introduction to rome

8/9/2019 Introduction to Rome

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Introduction to Rome 01/20/2014

sRome comes onto the world map around the year 509

The year romans picked as their founding

Rome is ust emerging while !reece is already in their heyday

Their half of the "editerranean was a lot #ehind$ as opposed to the near

east

%merge around &&'

&&'(290 they ha)e all of Italy

241 sicily *orsica +ardinia

190 spain$ parts of Italy

Rome in 1 ,* was huge

"are nostrum

Imperium sine fine$ empire without #orders

*ultural identity was that they were destined to rule

-5&(509 ,*. Regal eriod

509(&1 ,* Repu#lic

in the concept of rei pu#licae$ all citiens ha)e a share of the empire

the %nglish took this and came up with a term$ commonwealth

&1,* 4- 3. %mpire$ Imperial

starting here$ there was an emperor

meant general

they created a new kind of rome

Italy

In contrast to !reece$ Italy is a great place to start a ci)iliation


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"outains with tim#er$ lowlands$ )olcanic mountains$ ha)e lots of minerals

*an feed a much greater population per suare mile

The )olcanic mountain range$ that continues into sicily are called the

3pennines

The winds #low clockwise in the mediterannean

Its )ery hard for the !reeks to sail there

"oisture from the ocean #lows from the west$ hits the west coast

and rain collects in Italy when it hits the mountains

!reeks and hoenicias c '00

The romans are not terri#ly important at this time

& main cultures are dominant

the greek colonists$ sought out southern italy

hoenicians didn6t li)e in Italy$ #ut traded with them

The hoenicians dominated the seaways$ the closest colony was

carthage

The first non(italian power the romans signed a treaty wit were the

hoenicians

%truscans -00(4'0

Third early power the Italians met with

ominant during this period$ in land called %truria

The etruscans were )ery influential on the romans$ who were )iewed #y

other powers as #ar#aric

+cientific #reakthroughs

7ederation of 12 cities$ with each city go)erning a certain region

3t one point %truria a#sor#ed rome$ and at one point rome #ecame

a region of %truria

,y roman standards they were cultured

8iterate when romans were functionally illiterate


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epatoscopy

%:amining the li)er

,elie)ed you could tell the future #y taking the li)er and

interpreting the discoloration

!reek imitations$ gorgon$ temple

;rientaliing

Influence #y anything from the east

%truscans would trade raw materials for culturally ad)anced things from

the east

%ntruscan tom#s . taruinia


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two cones meeting

they dressed with a ro#e that was pinned down

these were the lu:ury goods

kni)es$ pins

Romulus and Remus$ 3eneas

Romulus and Remus are descendents of 3eneas$ a prince of troy

!reat great grandfather of the twins

>umitor was deposed #y his #rother 3mulius

+laughtered all of numitor6s sons

Rhea +il)ia is made a )estal )irgin

"ars is sent to impregnante rhea sil)ia$ who gi)es #irth to the twins

They are put into a #asket$ and are sent down the ri)er

They are found #y a shewolf$

Then found #y a shepherd 7inds out who they really are

Restores their grandpa

!oes off to find their own city$ fights$ remus is killed

Romulus founds rome$ ust dudes

Runaway sla)es$ criminals$ etc oin

olds a festi)al$ in)ite them to #ring their daughters of

neigh#ouring places

They kidnap the girls$ and take them as wi)es

They start to fight$ #ut the sa#ine women step in and stop the fight

Romulus disappears$ and is taken up to hea)en


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3nother myth he was ripped apart

-5&(509. Regal eriod

there were - kings

no historical e)idence

its too neat$ 245 years$ with - kings who each rules for &5 years

if you didn6t know how long$ the go to num#er was &5 years

they ha)e the year 509$ same year as 3thenian democracy

e)ery king is responsi#le for one cultural ad)ance or acti)ity

all suspiciously tidy

instead of kings$ we define things thematically with decades

first king was Romulus

credit for in)enting almost all primal institutions

roman senate$ etc

numa pompilius ?numen @ spiritA religious things

tullus hostilius

war stuff

taruinius priscus #uilds stuff

came from the etruscans$ who was a greek who emigrated

was assassinated

#uilt stuff

ser)ius tullius

was arranged#y pre)ious kings wife


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ha)ing #een a sla)e

taruinius super#us

the girl married lay #rother$ married the am#itious #rother$

con)inced him to run o)er her father with a carriage

did it herself

the #oy took o)er$ and #ecame the se)enth king

forces the romans to work$ dig sewers$ pa)e roads

he has an awful son$ who decides to rape the most faithful wife$

8ucretia

calls together e)eryone$ tells e)eryone a#out it and then kills

herself

#rutus$ picks up the knife and swears that #y this pure #lood rome

will ne)er allow a king to rule

theyre #oth dri)en out from the city

#rutus pretended to #e dum#$ and was allowed to hang around the king

he stepped forth and ga)e this great speech after lucretias death

re)ealed he wasn6t a derp

=illano)an Rome 900(500

-5& mythic founding

900/'00 rome was inha#ited

-50 huts and a wall

00 stone houses

50(550 drainage

550 new construction

525 pa)ed road$ )illas

500 widespread destruction


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nRank and status were really important

It was awfully difficult to rise to the top of roman society

%asy to get in$ hard to get up there

*u##y holes for all the mementos of a family6s accomplishments

3 funeral would #e pu#lic

Bou would #ring all the images of famous people in your family

The entire family$ including the dead$ would #e there to pay honor

to a person

3s a man$ you had a #urden

Reminded of your status$ and comparison to your father

Their idea of culture comes from farming

+eason after season$ you culti)ate a culture

!room$ snip$ and de)elop o)er time

Bour o# is to promote your family to raise it and

3trium

Theres a huge room that pays tri#ute to e)erything the family does

Room with a collection of stuff

"ain room$ would greet whoe)e)er the guest was

7irst thing a guest saw

aterfamiliasC hus#and and wife

us#and should farm$ #e a#le to fight in war

Industrious$ working etc


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The wife

*omes with property$ outside the family

,rings property to the family$ #ut if they di)orce$ she takes that

property #ack

& nights in a row apart is enough to #reak a marriage contract

atron and client

Related to the idea of the father figure


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Instead of the kings$ the new ruling elite is called the patricians

%)ery year$ they will elect two consuls who work together to rule

There were a group of romans as opposed to the ple#ians

atricians insisted only they could #e priests$ officials$ hold any

position of responsi#ility

;nly patricians could marry other patricians

In reaction$ o)er 220 years$ there was a struggle of the years #etween

the classes

+ecessions

8ower class citiens would ust get up and lea)e the city

They wanted Tri#ues$ whose sole o# is to look o)er ple#eian interest

They ha)e )eto power 494 #c

They could stop the rule of the consuls

They didn6t ha)e any power

%nds in 2'-$ with #reakthrough that people are allowed to pass their own

laws

They can come together as a #ody and )ote on their own laws

le#eian assem#ly

8aws of the 12 ta#les and decem)irs

le#eians can marry patricians

le#ains can #e consuls

le#eian laws #inding on all Romans 2'-

*ursus onorum$ annual and collegial

ad a )ery status run go)ernment %lected annualy$ consul$ praetor$ aedile$ uaestor

Bou couldn6t run for the higher office$ unless you were elected for

e)erything #elow


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*hain of commad

Bou could only #e a dictator or censor if you had already #een

consul

Tri#une of the ple#s

In e)ery one of these offices$ there are other people you share

responsi#ility with

Imperium

2 *onsuls$ imperium$ ware$ e:ecutes laws$ 1 year

2 praetors$ legal disputes$ #ack up imperium$ 1 year

when the consuls are gone$ they ha)e power

e)entually they get full control of the law courts

2 aediles$ city maintenance$ 1 year

4$ ?'$20A uaestorsG 7inances$ 1 year

accountants$ #ureacrats$ ta:es

10 tri#utes$ ci)il rights$ 1 year

2 censors$ census$ audit$ 5 years

e)ery fi)e years Rome has a census$ to make sure people who say

they are citiens are

all elected officials ha)e no #usiness connections

you couldn6t run for office with any #usiness interests

1 dictator$ martial law$ months

in emergency$ consuls can elect to hire a dictator

only as long as the crisis e:ists

The 7asti

The list of e)ery single person who was elected consul


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There were certain super influential families

1stname is regular

2ndis family name

&rdname is funny

The ways people elected pu#lic officials was confusing

8ots of different ways to elect and pass laws

,ased on how much wealth you had$ you got more )otes

The +enate

8ife time mem#ership$ unless kicked out #y a censor

The collection of old guys/elders

*omposed of all who held office in the curusus honorum

>o real power

*ouldn6t pass laws$ ta:es They ga)e ad)ice

Influential$ patrons$ e: officials

8ike parents gi)ing students ad)ice

Bou really should listen to them

Tremendous unofficial power

"i: of monarchy$ democracy$ oligarchy

3merican constitution was formed on the lines of the roman

+enate appoints interim king


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It took a 8;T for the roman people to challenge the paternal authority

%arly Roman Religion

,efore contact with greeks

+ky god$ war god$ etc

>umina. animism

,elie)ed in spirits

Related to >uma

,elie)e that things are animated$ such as a gro)e$ spring$ etc

Traditional$ typically human worship

"ost early cultures are mono(theistic

Theres %truscan influence

redicting the future$ looking at entrails

ames are changed$ #ut gods are superimposed onto the roman

EThe conuered greeks conuered the romansF

3ncestorsC ietas

8ooked at strange phenomena$ tried to di)ine things


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3ncestors played a #ig role in Roman religion

+mall structure that had statues and figurines that represented gods of

the household


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This religious ;* was a sign of pietas

%)ery fort had to look e:actly a certain way

ontife:

7irst #ridges were #uilt #y priests

ontife: means maker of #ridges

"ade #ridges at first needlessly for religion

on(professional priesthood

Bou wouldn6t go to religious school$ it was part of the education

riesthoods were ust part of the duty of the roman people

riestly *olleges

ontiffs

3dministrati)e. religious contracts

3rranged the calendar$ holy days$ festi)als

Tell you what to do for something

3ugurs

riests who o)ersaw the oracles$ took omens

Reuired to ask augurs for opinions

ismissed started meetings


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7lamens

riests to specific gods

*arried out the actual ceremonies

=estal =irgins. the home fire

!reat honor$ were )irgins for a period and li)ed at the temple of

)esta

!oddess of the hearth$ fireplace

ept the fire

If you wanted to depositi your will$ put in temple

It was )ery safe

Roman +yncretism

Romans were )ery open to outside cultures and ideas

If they saw practicality$ theyd adopt them

iety was com#ined with pragmatism


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8ike the greeks$ e:plain the gods

;ffer moral code

irect contact with the god

urification

8ife after death

,acchanalian cult. ionysus

*onsidered accepta#le for romans to go to the countryside and get drunk

and cele#rate this god


17/48


18/48

The romans came into war with the other cities in latium

Rome )sG the rest of the latins

This war lasted 5/ years

*assian Treaty

*assius$ in the #attle against other latins offered them a deal

Rome would alternate leadership with other cities$ rome then the

latins$

,and together to attack outsiders

Rome gest half the spoils

3ll cities ha)e free trade$ marriage$ and immigration

+imilar to the delian league

8ike a merger/acuisition

Incredi#ly effecti)e

rofessional army. 405

Rome decides to pay its soldiers

3s a citien$ in most other cities you wouldn6t ha)e compensation for your

ser)ice

Rome decides to gi)e compensation

Bou still ha)e to fight$ #ut pay

;pens to the idea that soldiers ha)e a right to something in return

,ig #enefit$ soldiers can afford to #e away from home

+o they can hire someone who hasn6t #een conscripted to maintain

their farms *an #e away for long periods of time on military duty

%conomically feasi#le for e:tended military campagins


19/48

!auls sack Rome &'-

art of gaul culture to wreak destruction and ha)oc on their surroundings

Right of massage$ mark of pride

"ore feared$ the more isolated they were

Took this as a mark of )alor in their tri#e

;nce in a while$ they would make an e:pedition for their own glory

!eese uacked when guals were entering$ romans fled to highest hill

7ore)er after honored these geese

7or generations after$ these geese were fed

& samnite wars

#ack and forth #attles$ war took 5& years

1G Rome ) samnites$ then latins re)olt

2G %truscans and samnites )G Rome &G =sG +amnites$ etruscans$ gauls$ um#rians$ sa#ines$ and lcanians


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Rome now left in control of most of italty

7rom %truria down$ #ut not sicily

ow did Rome hold on to her %mpireK

Rome was ne)er that generous again after the cassian league

3fter rome conuered a palce$ they would typically offer different degrees

of deals

1G 7ull roman citienship

citiens of rome

cities with full citienship$ romans who went a#road

roman colonists sent to protect #orderlands

cities with ci)il rights #ut no )ote

freed sla)es

2G 8atins and 3llies

didn6t ha)e to pay ta:

had to supply troops$ if rome declared warC rome could draft

&G Italians$ and pro)incials

no ci)il rights

had to pay tri#ute

had to supply troops

Romans t

Rome had a stu##orn attitude of continually fighting was #ecause central

Italy was so rich that the population #ase of rome was huge

ad much man power to draw on hoenicians were known for trade$ and #usiness


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Their empire was #ased almost entirely on trade


22/48

!reeks withdraw$ carthagineans and romans keep fighting

Realiing they had no skill$ the Romans #uilt a cor)us$ ra)en

!iant plank that dropped onto enemy ship$ made a #ridge and then

stormed the enemy ship$ #ut was im#alanced

Then they tried to sail right for carthage$ this fleet got destroyed

,uild a third fleet$ tried a na)al #attle

They got destroyed

7ourth fleet$ finally won stuff$ #ut wasn6t decisi)e

3fter 2& years$ the carthagineans retreated #ecause they felt it wasn6t

worth it pro#a#ly

The general was pissed at this

eace Terms

Romans demanded a #unch of money$ carhtagineans paid it off


23/48

7ore)er after in an argument a#out who was right

Treaty said carthage got spain and 3frica

anni#al #esieged saguntum

+aguntum said they were allies with rome

Romans said he had to lea)e

anni#al ignored roman warnings$ they went to war

+econd punic war starts 21'(201

anni#al has fleets$ so rome fortifies all of its ports

anni#al planned to enter Italy with a small trained army and march right

down the length of Italy

reaching freedom$ the roman allies would rise up

2 accounts of anni#al marching

wanted to ha)e 3frican elephants marching through Italy

wanted to turn the roman allies

failed misera#ly

tried to cross the alps

hanni#als plan failed$ he was stuck in rome

stayed in Italy for 1& years$ foraging and wandering

ne)er lost a #attle

#attle of *annae$ '5000 romans were slaughtered #y the carthagineans

anni#al was a psychological and military genius

+uch as lake tresamine$ would pretend to retreat on a misty day$

anni#al won$ #ut didn6t march on rome

Instead$ sent soldiers around proclaiming freedom


24/48

now how to win a #attle$ #ut couldn6t take ad)antage of it

In the meatime$ they appointed uintus fa#ius ma:imus to dictator

3#oslute control

+tarted getting called cunctator #ecause he wouldn6t fight the

enemy

+hadowed him

Instead attacks small groups

Refuses to fight #ecause soldiers are less e:perienced

anni#al looted e)erything e:cept fa#ius ma:imus6 house

To make it look like hes in cahoots

anni#al didn6t attack rome$ rome gathered its power$ attacked at ama

3fter that$ carthage lost e)erything

"ost of their properties$ power$ etc

The romans were pragmatic$ in the middle of this war$

u#lius *ornelius scipio africanus

!ot honor after lead command against anni#al$ defeated

ot a consul yet$ #ut roman people insisted


25/48

!reek like . The halan: eriod ?'th*entury &50 ,*A

o army was allowed to #ring arms inside this #order

;utside of rome$ consuls could keep discipline from their dangerous

a#ility

3rmy6s domain is outside the city

Introduction of "anipular 8egion &50(100

"aniplus handful


26/48

4 #attle lines

)elites$ skirmishers$ youngest$ light armor$ create confusion

hastati spearmen 2ndyoungest$

principes leaders fresh men$ older$ e:perienced

triari third guys last resort

Thinking a#out winning #attles decisi)ely

They can crush them without waiting for the enemy to approach

,ecause these armies are di)ided$ each manipul was made up of 2

centuries

%ach had a centurion$ commander

!eneral for each$ easier to maneou)er

%asier #ecause of chain of command$ less running #ack and forth

Roman manpower

%)en though they lost$ they had a lot of men

7or e)ery legion rome raised$ the allies would ha)e to raise one too

Romans could dou#le their army ust #y ha)ing allies


27/48

"arius made these two weapons the standard

+tandardiation

+tate system$ where state pays to arm them

>ew pool of people

8egions permanent$ represented #y sym#ols and #ands

Training programme standardied #ased on gladiatorial training

romotion was a new incenti)e within the army$ not in politics

though

Trend towards no land reuirement

4 phases of #attle

1skirmishers

2)elites

&stuff happens

I legionary

1 century is 0 legions

manipule is 2 centuries

legion growing

The 3rmy In 3ction. *ynoscephalae

fighting happens

new manipular army premarius against 3le:andrian phalan:

roman army is more affecti)e

o phillip was winning at first$ #ut then romans #reak off

o fle:i#ility$ since they don6t need a general to dictate e)ery mo)e


28/48

,ut the 7ourth 7leet$$. 3egates Islands

*or)us was )ery effecti)e$ #ut in storms was too top hea)y

"arsala was seied and romans #lockaded it$ roman na)y then protected

it

8ater$ rome use na)y to control pirates

+yracuse

Romans didn6t ha)e a fi:ed siege plan

%nd of hanni#alic wars$ #attle where 3rchimedes legend has it #uilt

mirrors$ etc to defeat romans

o Romans tried to siege with machines$ #ut it didn6t work

o Romans snuck in one day during a festi)al #ecause straight attack

didn6t work

o

*arthage

To take it$ they #uilt giant structure to #lock carthaginean har#or

7rontal attack after

,urned and raed the city

3thens


29/48

o 1-(4

o up or down in emergencies

property ualifications then nothing

ser)ice of 1 seasons$ with ma:mimum of consecuti)e

o you didn6t fight e)ery year necessarily

if there was emergency$ you would #e put into an emergency pool

state paid for you under ser)ice

o compensation

3rmy #ecame a #usiness$ especially a li)elihood for some


30/48

If you acted against a consul you could #e dead

Regular killings$ #eatings$ trickle down

*enturions had the right to #eat you

If there was a mutiny attempted$ regardless of your in)ol)ement

o %)ery tenth man was killed

o To foster #rotherhood

Bour class also defined your position in the army

%uities were #usinessmen

o *ould hold high positions in the army

o *ould #ecome )ery powerful

+enators would use the army as a stepping stone for consulship

The Triumph

If you were super successful$ a triumph was awarded to successful

generals

Boud come with the army and hold a parade

Bou would showcase sla)es$ plunder$ #ooty

+hifting loyalties

There are people that ha)e land$ who will go out and fight then return to

their lands

>ow there are careers in the army for a o#$ they don6t care a#out coming

home

o Instead of seeing the senate all the time$ they are more interested

in their generals If the generals are good$ they could set aside land to the )eterans

o +oldiers would ha)e a portion of the loot


31/48

"oti)ation #ehind conuest


32/48

This promise was enough to deser)e getting attacked

3round && legions$ at the end of the 2ndpunic war

;nly needed & to conuer "acedonia

7orced him to gi)e up all of his land other than "acedonia itself

!reece$the islands$ thrace$ Illyria

2nd"acedonian war 200(19-

& years in & legions

15000 people

roman armies said the greek$ etc people were free to go

enough for romans that "acedonians were punished$ then left

#arely got #ack #efore other people from asia minor heard a#out the

proclamation in *orinth$ and asked to #e free from the seleucids

The +yrian war 192(1''

+eleucid +yriaC the arthians

3fter the greeks were freed$ people ruled #y the seleucids asked for help

The romans helped

Romans won the first #attle

+yrian king regrouped and agreed to negotiate with the romans

+yrian king decided to withdraw and gi)e power to the romans

Instead of facing them

3ll of a sudden$ after the 2ndpunic war$ the romans #ecame a

"editerranean power

eclared to the powers they were free Rome didn6t a#sor# these regions$ they could ha)e


33/48

The roman senate was strongly against roman interaction with the

east

+enate ga)e this up willingly$ persuaded the people to agree to this

Roman Rule 1''(14

%:panded mostly in 3frica and spain

Romans took out central powers$ and desta#ilied these regions

"any smaller conflicts arose #ecause there was no one to a#solutely rule

Romans kept #eing asked to come #ack and settle issues$ #ecause there

was no central power

Romans #ecame increasingly impatient

atronship works well o)er short distances$ #ut in long distance is not as

#ene)olent

*ato the %lder

Roman senators were tough men who had pro)en themsel)es through

decades of ci)il ser)ice

The image of the patron

*ato #elie)ed in the dignity of the senate

This period$ senate is enacting rules to maintain their control

3dministering an empire

Imperium$ 2 consuls$ 2 praetors

praetors later

The roman senate wanted to hold power$ would di)ide all of the land

outside rome into pro)inces

rorogation. appoint a consul/praetor in the present year to #e a

go)ernor of a pro)ince the ne:t year

Bou had a#solute authority in that pro)ince$ #ut you could not lea)e your

pro)ince

8ess people with power in rome$ and limits the ruling class


34/48

%uites

3ristocrats not in the senate

*ould conduct #usiness

u#licans

+er)e a pu#lic ser)ice$ and get paid

Ta: collection was the most notorious

*ould offer loans$ at awful rates

3 lot of these euites reap the #enefits

Lpper class will appeal to rome$ and #e protected #y the romans

>ow #ecome important as fa#ulously wealthy #usinessmen

Through aristocratic connections and wealth in e:pansion

"ake themsel)es wealthier #ecause go)ernment is so small$ the roman

go)ernment turns to these euites

=eterans

8arifundium$ latifundia$ sla)es

=eterans came home to find they didn6t like farming$

=eterans #egan selling off their farms to euestrians

Then euestrians would set up huge farms$ plantations

7arms are mo)ing from small families to wealthy euestrians

Italians and ro)incials

Italians in Italy

ro)incials li)ing outside Italy


35/48

>o rights$ #ut )er#al protection from rome

Rome is increasingly a#using their powers

4 periods of roman law

primiti)e '00(200

formati)e 200(&0

classical &0 #c 250

)ulgariing 250(5&4

o Hustinians digest 529(5&4

rimiti)e$ an eye for an eye

Lltimate udge is priest$ king

Rigid$ infle:i#le or open to whims of an indi)idual

Romans came up with a way to maintain law without this rigidity

3 #ar#er and a woodcutter

7ormati)e

It starts to fi:$ and get outside of the rigifity

*lassical

=ery smart people$ dedicated to the art

=ulgariing


36/48

ractice is declining

Hustineans digest was usd #y napoleon$ many %uropeans

*i)il rocedure

,etween two citiens$ not interested in passing laws #y go)ernment


37/48

*ase 8aw )sG +tatutory 8aw

*ontract$ tort$ and criminal law

idn6t care much for criminal law

*riminal law needs a pu#lic prosecutor

idn6t like the idea of a 3 or crown prosecutor

This person can end up #ein a #ully

8egal %:perts

Hurists$ who know the law front and #ack

8awyers$ knew how to plead a case

*riminal procedureC permanent courts

If it happened that you were charged with a pu#lic crime

>eed to #e punished #y rome itself

%m#eling pu#lic funds Treason

oisoning

These had fi:ed ury mem#ers$ a ury of e:perts who would hear case

after case after case

"urder

7orgery

Rape

%nd of the roman repu#lic$ first emperor made adultery a crime

Threat to marriage

Infreuently lower class sued one another


38/48

ow happy upper class romans were with the system$ where )ery few

cases were criminal

"ilitary success$ #ut social disaster

*itiens are increasingly unhappy with the organiation of the empire

This is seen #y a fracture in the roman senate

opulares$ optimates

8a#les upon certain kinds of people

opulares were the first to designate themsel)es$ for the people$

emphasied social reform$ attention to the needs of the people

;ptimates were a reply to the populares$ said the oppulares used the

people

*alled themsel)es the #est

7ocus on promoting the #est of what is rome$ sticking to the old

ways

7irst of the populares are of the !racchi #rothers

Ti#erius and gaius !racchus

Ti#erius ran for the lowest office $ uaestor$ and was snu##ed

+enators didn6t lend his support$ and were unsuccessful


39/48

3d)ised the roman people as a tri#une to come to this and )ote

"ost senators were )iolently against for this

,y gi)ing them all land$ he would #ecome their patron

+enate fears hes trying to make himself king

roposed. whene)er rome conuered an enemy and a#sor#ed them$

rome would keep a certain portion as pu#lic land

3ccording to law$ 500 acres was ma:imum amount you could lease

3ny land in e:cess of 500$ they would take

Turns out aristocratics had thusands of acres

!enerals like this #ecause you couldn6t fight unless you owned land

Roman people are e:cited for this #ill

Tri#une steps forward and )etos this #ill

Tri#une was forced out of the city

Then he set up another meeting$ and passed the land #ill

e got no funding from the consul

%)erytime he gathered the romans$ the )otes swayed in his fa)or$ #ut he

was only in office for a year

Roman senate in a meeting said you must arrest Ti#erius

eople tried to siee Ti#erius$ &00 of his supporters surrounded him

e$ plus most of his supporters were killed

7irst politically moti)ated death in roman history

In the aftermath$ no one knew what to do

Rome turned a #lind eye$ kind of ine:plica#le

"any appro)ed of the idea$ #ut didn6t appro)e that this young man

dictated the ideas$ senate was concerned a#out their authority Ti#erius said this land would not #e leased$ #ut #e gi)en to poor people

*ame from wealthy$ influential familis


40/48

10 years later !aius also #ecomes tri#une

proposes a )ery pro)ocati)e #ill$ with lots of features

land$ cheap grain$

non senators$ euestrians acted

senate was not interested in #usiness opportunities$ euestrians

were

promised euestrians increased opportunities

all Italians will #e a roman citien

gaius committed suicided$ &000 people were killed too

seems too neat

sents clear message senate still has full control

umidian Hugurtha 111(105

efied rome

8i)ed in desert

,ri#ed soldiers and commanders so that they would not pursue them

%m#arrassing spectacle to open admission that soldiers were accepting

#ri#es

!aius "arius

e was a new man$

,orn outside of Italy

7irst of his family to #e elected to senate

*onsul 10- roconsul 10(105$ in 3frica latin term for go)erneor


41/48

3fter consul$ you ha)e to still #e a go)ernor

e:t elections$ riots #roke out$ senate commanded marius to arrest

saturninus 3rrested his own political ally

+aturninus died in prison

"arius complained. im like a sword$ without use I rust


42/48

amed himself after a great king

8i)es in the far east

ersuaded east to rise up against the romans

3rranged for a coup +pecific day$ hunt down and kill romans

'0 thousand died

e)ery soldier in rome wants to #e a part of this war$ since it6s against the

oldest$ largest$ richest cities

whoe)er leads the e:pedition picks the soldiers

marius or sulla to lead the army

marius$ old war horse$ support of euestrians$ lwer classes$ his own

soldiers

marius won the command at the )ote

ne:t time sulla won$ after he marched into rome with his soldiers all of his ranking officers refused to go into rome$ working class


43/48

as soon as sulla lea)es$ all the )eterans take up arms and support marius

rules were #ent$ and gradually it came to this

marius in rome$ sulla in the east$ marius waiting for sulla

sulla goes east$ marches rome in a second time

way pack home$ loots e)ery maor city to gather funds to in)ade

rome to fight marius

ictatorship of +ulla E7eli:F '2('0

"any young romans flocked to +ulla6s side


44/48

tri#une only once$ ne)er ha)e political office again

reforms were ignored #y am#itious romans

all were young men when sulla came to power

pompey the great

kid #utcher met with sulla to fight

marched with sulla into rome

wants to #e go)ernor

said he wanted to fight mithridates

making his way to mithridates$ on the way there$ went to repair #uildings$

assist people to earn the goodwill of the people$ won the war easily

rumor is when he comes #ack$ hell do the same thing as sulla did when

he came #ack

crassus

the rich

not officially$ #ut #y far the richest man in rome

put down +partacus re)olt in -&

pompey and crassus were ri)als

pompey thought crassus had too much credit

senate was terrified of the #oth of them

popmey is then offered command of pirate elimination

pompey gets rid of all the pirates

told pirates$ if you gi)e up ill gi)e you a farm almost all of them ga)e up )oluntarily


45/48

pompey finally defeats mithridates

cicero 10(4&

new man

lawyer$ orator rose to power

took on cases for free to gain a following

catiline6s conspiracy &

#est e:amples of persuasi)e speech

came from a hum#le #ackground$ was a great writer

through his speeking a#ility$ he was elected consul

cataline was setting up a conspiracy$ the romans were terrified of him

collected e)idence$ written letters$ signed #y these men

planning to #urn the city$ in the confusion #ring an army of sla)es$

celts$ gladiators and supporters to make themsel)es dictators

cato the younger

tried to form a coalition of conser)ati)e senators to oppose all of these

people

did e)erything they could to stop pompei$ cicero$ crassus

Hulius *aesar

roman aristocrat that said to pompey$ cicero and crassus H;I> L+

this was *aesar

con)inced pompey and crassus to put aside their differences

cicero did not want to oin last name was )ery old$ claimed to come from )enus


46/48

his #ranch of the family wasn6t doing well$ #ut was an aristocrat

his uncle was marius$ married a woman who #elonged to marius6 faction

sulla told *aesar at 1'$ to di)orce$ refused$ fled rome

was e:iled

his friends pleaded$ to let him come #ack

sulla said in this young #oy there are many mariuses

Hulius was kidnapped$ said dou#le the ransom

idnapped #y pirates

8aughed$ oked at his poetry

+aid hed hunt them and crucify them$ they laughed$ #ut then did it


47/48

*aesar in !aul

*onuered all of gaul

*aesars account is ri)eting$ #ut is propaganda

+oldiers lo)ed their asshole

*aesar ended the dissent for soldiers fighting gauls #y saying

*itiens

arthians killed crassus$ took his army

ompey #ecomes a widow$ Hulia dies

+enate says come to our side$ we will make you head of the senate

ompey agrees

7inally$ *aesar is going to end his rule as go)ernor

The elections

In the middle$ *aesar says he wants to run for consul again If hes not re(elected$ hes going to #e hit with a #aillion lawsuits

+tuck running elections in rome

"akes decision to cross the ru#icon$ at the edge of his ri)er

3s soon as he crosses it$ hes committing an illegal act

3lea acta est

*aesar has many supporters coming

ompey lea)es to !reece where his )eterans are

*aesar follows pompey

ompey keeps waiting for )eterans to come


48/48

*aesar #esieges pompey$ with &0k$ to pompeys 0k

harsalus$ *aesar pwns

,efore *aesar lea)es$ makes *leopatra ueen

*leopatra was smart$ cunning etc

That6s what attracted *aesar

+tays for 2 years$ ha)e a lo)e child

,rings her #ack to rome$ with honor for his #astard child

as himself named dictator for life

*ato fights in north 3frica$ *aesar kept forgi)ing them after putting them

down

>o patience for ci)ilian life

"arch 15$ 44 The Ides of "arch

*aesar6s #est friend

ossi#ly #astard child

0 aristocrats

%T TL ,RLT%

*oins were pu#lished cele#rating ides of march

Two kni)es funny hat to cele#rate freedom

introduction to rome

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