0ations .ho de(elo' standards are "alled

standards1settin) or)ani0ations 2SSOs3 or standards1

de(elo'$ent or)ani0ations 2SDOs3

! Standards "an %e either re)ional, national, or international*


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Standard De(elo'$ent

! Prod#"ts of standards de(elo'$ent "an %e

! Infor$al1 Are often referred to as “s'e"ifi"ations

1 Us#all& do not in(ol(e 'arti"i'ation %& a si)nifi"ant 'art of an& ind#str&, 'rofession, or

'ertinent stakeholders

1 Ma& not #se a for$al 'ro"ess d#rin) de(elo'$ent

1 O(er ti$e $a& %e a""e'ted %& stakeholders and then %e"o$e the “de fa"to standard, or

$a& %e s#%$itted for for$al standardi0ation

! 4or$al1 Often referred to as “standards

1 Based on a for$al 'ro"ess

1 Us#all& "onsens#s %ased in"or'oratin) (ie.'oints of se(eral stakeholders

1 ISO 56777-8779 Risk Mana)e$ent1Prin"i'les and :#idelines is an ea$'le


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Bottom Up

Inde'endent Standards De(elo'$entOr)ani0ations 2SDO3 dri(e

standardi0ation a"ti(ities

Standards %odies

"oordinate standardi0ation

a"ti(ities

Approach inmany

economies

Approachin the United

States

Two Primary Approaches to Standards

;


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National Standards Bodies

! Man& "o#ntries ha(e a national standards instit#te that

re'resents the "o#ntr& in international and re)ional

standards a"ti(ities

! +a$'les in"l#de! A4NOR 24ran"e3 ANSI 2US3

! BSI 2U?3 DIN 2:er$an&3

! :OST R 2R#ssia3 IRAM 2Ar)entina3

! @ISC 2@a'an3 ?+BS 2?en&a3

! SA 2A#stralia3 SAC 2China3

! SASO 2Sa#di Ara%ia3 CSA 2Canada3

! SN 2Ne. ealand3 D:N 2Mei"o3

! PSCA1PS 2Pakistan3 IS 2Indian Standard3

;


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International Standard Bodies

! ISO 2International Or)ani0ation for Standardi0ation 3

! I+C 2International +le"trote"hni"al Co$$ission3

! ITU 2International Tele"o$$#ni"ation Union3

!International Co$$ission on Ill#$ination 2CI+3

! ASTM International

! I+++1 2Instit#te of +le"tri"al and +le"troni"s +n)ineers3

! TAAPI 2Te"hni"al Asso"iation of the P#l' and Pa'er Ind#str&3

! SA+ International 2So"iet& of A#to$oti(e +n)ineers3

! Internet +n)ineerin) Task 4or"e 2I+T43

World Standards Coo'

eration 2WSC3 allian"e*

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Standards_Cooperationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Standards_Cooperationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Standards_Cooperationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Standards_Cooperationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization


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Difference Between

Specification Standard andCode


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Standard, Code and S'e"ifi"ation

! A Standard "an %e defined as a set of te"hni"al definitions

and )#idelines that f#n"tion as instr#"tions for desi)ners,

$an#fa"t#rers, o'erators, or #sers of e/#i'$ent* +

ASM+56*5 is a standard for 'ro"ess 'i'in)*

! A standard %e"o$es a Code .hen it has %een ado'ted %&

one or $ore )o(ern$ental %odies and is enfor"ea%le %&

la., or .hen it has %een in"or'orated into a %#siness

"ontra"t*

! S'e"ifi"ations "learl& and a""#ratel& des"ri%e thete"hni"al re/#ire$ents of an& )i(en 'rod#"t or 'ro"ess

and are #sed hea(il& %& '#r"hasin) de'art$ents for

"ontrollin) the /#alit& of in"o$in) $aterials


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B+N+4ITS O4 TH+

STANDARDS


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4or B#siness

! International Standards are strate)i" tools and )#idelines to hel'

"o$'anies ta"kle so$e of the $ost de$andin) "hallen)es of $odern

%#siness* The& ens#re that %#siness o'erations are as effi"ient as

'ossi%le, in"rease 'rod#"ti(it& and hel' "o$'anies a""ess ne. $arkets*

! Benefits in"l#de-

! Cost savings 1 International Standards hel' o'ti$ise o'erations and

therefore i$'ro(e the %otto$ line

! Enhanced customer satisfaction 1 International Standards hel' i$'ro(e

/#alit&, enhan"e "#sto$er satisfa"tion and in"rease sales

! Access to new marets 1 International Standards hel' 're(ent trade

%arriers and o'en #' )lo%al $arkets

! !ncreased maret share 1 International Standards hel' in"rease

'rod#"ti(it& and "o$'etiti(e ad(anta)e

! Environmenta" #enefits 1 International Standards hel' red#"e ne)ati(e

i$'a"ts on the en(iron$ent


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4or So"iet&

! Confident on Product$ When 'rod#"ts and ser(i"es "onfor$ to

International Standards "ons#$ers "an ha(e "onfiden"e that

the& are safe, relia%le and of )ood /#alit&* 4or ea$'le, ISOs

standards on road safet&, to& safet& and se"#re $edi"al

'a"ka)in) are #st a sele"tion of those that hel' $ake the .orlda safer 'la"e*

! Consumer Benefits$ To $ake s#re that the %enefits of ISO

International Standards are as %road as 'ossi%le, ISO s#''orts

the in(ol(e$ent of "ons#$ers in standard de(elo'$ent .ork

.ith its Co$$ittee on "ons#$er 'oli"& 2COPOECO3*! Preserve Environment and %ea"th of Citi&en International

Standards on air, .ater and soil /#alit&, on e$issions of )ases

and radiation and en(iron$ental as'e"ts of 'rod#"ts "ontri%#te

to efforts to 'reser(e the en(iron$ent and the health of "iti0ens*

http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/iso-and-the-consumer.htmhttp://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/iso-and-the-consumer.htm


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4or :o(ern$ent

! Pu#"ic Po"icy$ ISO standards dra. on international e'ertise and

e'erien"e and are therefore a (ital reso#r"e for )o(ern$ents .hen

de(elo'in) '#%li" 'oli"&*

! National )o(ern$ents "an #se ISO standards to s#''ort '#%li" 'oli"&,

for ea$'le, %& referen"in) ISO standards in re)#lations* This has a

n#$%er of %enefits, in"l#din)-

! E'pert opinion 1 ISO standards are de(elo'ed %& e'erts* B&

inte)ratin) an ISO standard into national re)#lation, )o(ern$ents "an

%enefit fro$ the o'inion of e'erts .itho#t ha(in) to "all on their

ser(i"es dire"tl&*

! (pening up wor"d trade 1 ISO standards are international and ado'ted%& $an& )o(ern$ents* B& inte)ratin) ISO standards into national

re)#lation, )o(ern$ents hel' to ens#re that re/#ire$ents for i$'orts

and e'orts are the sa$e the .orld o(er, therefore fa"ilitatin) the

$o(e$ent of )oods, ser(i"es and te"hnolo)ies fro$ "o#ntr& to "o#ntr&*


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Who is IOS and What Is ISO?

! The International Or)ani0ation for Standardi0ation 2IOS3 is a.orld.ide federation of national standards %odies*

! Workin) thro#)h Te"hni"al Co$$ittees, it has de(elo'ed and

'#%lished o(er 6F,777 different ISO standards that are #sedinternationall& for s#%e"ts ran)in) fro$ fil$ s'eeds to .ine)lasses to /#alit& $ana)e$ent s&ste$s*

! The ISO de(elo's te"hni"al and ind#strial standards a"ross a

.ide arra& of dis"i'lines that allo. for or)ani0ations a"ross the)lo%e to %e $eas#red %& an international nor$*

! The offi"ial '#r'ose for the iss#an"e of ISO Standards is tofa"ilitate .orld trade thro#)h standardi0ation*


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Most Po'#lar T&'es of ISO Standards

! ISO 9776 #alit& Mana)e$ent S&ste$

! ISO 6;777 +n(iron$ental Mana)e$ent S&ste$

! ISO 88777 4ood Mana)e$ent S&ste$

! ISO 8>777 So"ial Res'onsi%ilit&

! ISO 6G7776 +ner)& Mana)e$ent

! ISO ;G776 1 O""#'ational health and safet&1

OSHAS1 6F776! ISO 567771 Risk Mana)e$ent


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Difference Between

Certification andAccreditation


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Certifi"ation and A""reditation

! Certifi"ation is the "onfir$ation that a "lient o'erates in

line .ith a set of re/#ire$ents, 'ro(ide %& a standard

setter

! A""reditation is the "onfir$ation that a "ertifi"ation %od& is

a%le to thoro#)hl& assess "lients a)ainst these

re/#ire$ents and iss#e "ertifi"ates in an i$'artial

$anner*


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ASTM Standards

! Ori)inall& "alled the A$eri"an So"iet& for Testin) and

Materials,

! ASTM International is an international standards

or)ani0ation that de(elo's and '#%lishes (ol#ntar&

"onsens#s te"hni"al standards for a .ide ran)e of

$aterials, 'rod#"ts, s&ste$s, and ser(i"es*

! There are a%o#t 68,G=G ASTM (ol#ntar& "onsens#s

standards o'erate )lo%all&

! ASTM standards ha(e %een ado'ted, %& in"or'oration or

%& referen"e, in $an& federal, state, and $#ni"i'al

)o(ern$ent re)#lations*


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ASTM Standards Co(ers

!Iron and Steel Prod#"ts

!Nonferro#s Metal Prod#"ts

!Metals Test Methods and Anal&ti"al Pro"ed#res

!Constr#"tion

!Petrole#$ Prod#"ts, E#%ri"ants, and 4ossil 4#els

!Paints, Related Coatin)s, and Aro$ati"s

!Tetiles

!Plasti"s

!R#%%er

!+le"tri"al Ins#lation and +le"troni"s

!Water and +n(iron$ental Te"hnolo)&

!N#"lear, Solar, and :eother$al +ner)&

!Medi"al De(i"es and Ser(i"es

!:eneral Methods and Instr#$entation

!:eneral Prod#"ts, Che$i"al S'e"ialties, and +nd Use Prod#"t


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WHO Standards

! The World Health Or)ani0ation 2WHO 3 is a s'e"iali0ed

a)en"& of the United Nations 2UN3 that is "on"erned .ith

international '#%li" health* It .as esta%lished on = A'ril

69;F, head/#artered in :ene(a, S.it0erland* The WHO

is a $e$%er of the United Nations De(elo'$ent :ro#'*! WHO nor$all& esta%lish the standards related to the

health of indi(id#als*

! +a$'les of Standards in"l#de Water #alit&, 4ood

Safet& and +le"tro$a)neti" fields, radiations et"


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Pakistan Standards PS

! The Pakistan Standards and #alit& Control A#thorit&,

#nder the Ministr& of S"ien"e and Te"hnolo)&, is the

national standardi0ation %od&* In 'erfor$in) its d#ties and

f#n"tions, PSCA is )o(erned %& the PSCA A"t, 699>*

! The $ain o%e"ti(e is to esta%lish standards for

$an#fa"t#rer 'ro$otin) ind#strial de(elo'$ent .hi"h

#lti$atel& hel' "ons#$ers and ens#re health and safet&

of "ons#$ers*

! A%o#t G777 different standards of 'rod#"ts ran)in) fro$tennis %all #' to %i"&"le and "ar ha(e %een esta%lished

%& PSCA


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Areas of Standardi0ation PSCA

! A)ri"#lt#re 4ood

! Che$i"al

! Ci(il +n)ineerin)! +le"trote"hni"al

! +le"troni"s

! Me"hani"al < A#to$o%ile

! Tetile! Wei)hts Meas#res

! ICT

! Health"are


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%ow )ou wi"" Adopt the

Standard


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Confor$it& Assess$ent

! Confor$it& assess$ent, also kno.n as "o$'lian"e

assess$ent is an& a"ti(it& to deter$ine, dire"tl& or indire"tl&,

that a 'ro"ess, 'rod#"t, or ser(i"e $eets rele(ant te"hni"al

standards and f#lfills rele(ant re/#ire$ents*

! Confor$it& assess$ent a"ti(ities $a& in"l#de-! Testin)

! S#r(eillan"e

! Ins'e"tion

! A#ditin)

! Certifi"ation

! Re)istration

! A""reditation


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A#dit

! A systematic and independent examination to determine

weter !ua"ity acti#ities and re"ated resu"ts comp"y wit

p"anned arran$ements and weter tese arran$ements

are imp"emented e%%ecti#e"y and are suita&"e to acie#e

o&'ecti#es! An ISO A#dit is %asi" ter$s $eans "he"kin) to ens#re

&o# are actua""y doin) .hat &o# say &o# are doin)*


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A#dit O%e"ti(es

! erif& that the $ana)e$ent s&ste$ is in "o$'lian"e .ith

the rele(ant ISO standard

! Che"k to ens#re that the a"tions taken to $eet the /#alit&

o%e"ti(es of the or)anisation are s#ita%le

! erif& that an& 'ro%le$s .ithin the $ana)e$ent s&ste$

ha(e %een addressed

! Eook for an& i$'ro(e$ents that "an %e $ade to the

s&ste$


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T&'es of A#dit

! *irst Party Audit J also kno.n as an internal a#dit* These a#dits

are #s#all& "ond#"ted internall& %& &o#r o.n staff 2that are trained

to "arr& o#t internal a#dits3, or the& "an %e "arried o#t %& an

eternal "o$'an& on &o#r %ehalf if &o# do not ha(e the internal

reso#r"es*

! Second Party Audit J also kno.n as a s#''lier a#dit* These a#dits

are #s#all& "arried o#t %& lead a#ditors .ith &o#r or)anisation, and

are desi)ned to ens#re that the "o$'anies that s#''l&

'rod#"ts


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Benefits of interna" Audit


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+hat is Survei""ance Audit


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+hat is Auditor and Audite


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A#ditor and A#ditee

! Auditee

An auditee is an or)ani0ation 2or 'art of an or)ani0ation3

that is %ein) a#dited* Or$aniations "an in"l#de "o$'anies,

"or'orations, enter'rises, fir$s, "harities, asso"iations,

and instit#tions* Or$aniations "an %e either in"or'orated or #nin"or'orated and "an %e 'ri(atel& or '#%li"l& o.ned*

! Auditor

An a#ditor is a 'erson .ho "arries o#t

a#dits* A#ditors "olle"t e(iden"e in order to e(al#ate ho..ell a#dit "riteria are %ein) $et* The& $#st %e o%e"ti(e,

i$'artial, inde'endent, and "o$'etent*

http://www.praxiom.com/iso-19011-definitions.htm#Audit_evidencehttp://www.praxiom.com/iso-19011-definitions.htm#Audit_criteriahttp://www.praxiom.com/iso-19011-definitions.htm#Audit_criteriahttp://www.praxiom.com/iso-19011-definitions.htm#Audit_evidence


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Ins'e"tion

! An ins'e"tion is, $ost )enerall&, an or)ani0ed

ea$ination or for$al e(al#ation eer"ise*

! In en)ineerin) a"ti(ities ins'e"tion in(ol(es the

$eas#re$ents, tests, and )a#)es a''lied to "ertain

"hara"teristi"s in re)ard to an o%e"t or a"ti(it&*

! Ins'e"tions $a& %e a (is#al ins'e"tion or in(ol(e sensin)

te"hnolo)ies s#"h as #ltrasoni" testin), a""o$'lished

.ith a dire"t 'h&si"al 'resen"e or re$otel& s#"h as a

re$ote (is#al ins'e"tion, and $an#all& or a#to$ati"all&s#"h as an a#to$ated o'ti"al ins'e"tion*


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Difference #etween

!nspection and Audit


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introduction to standards

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