introduction to psychology mood disorders november 28, 2011 mood disorders november 28, 2011

Introduction to Introduction to PsychologyPsychology

Introduction to Introduction to PsychologyPsychology

Mood DisordersMood Disorders

November 28, 2011November 28, 2011Mood DisordersMood Disorders

November 28, 2011November 28, 2011

Class AgendaClass AgendaClass AgendaClass Agenda

Unipolar depression (major depressive Unipolar depression (major depressive

episode/disorder)episode/disorder)

Dysthymic disorderDysthymic disorder

Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder

SuicideSuicide

Class ActivityClass ActivityClass ActivityClass Activity

For each of the following words, write a For each of the following words, write a sentence that describes an experience sentence that describes an experience you had that is associated with that you had that is associated with that respective word....respective word....

TrainTrain

HouseHouse

IceIce

MeetingMeeting

RoadRoad

RainRain


For each experience you wrote, rate For each experience you wrote, rate

whether it was pleasant or unpleasant.whether it was pleasant or unpleasant.

Tally the number of unpleasant and Tally the number of unpleasant and

pleasant experiences.pleasant experiences.


How have you felt today?How have you felt today?

Happy? Sad?Happy? Sad?

The number of pleasant vs. unpleasant experiences The number of pleasant vs. unpleasant experiences you recalled may be related to your mood today.you recalled may be related to your mood today.

When we are depressed, we remember more When we are depressed, we remember more unpleasant than pleasant events.unpleasant than pleasant events.

Major Depressive Major Depressive DisorderDisorder


SymptomsSymptoms

At least 2 weeks of depressed mood (feelings of worthlessness At least 2 weeks of depressed mood (feelings of worthlessness or guilt) OR loss of interest in pleasurable activitiesor guilt) OR loss of interest in pleasurable activities

Significant weight loss or gain (not due to diet)Significant weight loss or gain (not due to diet)

Insomnia/HypersomniaInsomnia/Hypersomnia

Restlessness/Sluggishness (psychomotor Restlessness/Sluggishness (psychomotor agitation/retardation)agitation/retardation)

Indecisiveness, lack of concentrationIndecisiveness, lack of concentration

Fatigue or loss of energyFatigue or loss of energy

Thoughts of death or suicideThoughts of death or suicide



Point prevalence rate (snapshot) in adults is 4%Point prevalence rate (snapshot) in adults is 4%

Lifetime prevalence (number of people who have Lifetime prevalence (number of people who have

experienced depression at some point in their life) experienced depression at some point in their life)

is ~25%is ~25%

~80% of people will experience recurrent episode ~80% of people will experience recurrent episode

(high estimate)(high estimate)

Most frequent comorbid disorder is anxiety (GAD, Most frequent comorbid disorder is anxiety (GAD,

Panic, PTSD)Panic, PTSD)



Gender DifferencesGender Differences

Women: Men = 2:1Women: Men = 2:1

Possible explanations?Possible explanations?

HormonesHormones

Interpersonal orientation and ruminationInterpersonal orientation and rumination

Traumatic eventsTraumatic events

Comorbid anxiety or substance abuse?Comorbid anxiety or substance abuse?



Possible causes:Possible causes:

Stress (Diathesis-Stress Model)Stress (Diathesis-Stress Model)

GeneticsGenetics

BiologyBiology

Neurotransmitters (Norepinephrine and Neurotransmitters (Norepinephrine and Serotonin)Serotonin)

CortisolCortisol

SleepSleep

Brain structures (prefrontal cortex, Brain structures (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala)hippocampus, amygdala)



Irrational beliefsIrrational beliefs

Learned helplessnessLearned helplessness

Cognitive schemasCognitive schemas



Seligman’s Learned HelplessnessSeligman’s Learned Helplessness

Internal“It’s because of something about

ME”

External “It’s because of something about

the situation”

Global“Everything in my life is a failure”

Specific“I failed at this, but I can do other

things”

Stable“It will always be like this”

Unstable“Things will get better”

DysthymiaDysthymiaDysthymiaDysthymia

DysthymiaDysthymiaDysthymiaDysthymia

Same symptoms but milder formSame symptoms but milder form

Lasts for 2 or more yearsLasts for 2 or more years

Symptoms integrated in person’s normal functioningSymptoms integrated in person’s normal functioning

20% - 40% people with depression experience 20% - 40% people with depression experience

dysthymiadysthymia

Dysthymia plus MDD = Double DepressionDysthymia plus MDD = Double Depression

Bipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder

Bipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderTypes:Types:

Bipolar I: manic episode OR mixed episodeBipolar I: manic episode OR mixed episode

Delusions and hallucinations (psychotic features; Delusions and hallucinations (psychotic features;

associated with incomplete recovery between episodes)associated with incomplete recovery between episodes)

Bipolar II: one or more major depressive episodes and at Bipolar II: one or more major depressive episodes and at

least one hypomanic episodeleast one hypomanic episode

Major depressive episode - ~70% of manic episodes occur Major depressive episode - ~70% of manic episodes occur

immediately before or after manic episodeimmediately before or after manic episode

Time between episodes decreases with ageTime between episodes decreases with age

Bipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderManic phase:Manic phase:

Easily distractedEasily distracted

Little need for sleepLittle need for sleep

Poor judgmentPoor judgment

Poor temper controlPoor temper control

Reckless behaviorReckless behavior

Very elevated moodVery elevated mood

Depressed phase:Depressed phase:

Low mood or sadnessLow mood or sadness

Difficulty concentratingDifficulty concentrating

Eating problemsEating problems

Fatigue/lack of energyFatigue/lack of energy

Feelings of worthlessnessFeelings of worthlessness

Loss of pleasure in activitiesLoss of pleasure in activities

Sleep problemsSleep problems

Thoughts of death and suicideThoughts of death and suicide

Bipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder

CausesCauses

Genetics (40% - 70% familial Genetics (40% - 70% familial component)component)

Neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and Neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and serotonin)serotonin)

Environmental stressorsEnvironmental stressors

SuicideSuicideSuicideSuicide2007 - >34,000 suicides in U.S. 2007 - >34,000 suicides in U.S.

~94 suicides per day~94 suicides per day

~one suicide every 15 minutes~one suicide every 15 minutes

2007 - eleventh leading cause of death2007 - eleventh leading cause of death

Second most common death among college students Second most common death among college students (American College Health Association)(American College Health Association)

Increased risk with depression and bipolar disorderIncreased risk with depression and bipolar disorder

Gender differencesGender differences

Age differencesAge differences

Racial and Ethnic differencesRacial and Ethnic differences

Suicide: FemalesSuicide: FemalesSuicide: FemalesSuicide: Females

CDCCDC

Suicide: MalesSuicide: MalesSuicide: MalesSuicide: Males

CDCCDC

SuicideSuicideSuicideSuicide

Warning signs (CDC):Warning signs (CDC):

IS PATH WARMIS PATH WARM

SuicideSuicideSuicideSuicideI: IdeationI: Ideation

S: Substance abuseS: Substance abuse

P: PurposelessnessP: Purposelessness

A: AnxietyA: Anxiety

T: TrappedT: Trapped

H: HopelessnessH: Hopelessness

W: WithdrawalW: Withdrawal

A: AngerA: Anger

R: RecklessnessR: Recklessness

M: Mood changeM: Mood change

introduction to psychology mood disorders november 28, 2011 mood disorders november 28, 2011

Documents

major depressive episodes

number of pleasant

number of unpleasant

manic episodes

unpleasant experiences

pleasant events

experienced depression

low mood