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Introduction to Physical Properties
Alberto Malinverno
Well Logging Principles and ApplicationsG9947 - Seminar in Marine Geophysics
Spring 2008
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62m
JOIDESResolution
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Multisensor track (MST)
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Physical properties
• Index properties (density, porosity)
• Permeability
• Natural radioactivity
• Electrical
• Magnetic
• Spectral reflectance (color)
• Elastic / acoustic
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Applications
• Sediment composition• Biogenic vs. terrigenous
• Mineralogy of terrigenous fraction
• Texture• Grain size
• Compaction
• Rigidity (grain-grain contact, cementation)
• Water content and fluid flow
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Physical properties as proxies
• What we want to know may be hard to measure
• Non-destructive, fast, high-resolution
• Examples• Density, P-velocity: CaCO3 % estimate
• Natural radioactivity: clay content and clay mineralogy
• Magnetic susceptibility: Terrigenous %
• Spectral reflectance: CaCO3, Corg %, terrigenous mineralogy
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Index properties
• Water content = wet weight / dry weight
• Wet bulk density = wet weight / wet volume
• Dry bulk density = dry weight / dry volume
• Grain density• Calcite 2.71 g/cc
• Quartz 2.65 g/cc
• Terrigenous clays ~1.8-2.2 g/cc
• Opal ~1.4 g/cc
• Water ~1 g/cc
• Porosity = Pore volume / total volume
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Non-water
Water
Grains
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Wet bulk density measurement
137Ce source gamma-ray attenuation porosity evaluator (GRAPE)
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Density and CaCO3 %
ODP Leg 172 (BBOR) ODP Site 1238 (SE Pacific)
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Q is flow rate [L3/T]
K is hydraulic conductivity [L/T]
k is permeability [L2]
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Random close packing of spheres:
density ≈ 0.64,porosity ≈ 0.36
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Hornby et al., 2004, Geophysics
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Natural gamma ray
• Naturally radioactive elements: K, U, Th
• Gamma rays have distinctive energy spectra
K: high in illite
Th: high in clays
U: high in Corg-richsediments
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ODP Leg 154 - Ceara Rise
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Electrical properties
Ohm’s law
Resistance R*Resistivity R
Units of resistivity are Ω⋅m (ohm⋅m)
L
A
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Porosity
Resistivity
Water
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Archie’s equation (1)
R0 Resistivity of fully water- saturated sampleRw Resistivity of water
F Formation factor > 1a Tortuosity coefficient ≈ 1m Cementation exponent ≈ 2
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Constant porosity
Constant resistivity
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Water saturation
Resistivity
Water
Non-water
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Archie’s equation (2)
R0 Resistivity of fully water- saturated sampleRw Resistivity of waterRt Resistivity of sample
Sw Water saturation of sampleF Formation factor > 1a Tortuosity coefficient ≈ 1m Cementation exponent ≈ 2n Saturation exponent ≈ 2
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Archie’s equation
R0 Resistivity of fully water- saturated sampleRw Resistivity of waterRt Resistivity of sample
Sw Water saturation of sampleF Formation factor > 1a Tortuosity coefficient ≈ 1m Cementation exponent ≈ 2n Saturation exponent ≈ 2
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TortuosityDiffusion coefficient of a dissolved species in sediment:
where D0 is the diffusion coefficient in pore water and τ2 is tortuosity.
By analogy of diffusion and electrical conduction in the pore space,
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R1 = 1 Ω · mR2 = 100 Ω · m
Unit CubeHorizontal
current flowVertical
current flow
Harmonic meanArithmetic mean
R2
R1
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Magnetic susceptibility
• Defined as χ = M / H
• H = imposed magnetic field
• M = induced magnetization
• Measures the ease with which sediments are magnetized when subjected to a magnetic field
• Primarily a proxy for concentration of magnetite and other ferromagnetic minerals
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Magnetic susceptibility
• Useful as a “terrigenous sediment proxy” in some regions
Eastern equatorial Atlantic Site 661
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Spectral (color) reflectance
• Digital color reflectance scanner
• Multichannel, high-precision
• High-resolution sampling
• Monitors lightness and wavelength of reflected light source
• Measurements
• Brightness
• Red / blue ratio
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Predicted CaCO3 from color reflectance
Harris et al., 1997
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Predicted mineralogy from color reflectance
Amazon basin terrigenous supply to Ceara Rise
Variability of terrigenous tracer minerals (goethite, hematite)
Harris and Mix, 1999
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Elastic properties
• Compressional (P) wave velocity
• Related to sediment rigidity (grain-to-grain contact)
• Hence density, porosity, compaction, cementation
• Typical values
• Seawater: 1500 m/s
• Unconsolidated sediments (at or near the seafloor): 1500-1800 m/s
• Consolidated sediments: 1800-2500 m/s
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P-wave velocity measurement
Transducer-receiver 500 kHz 2µsec pulse
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Bulk modulus K relates compressional stress and strain
Shear modulus μ relates shear stress and strain
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Ks, µs Elastic moduli of the rock grainsKf Bulk modulus of fluidρs, ρf Rock grain and fluid densitiesA Pore shape aspect ratio ≤ 1β, β' ≈ 1