introduction to safety trade skills 105. introduction to safety trade skills 105 2 overview safety...

Introduction to Safety

Trade Skills 105

2Introduction to SafetyTrade Skills 105

Overview

Safety Awareness Recognizing Hazards First Aid Protecting the Spine Treating for Shock Control Severe

Bleeding

Choking & Rescue Breathing

Fractures Eye Injuries Substance Abuse

3Introduction to Safety Trade Skills 105

Safety is # 1

SAFETY must be your number 1 priority

AT ALL TIMES!

ALWAYS remember that work in the elevator industry can be dangerous to coworkers & the public


Safety Awareness

Other Workers Housekeeping Falling Objects Moving Machinery Fall Hazards– Open Hoistways Airborne Hazards Familiarize Yourself with Hazards of Equipment

You’re Working on

Workplace Accidents

6Construction Industry Accidents


OSHA

Occupational Safety & Health Administration

Compiles data & keeps records of workplace accidents


Recognizing Hazards

Watch out for distractions & carelessness

Always follow safety procedures

Figure 3-Geared Traction Elevator

Typical geared traction elevator system

Complicated piece of machinery with numerous possibilities for injury


Falls and Falling Objects

Falls CAN be prevented: Use safety equipment!

Install Lifelines: a wire rope suspended from the top of the hoistway and extended down to the pit

Keep your work area clean Correctly place ladders to avoid slipping or

falling backward


Falls & Falling Objects

Avoid reaching more than an arm’s length when on a ladder

Watch out for falling objects, i.e., concrete blocks, reinforcement rods, angle iron, channel iron

On a construction site, wear a hard hat at all times


Review Questions

1. To prevent falls, the lanyard on your body harness is attached to a ________ suspended in the hoistway.

2. (True or False) If you fall only ten or twelve feet, you will probably not be injured.


Review Questions

3. (T/F) When working from a ladder, you should not try to reach too far to the side because the ladder might tip.

4. (T/F) Falling objects have been responsible for a number of Elevator Constructor fatalities.

5. (T/F) Cleaning solvents used in the Elevator Industry are non-flammable.

Tuck in loose-fitting clothing, confine long hair & remove all jewelry

Traction Elevator Machine Room

Figure 4-Geared Traction Machine

Figure 5-Motor Generator Set

Lockout/ tagout the main line disconnect switch before working on energized equipment


Fly Ball Governor

Note pinch points where the governor rope passes over sheave and where flyballs are spinning around

AGAIN, watch for loose clothing!


Figure 6- Flyball Governor

Hydraulic Elevator Machine Room

• Power/pumping unit of a hydraulic elevator is usually enclosed with some type of guard

Figure 7-Hydraulic Power Unit


Hydraulic Elevator Machine Room

Motor drives the pump directly No belts Motor and pump are completely submerged

in oil. The only exposed part is the valve assembly.

20Figure 8-Submersible Hydraulic Power Unit


Review Questions

6. (T/F) A motor-generator set that is not running may start unexpectedly at any time.

7. (T/F) Loose clothing could become entangled between the hoist ropes and the drive sheave of an elevator machine.

8. (True or False) The governor is not a hazard because it is totally enclosed.


Review Questions

9. (True or False) Pump drive belts on a hydraulic elevator must be checked when the elevator is running to get a true reading.

10. (True or False) Oil in a hydraulic reservoir is often hot enough to burn your skin.

Introduction to Safety - Trade Skills 105 23

Electricity

Greatest hazard in the machine room NEVER forget that you’re surrounded by

LIVE electrical equipment .005 amperes is enough to be fatal Remove: rings, metal-framed glasses, large

belt buckles, watches, hand tools, etc. Mild shock can cause you to react & injure

yourself


Figure 9- Elevator Controller

There are numerous exposed electrical terminals on the back side of the controller as well.


Review Questions

11. (True or False) As little as .005 amperes of electric current can be fatal.

12. (True or False) A mild shock is not dangerous because you will automatically react by pulling away from it.

13. (True or False) When in the machine room, you are surrounded by live electrical equipment.


Hazards in the Hoistway

During service, it’s often necessary to ride on top of the elevator car using the car top inspection station

Always a possibility you could fall from car top

Due to the chance of entanglement, personal


Hazards in the Hoistways

Fall-arrest system shall never be used on top of a completed, operational elevator car unless the elevator locked-out & tagged-out

Electrical and mechanical hazards


Hazards in the Hoistways

Covers should be placed over all electrical terminals and connections If you need to remove a cover-- replace it before

leaving Exposed live electrical equipment The door operator control box “music box” –

many electrical hazards Be cautious lighting or convenience outlets

29

Figure 10- Double Wrap Gearless Machine


Figure 11- Divided Beam


Dumbwaiter

Mini elevator used to transport materials Capacity is limited by Code based on the

inside net car volume Not designed/intended to carry passengers Car gate assembly If trapped, don’t stand on top of car until you

are certain it can support your weight & tools and car is equipped with safeties


Review Questions

14. (True or False) You must be aware of electrical and mechanical hazards, as well as the danger of falling, when working on top of the elevator car.

15. If the elevator is roped 2:1, there will be a ________ ________ on top of the car, mounted to the crosshead.


Review Questions

16. As the elevator car runs up or down through the hoistway, the ________ travels in the opposite direction.

17. (True or False) Usually, there are no more than 1¹⁄2 to 2 inches of clearance between the car and counterweight.


Review Questions

18. (T/F) The capacity of a dumbwaiter is limited by Code to 800 pounds.

19. (T/F) Because they are small, dumbwaiters are not very dangerous to work on.

20. (T/F) Some types of dumbwaiter doors cannot be opened from inside the hoistway.


Traction Elevator Pit

Never jump into a pit Use a ladder when pit is below the access point

Never work in a pit with standing water Always plug tools & portable lights into a

GFCI protected outlet


Traction Elevator Pit

Counterweight assembly of a traction elevator system Danger whenever you’re working in the pit When the car is traveling toward the top of the

hoistway, the counterweight is plunging downward toward the pit without making a sound— “SILENT KILLER”


Figure 12- Traction Elevator Pit

On some elevators, compensating ropes or chains are attached to the bottom of the car and counterweight

Offset transfer of weight as the hoist ropes pass over the main driving sheave

38Figure 13-Governor Tension Sheave Assembly

In the pit of every traction elevator you will see a governor tension sheave like the one shown in Figure 13


Figure 14-Pit Stop Switch


Hydraulic Elevator Pit

Contains very little equipment The jack:

cylinder which may be in the ground plunger which pushes the elevator up packing head to seal the oil around the plunger buffer springs, limit switches


Figure 15-Hydraulic Elevator Pit

42Figure 16- Elevator Car supported on Jack Posts

Elevator Constructors have been crushed to death by improperly or inadequately supported hydraulic elevators


Adequate Lighting

YOU are responsible for a well lit working area

Portable lights should be equipped w/ guards to prevent contact with the bulb Shouldn’t be suspended from their cords Extension cords: good condition, correctly sized,

plugged into a GFCI protected outlet


Adequate Lighting

Rough service light bulbs recommended (filament doesn’t break when you lay the light down)

Don’t run cords through openings (i.e.- doorways) unless protected


Review Questions

21. (T/F) When working in the pit of a traction elevator, the counterweight can be a hazard.

22. (T/F) There will usually be a governor tension sheave in the pit of a traction elevator.

23. (T/F) The governor tension sheave is not a hazard because it is mounted up out of the way.


Review Questions

24. You must always place the ________ ________ ________ in the OFF position before entering the pit.

25. (True or False) It is possible for a hydraulic elevator car to move downward without power.


Lifting, Strains & Sprains

Most common injuries in industry are back sprain and strain

Inspect & clear the route over which you will carry an object

Don’t attempt to lift more than you are physically able-- Know your limits!

Wear gloves to protect your hands


Figure 17- Right & Wrong Ways to Lift



Strain: muscle is stretched beyond its limits Can happen when lifting more than your capacity For a strain to heal, you must rest

Sprain: tendons/ligaments become torn Twisting/turning while lifting can cause a sprain Treatment may require surgery



Most serious consequence of incorrect lifting: spinal injury Almost always requires surgery Recovery is slow You may never fully recover


Safest/Easiest Way to Lift

Get a secure footing Bend at knees to grasp the object Keep back straight & as upright as possible Get a firm hold Lift gradually by straightening legs, keeping

the back as straight as possible


Hoisting

Greatest danger during hoisting: lack of clear communication

If assisting, DO NOT initiate any action unless you’re certain If you think you hear “STOP,” stop immediately If you think you hear “START,” DON’T start

hoisting unless you’re certain Repeat command and wait for a positive

response


Review Questions

26. (True or False) You should keep your back straight when lifting.

27. (True or False) The most serious consequence of incorrect lifting is a strain.


Review Questions

28. (True or False) A sprain results when ligaments or tendons become torn.

29. (True or False) Treatment of a sprain never requires surgery.


Review Questions

30. (True or False) One of the greatest dangers in hoisting is lack of clear communications.

31. (True or False) You should request equipment if you feel you need it.


Your Working Companions

Regardless of personal feelings, your working relationship must be professional If you are working high in the hoistway, be careful

not to drop anything When moving heavy parts, communicate w/

coworkers before you lift, pry, force, or move an object


Your Working Companions

Be certain everyone’s hands & feet are clear

before rolling a machine or carton

When moving an unbalanced object (i.e. elevator

platform) don’t let go until the platform is

supported & everyone is ready to let go


Other Trade Workers

Be aware of falling debris from other building trades

New installation-- stay out of the hoistway when other trades are working above

Watch for the person carrying a plank that could make a sudden swing around a corner


Other Trade Workers

Powder activated anchoring devices—

dangerous! a hollow spot, called a void-- can allow the anchor

to shoot straight through like a bullet

loudness of the noise can damage your hearing


Power Tools

The power tool you will use most of all is the electric drill motor

Probably also be using a bench grinder, portable grinder & various power saws

One common cause of injury from power tools is insufficient knowledge


Other Causes of Power Tool Injuries

Failure to keep guards in place Failure to properly adjust guards Failure to wear eye protection Tampering w/ or removing 3 prong grounding

plugs or pins Failure to use a GFCI when plugged in even

when using double insulated tools


Other Causes of Power Tool Injuries

Forcing tools; let the tools do the work Failure to unplug power when

adjusting/cleaning the tool Using tools for purposes other than intended Using tools with worn or defected cords Not on firm footing/not braced properly Horseplay


Eye Protection

Eye Injuries: flying particles, strains & falls, burns, cuts, abrasions and electrical shocks

Prevention: WEAR EYE PROTECTION! Non-metallic eye protection should be worn

while working on/near electrical circuits/ electrical apparatus

Wear goggles that cover eyes completely (made to fit over prescriptions)


Figure 18- Symbol for Double Insulated Tool

65Figure 19- Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

Always use a GFCI when plugged in even when using double insulated tools


Review Questions

32. (True or False) Powder activated anchoring devices can be very dangerous.

33. (True or False) Powder activated anchoring devices use a cartridge that is similar to rifle or pistol ammunition.


Review Questions

34. (True or False) Other trades are not permitted to work in the hoistway when Elevator Constructors are working there.

35. The power tool you will use more than any other is the ________________ ________.


Review Questions

36. To prevent eye injuries, you should wear ________ ________.

37. Unless it is a double-insulated tool, all electrical power tools must be ________.


Review Questions

38. A ground fault circuit interrupter works by detecting small imbalances in current between the ______ and ________ wires.

39. (T/F) Your hard hat should be made of aluminum because it is very light in weight.

40. (T/F) Electricity seeks the most direct path to ground.


Hand Tools

Don’t use any tool for a task for which it was not designed Example: never use a screwdriver as a chisel or

pry bar Must be kept in good condition

Never use tools that are worn, broken, or cracked


Scaffolds

Improper use can cause injury Must be on good footing & properly erected

to be safe Assembly/disassembly must be done using a

safety harness & lifeline anytime there’s more than a 6 FT. exposure

Beyond a certain height-- must be anchored to prevent tipping


Ladders

Secure footing and proper angle Elevator installation & service– must be

made of non conducting material Wood ladders are most common Metal ladders CANNOT be used because

they conduct electricity

73Figure 20-Correct Ladder Placement

The proper ladder angle is determined as ¹⁄4 of the length from vertical as measured from the ladder feet to location where the ladder rests


Welding and Cutting

Electric arc welding & acetylene gas welding & cutting are special skills

Unless trained, do not use equipment May require a permit or license Require special protective equipment

Example: electric arc welding generates UV light sunburns

75Figure 21- Eye Protection for Welding

Recommended lens shade for acetylene and electric welding


Welding and Cutting

Wear eye protection, leather jacket for skin and shoes high enough to cover ankles

If working in the vicinity of electric welding, never look at the arc– can cause temporary or permanent blindness

Keep away from acetylene gas cutting operations


Molten Metals: Babbitt

Babbitt: alloy of lead, tin, and other metals Used in some elevator machine bearings and

to secure hoist ropes, governor ropes, and compensating ropes in their sockets

A full face shield is required when melting and pouring babbitt



Water is dangerous when melting babbitt and will cause and explosion

Don’t use cutting torches to melt babbitt– an electric pot should be used

Avoid breathing fumes Pour babbitt in well ventilated areas



When replacing babbitt bearings or when socketing elevator ropes, babbitt metal is melted and poured

A full face shield is required when melting and pouring babbitt

80Figure 22- Full Face Shield


Solvents and Chemicals

Used for cleaning parts and polishing bright metal surfaces

Check all labels on containers If, label says “Do not use in confined spaces,”

make sure you’re in an area where fresh air is flowing

Only use approved solvents Employer responsible for providing document


Solvents and Chemicals

DO NOT use any toxic or cancer causing chemicals If you’re unsure, ask your employer or local

Material Safety Data Sheet: lists characteristics, hazards, precautions, and medical information for any given substance


Review Questions

41. (True or False) A mushroomed end on a chisel makes it easier to hang on to, making it less dangerous.

42. The correct angle of ladder placement is determined by placing the feet ________ (fraction) the distance out from the vertical height.


Review Questions

43. (True or False) The infra-red rays from a welder are dangerous.

44. (True or False) You should never work in the hoistway when welding or cutting is being done overhead.


Review Questions

45. (True or False) A drop of water can cause molten babbitt metal to explode.

46. (True or False) Many industrial solvents are hazardous to use.


Hazardous Locations

Many elevators are located in hazardous places

You will required to attend training sessions Air can be contaminated with toxic fumes and

gases Paint Automotive and Aircraft finished


Hazardous Locations

Never run a gasoline engine in confined space– gives off deadly carbon monoxide gas Sticks to your red blood cells that carry oxygen to

all parts of your body Ratio of 200:1 Carbon Monoxide prevents oxygen to getting to

vital parts of the body

Introduction to Safety - Trade Skills 105 88Figure 23- Self Contained Breathing Apparatus


Review Questions

47. (T/F) In many working locations, the air you breathe may be contaminated with toxic fumes and gasses.

48. (T/F) You should wear a filter mask when working near a running gasoline engine.

49. (T/F) Carbon monoxide sticks to your red blood cells.

First Aid

Administer first aid ONLY if you’ve been trained

Strongly encouraged to take CPR class Take the following steps:

1. Survey accident scene; is it safe to approach?

2. Assess the situation; call for help

3. Person doesn’t respond/is unconscious, remember ABC

Shout: “HELP—Call 911”


ABC

A: Airway—Is it open/will it remain open?

B: Breathing– Is the person breathing?

C: Circulation– Check for a pulse


Protecting the Spine

To stabilize the victim’s head kneel above the head and place the palm of each

hand flat against the sides of the victim’s head with the fingers spread against the jaw line



If you must move the person, use the log roll technique With 1 person keeping the victim’s head stable &

aligned with the spine, use as many people as necessary to roll the victim on his side

Then place a blanket/other improvised stretcher against the victim & roll him onto it


Figure 26- Human Spinal Column



If victim’s head is twisted to 1 side & is not breathing: Straighten the head & open the airway Must use proper technique (requires 2 people)

Grasp victim’s head as before-- palms against sides of the head w/ fingers spread at the jaw line

Pull moderately upward while other rescuer presses his hands against the victim’s shoulders to keep the body steady



The rescuer holding the head counts to 3, aligning the head with the body at three

Support & stabilization of the head must be maintained to prevent further injury


Treating for Shock

Keep victim lying down Elevate his/her feet about 12 in. Cover with blanket/clothes to preserve body

heat Don’t give the victim any liquids Don’t leave the person—in some states you

will be legally charged with abandonment


Review Questions

50. (True or False) Your very first action when an accident happens is to survey the scene to be sure it is safe for you to enter.

51. The ABC’s of immediate treatment stand for________, ________, and ________.


Review Questions

52. After determining that an accident is serious, you should shout, “________.”

53. Every victim of a serious accident, especially a fall, should be treated as though they have a ________ injury.


Review Questions

54. The technique of keeping the victim’s body in a straight line while rolling them on their side is called ________.

55. Proper first aid for any accident victim includes treatment for________.


Controlling Severe Bleeding

Cover the wound with a sterile dressing and apply direct pressure

Secure the dressing in place with roller bandage or adhesive tape

Elevate the wounded part higher than the victim’s head

Use pressure points when necessary to control bleeding


Reduce Risk of Infection While you Give Care

Avoid being splashed by blood Place a barrier between you & the victim’s

blood. This can be done by wearing disposable latex gloves & covering the wound with a dressing or plastic wrap

Cover any cuts, scrapes, or skin conditions you may have


Reduce Risk of Infection

Wash your hands immediately after providing care, even if you wore gloves. Use a utility room sink or rest room sink. Do not use a sink in a food preparation area.

Avoid eating, drinking, & touching your mouth, eyes, or nose while providing care or before you wash your hands


Reduce Risk of Infection

Avoid touching objects that may have been contaminated with blood.

Avoid handling any of your personal items, such as pens or combs, while providing care or before washing your hands.


Figure 27-

Wash your hands!


Review Questions

56. (True or False) When giving first aid, you must take precautions against contact with the person’s blood or other bodily fluids.

57. (True or False) You can only get AIDS through sexual contact or shared needles.


Review Questions

58. (True or False) Hepatitis B can be transmitted through sexual contact.

59. (True or False) Hand washing plays a very important role in disease prevention.


Review Questions

60. (True or False) Hepatitis A is often transmitted by food-handling personnel through inadequate hand washing.

61. (True or False) Direct pressure is usually ineffective in controlling bleeding.


Review Questions

62. The surest indication that you have correctly located a pressure point is that you will feel a ________.

63. Always treat the victim of severe bleeding for ________.


Choking

If coughing, encourage him/her to continue Ask, “Are you choking?” Person will usually

nod his/her head Give quick upward thrust to the abdomen,

just above navel until airway is cleared


To Give Abdominal Thrusts

1. Stand behind the victim Wrap your arms around the person, slightly

above the waist w/ the thumb side of your fist just above the navel

Grab your fist with your other hand.

2. Give quick, sharp upward thrusts


To Give Abdominal Thrusts

3. Continue until object is dislodged or the person becomes unconscious

4. If technique doesn’t work, get professional help immediately


Rescue Breathing

Steps for rescue breathing:1. With the head tilted back and the chin lifted, pinch

the nose shut Not necessary to pinch nose when using a mask

2. Give two slow breaths Blow breath in gently until you see the chest rise For infant, breathe in only the amount of air you

can hold in your cheeks to avoid damaging the infant’s respiratory system.


Steps for Rescue Breathing

3. Check for a pulse

4. If the pulse is present but the person is still not breathing, give one slow breath every 5 seconds. Do this for about one minute

5. Recheck pulse and breathing about every minute


Steps for Rescue Breathing

6. Continue until the person starts to breathe on his own or until professional help arrives

7. If at any time a pulse is not detected, you must begin CPR immediately

8. If your efforts are successful and the person revives, they must still go to a hospital to be evaluated


What if air won’t go in?

Tilt the person’s head and try again


What if the airway is still blocked?

With the victim lying on his back, kneel facing the victim’s head with your knees straddling one of the victim’s legs. (It doesn’t matter which leg you straddle.)

Place the heel of one hand against the middle of the abdomen just above the navel

Give 5 abdominal thrusts


Airway is Still Blocked

Grasp the person’s lower jaw and tongue with your thumb and forefinger and sweep out the mouth with the forefinger of your other hand. Wear latex gloves if you can.

Tilt the head back, lift the chin and continue giving breaths

Repeat breaths, thrusts, and sweeps until your breaths go in


Review Questions

64. (True or False) If a choking person is coughing, you should slap them on the back.

65. (True or False) If a person appears to be choking, you should ask, “Are you choking?”


Review Questions

66. (True or False) To begin the Heimlich Maneuver, you must stand facing the person.

67. (True or False) You should keep repeating the Heimlich Maneuver until the object is dislodged or the person loses consciousness.


Review Questions

68. Direct mouth to mouth contact is discouraged because of the possibility of ________ ________.

69. What used to be called mouth to mouth resuscitation is now called ________ ________.

70. If the victim has no pulse, you must perform ________.


Review Questions

71. (True or False) If air will not go in, you should give up and call an ambulance.

72. (True or False) One of the steps to clearing the airway is to pull the jaw forward and sweep the mouth with your forefinger.


Fractures

Treat for shock Immobilize the fracture, if you know how Arrange for prompt transport to a medical

facility


Review Questions

73. (True or False) The main purpose of a splint applied to a fracture is immobilization.

74. After applying a splint, recheck ________ beyond the fracture.


Review Questions

75. (True or False) The best splint for a fractured foot is a pillow.

76. If a person falls, you should always treat for a ________ injury.


Review Questions

77. (True or False) Fractures of the hip or knee can cut off the circulation of blood to the lower leg.

78. (True or False) Fractures of the pelvis are serious primarily because the legs are attached to it.


Eye Injuries

Chemical in Eye: Start flushing with water immediately and continue flushing until professional help arrives

Particles in Eye: Flush with eye irrigating solution or with clean water Flush away from the nose, toward the cheek. Do not probe with finger or cotton swab.


Burns

Thermal: Result from direct contact with hot solids, liquids and gases

Smother flames, if clothing is on fire Don’t attempt to remove cloths from burned

areas Don’t apply salves or greasy substances Cover burn with dry sterile dressings or any

available clean cloth


Burns

Chemical: result from contact with acids or caustic chemicals

Toxic fumes may be present Require immediate action Flush area with a free flow of water Remove contaminated clothes


Burns - Dry Lime

Exception: Dry Lime– NEVER flush with water Brush off as much as possible and go to a

medical facility


Burns

Electrical: are always serious—internal damage may be severe

Should go to a medical facility for evaluation and monitoring

Live wires/electrically charged equipment may still be present—TURN OFF POWER

Check victim for signs of breathing and pulse—Do your ABCs


Review Questions

79. (T/F) A particle in the eye is best removed

using a cotton swab.

80. (T/F) To dislodge a particle from an eye,

flush inward from cheek to nose.

81. The burn from contact with a hot liquid,

solid, or gas is called a ________ burn.


Review Questions

82. (True or False) Dry lime, such as that used in mortar, should be flushed off with water.

83. If a person comes in contact with live electrical equipment, the first thing you do is ________ ________ _______ ________.


Substance Abuse

Alcohol is the most abused substance on the job Don’t drink on the job Don’t work if you’ve been drinking Don’t work with other people that are/have been

drinking No illegal or legal drugs

Read all labels, even on over the counter medicines


Summary

1. Learn the hazards

2. Learn the appropriate safety equipment you need to protect yourself from certain specific hazards

3. Use the safety equipment furnished

4. Follow safety rules and safe practice

5. Ask questions anytime you’re not sure


Summary

1. Don’t engage in horseplay– take safety seriously

2. Don’t work if you’ve been using alcohol/drugs

3. Refuse to work with anyone who’s been using alcohol/drugs

4. Think safety at all times

introduction to safety trade skills 105. introduction to safety trade skills 105 2 overview safety...

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