introduction to power electronicsfzpeng/ece320/pe_intr1-3.pdf · form of power (energy) source to a...

F. Z. Peng: Slide 1August 1, 2004

Introduction to Power Electronics

Fang Z. PengDept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Michigan State UniversityPhone: 517-432-3331, Fax: 517-353-1980

Email: [email protected]


Contents

• Chapter 1: Introduction of Power Electronics

• Chapter 2: Power Converter Basic Circuits and Operating Principles

• Chapter 3: Control of Power Converters

• Chapter 4: Power Converter System Control, Analysis, and Design

• Chapter 5: Circuit Models and Simulation

• Chapter 6: Power electronic systems and applications

• Chapter 7: Automotive Applications: HEV and FC HEV SystemConfigurations and Their Power Electronic Circuits

• Chapter 8: Utility Applications: DG grid interconnection, Statcom, active filter, UPFC, and FACTS devices


Chapter 1

Introduction of Power Electronics

• What is Power Electronics?• Power Conversion and Basic Principle• Switching Power Devices in General• Diode, Thyristor and Power Transistor• Power MOSFET and IGBT• GTO and MCT• Power IC


What is Power Electronics?Power Electronics is power conversion and control from one form of power (energy) source to a desired form by using electronic means. Example: An electric vehicle drive must convert dc input to ac output that has variable voltage and variable frequency.

Power Electronics

Circuitac

Motordc

input(battery)

acoutput

Controltheory, analog&digital (DSP), etc

! Power electronics is power processing circuits and control


What is Power Electronics? Cont.

Power Processor(PE Circuits)

Raw power inDesired power out(V, I, P, F)

To loads:MotorUtility lineComputerEquipmentProcessControl

BatteryFuel CellUtilitySolarWindCapacitor/InductorDc or ac


Multi-disciplinary Nature of Power Electronics

Power Electronics

Circuittheory Systems &

Control theory

Comm. & Signalprocessing

ElectronicsDSP, FPGA

ElectromagneticsEMI

Power systems

Electricmachine

Simulation &computing

Solid-statephysics

DSP Control Board


Principle of Power Control Using Switch

Vd

RV

RL

iL

Vd/RL

iL

0t

Vd

S

DF

LFRL

vDF

Vd

vDF

t

TON TOFF T

t

Vd/RL

iL

• Current Control Using Variable Resistor

• Current Control Using Switching Device


Category of Power Conversion

• AC-DC Converter (Rectifier)

• AC-AC Converter (Power Controller, Cycloconverter, Matrix converter)

• DC-AC Converter (Inverter)

• DC-DC Converter (DC Chopper - Buck/Boost/Buck-Boost Converter)


Principle of AC-DC Converter (Rectifier)

Load

S1

S2 S4

S3

v1v2

v1

S1, S4

S2, S3

v2

ONOFF

Average t

t

t

t

V1 - AC SourceV2 - DC Load Waveforms of AC-DC Converter


Principle of AC-AC Converter

(AC Power Controller)

S

Loadv1 v2

V1 - AC SourceV2 - AC LoadS - AC Switch

v1

S

v2

ON

OFF t

tResistor Load

t

Waveforms of AC Power Adjuster


Principle of AC-AC Converter

(Cycloconverter or Frequency Changer)

V1 - AC SourceV2 - AC LoadS - AC Switch

Waveforms of Cycloconverter

Load

S1

S2 S4

S3

v1v2

v1

S1, S4

S2, S3

v2

ONOFF

Fundamental t

t

t

t


Principle of DC-AC Converter (Inverter)

Voltage-Source Inverter Waveforms of Inverter

Load

S1

S2 S4

S3

vdcvac

vdc

S1, S4

S2, S3

vac

ONOFF

Fundamental t

t

t

t

tvac

(PWM)


Why Switching?

Vdc

LightBulbRL

iL

iB

iC vCE+ -

Vdc

LightBulbRL

iLr

Vr R

rdc

L+

2

Power Loss:

Power Consumption: Vr R

Rdc

LL+

2

Vdc

LightBulbRL

iLS

Vdc

Ileak

iCVdc/RL

Vsat

t

POFF

Ic

PON

t

PSW

PLoss=vCE iC


Switching DevicesCurrent Uncontrollable On -

ControllableOn and OffControllable

Uni-Direction

+ v -

iDiode

i +

-v

iGThyristor

Transistor

MOSFET*

GTO

IGBT

SIT, SITh, MCT,MTO, etc.

Bi-Direction Triac Module

* Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor


Diode and Rectifier

+ v -

i

v

i

vac

vac

vO

Load

iL

vO

ωωωωtππππ 2ππππ

iL


Thyristor and Phase-Controlled Rectifier

i +

-v

iG

v

i

IG1=0IG2IG3

IG3>IG2>IG1

vac

vac

vO

Load

iL

vO iL

ππππ 2ππππ ωωωωtαααα


Power Transistor and Inverter

Load

S1

S2 S4

S3

vdcvac

tvac

(PWM)

RG

RG0VGE1

VGE0

IGBT

Gate Drive Circuit of IGBT


Safe Operating Area and Snubber Circuit

VCEIC

WithoutSnubber

WithSnubber

VCE

ICSafe Operating Area

WithoutSnubber

WithSnubber

InitialState

FinalState

Turn-off Waveform

SOA and Turn-off Trajectory

RCDSnubberCircuit

RCSnubberCircuit

Traditional Snubber Circuits


IGBT Technology

0.10 1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

1st Gen.('85)2nd Gen.('89)

3rd Gen.('94)further curve

tf [us]

Satu

ratio

n V

olta

ge V

CE

[V]


Progress of Large VA Rated GTO

'65 '95'90'85'80'75'700

3.0

2.0

1.0

Year

Turn

-off

Cur

rent

[kA

]

'00

4.0

6.0

400V/5A 600V/200A

2.5kV/600A2.5kV/1kA

2.5kV/2kA

4.5kV/2.5kA

4.5kV/2.7kA

5kV/2.5kA6kV/2.5kA

6kV/3kA4.5kV/3kA

5kV/4kA

6kV/6kA


High-Voltage Power IC

• 220V/1A one-chip 3-phase inverter IC

• Smart power switching device module /Intelligent Power Module (IPM)

• Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB)

• etc.


Chapter 1

What We have Learned:

• What’s Power Electronics

• How to use ideal switches to do power conversion

• How to model and analyze PE circuits (basic principle)

• Real switching devices (D, Thy, IGBT, MOSFET, GTO, IGCT, etc)

• Snubber circuits for safer operation

• Combinations of transistor(s) and diode(s) for– Bi-directional current and unidirectional voltage switches

– Bi-directional current and bi-directional voltage switches (ac switch)


Chapter 2 Basic Circuits ofPower Conversion

Contents• Natural (Line, Load) Commutated Converter, Rectifier, and

Cycloconverter

• Self-commutated Converter– Voltage-Source (Voltage-Fed) Inverter

– Current-Source (Voltage-Fed) Inverter

• DC Chopper and DC/DC Converter

• AC Switch: AC Power Adjusting and Matrix Converter

• Multilevel inverters


Diode Rectifier

VRR

D

VS

VS

VR

VRR

D

VS

LF

VL

VS

VLVR

Half Bridge Rectifier

Half Bridge Rectifier withSmoothing Inductor

Diode rectifiers are the simplest power conversion circuit.They change ac to dc. The circuits are simple, however, the following pointsshould be understood:• how it works• how to smooth voltage/current to get a decent dc voltage/current• how to determine the output voltage from the input voltage


Diode Rectifier (Cnt’d)

VS

LF

VRRVL

VS

VL VR

VS

VL VRVRR

D

VS

LF

VLDF

With Free-Wheeling Diode

Full Bridge Rectifier



VDC

VS

VSab

VDC VR

VSbc VSca



VS

VDC

iSa

iSavSa

VSab

VDC

VSbc VSca

VSab VSbc VSca

-VSab -VSbc -VSca


Natural Commutated Converter

- phase-controlled rectifier (1 phase) -

VS

LF

VRRVL

S1

S4

S2

S2

VS

VL VR

α

S1, S4

S2, S3


VSab

VDC VR

α

VSbc VSca

Natural Commutated Converter

- phase controlled rectifier (3 phase) -

VS

LF

VRRVDC


Self-Commutated Power Converter

- voltage-source inverter -

S1

S2 S4

S3

vdcvac

DF1

DF4

DF2

DF3 iac

Vac

DF1

S1, S4S2, S3

DF4

DF2DF3

DF1DF4

iac

Single Phase Full Bridge Inverterand Freewheeling Diode orAntiparallel Diode Rec.

ModeInv.Mode


Self-Commutated Power Converter

- current-source inverter -

S1

S2 S4

S3

vac

DB1

DB4DB2

DB3 iac

Idc iac

vac


Dual Relationship of PE Circuits

• Voltage-source• Voltage• Current• Parallel connection• Series connection• Inductive component• Capacitive component• Switch open• Switch close• Line-to-line voltage

• Current-source• Current• Voltage• Series connection• Parallel connection• Capacitive component• Inductive component• Switch close• Switch open• Line /or phase current


VS

VDC Motor

General Purpose Motor Drive System

• 70% electricity is used by motors. Energy saving and control are essential to many applications.


Voltage-Source Inverter (6-step)

E

E/2

E/2Gap

Gan

Gbp Gcp

GcnGbn

Va

VcVb

Va=(Gap−Gan)E/2Vb=(Gbp−Gbn)E/2Vc=(Gcp−Gcn)E/2

Vn

+

-

on=1off=0Gap

Gan

Gbp

Gbn

Gcp

Gcn

I+-+

II+--

III++-

IV--+

V-++

VI-+-

I+-+

Va

Vb

Vc

Vab

E/2−E/2

E

−E

Vn−E/6

E/6

Van2E/3

E/3−E/3

−2E/3

ia

modeabc


Voltage-Source Inverter (PWM)

E

E/2

E/2Gap

Gan

Gbp Gcp

GcnGbn

Va

VcVb

Va=(Gap−Gan)E/2Vb=(Gbp−Gbn)E/2Vc=(Gcp−Gcn)E/2

Vn

+

-

vab(PWM)


DC/DC Converter a) Buck Converter

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iD

iLiT

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iD

iLiT

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iD

iLiT

i) Circuit

ii) S on

iii) S off

v

v

v

iv) waveforms

gate of S offonTon Toff

T

0iL

iT iTiD iD0

v EoutEinvoltage

current

Eout = 0 ~ Ein


DC/DC Converter b) Boost Converter

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iDiL

iT

v

offonTon Toff

T

0iL

iT iTiD iD0

v EinEout

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iDiL

iT

v

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iDiL

iT

v

Eout = Ein ~


DC/DC Converter c) Buck/Boost Converter

Ein LC

Eout

-

+

DS iD

iL

iT

v

Ein LC

Eout

-

+

DS iD

iL

iT

v

Ein LC

Eout

-

+

DS iD

iL

iT

v

offonTon Toff

T

0

iLiT iTiD iD

0

v

Eout

Ein

Eout = 0 ~


DC/DC Converter

a) Buck Converter b) Boost Converter c) Buck/Boost Converter

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iD

iLiT

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iD

iLiT

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iD

iLiT

i) Circuit

ii) S on

iii) S off

v

v

v

iv) waveforms

gate of S offonTon Toff

T

0iL

iT iTiD iD0

v EoutEinvoltage

current

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iDiL

iT

v

offonTon Toff

T

0iL

iT iTiD iD0

v EinEout

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iDiL

iT

v

Ein

L

CEout

+

-

D

S

iDiL

iT

v

Eout = 0 ~ Ein Eout = Ein ~

Ein LC

Eout

-

+

DS iD

iL

iT

v

Ein LC

Eout

-

+

DS iD

iL

iT

v

Ein LC

Eout

-

+

DS iD

iL

iT

v

offonTon Toff

T

0

iL iT iTiD iD0

v

−Eout

Ein

Eout = 0 ~


AC Switches: AC Power Regulator

S

Loadv1 v2


AC Switches: Matrix Converter

3-Phase Loador

Motor

introduction to power electronicsfzpeng/ece320/pe_intr1-3.pdf · form of power (energy) source to a...

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